<I>Fulmarus Glacialis</I>, Breeding in Newfoundland <Sup>

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

<I>Fulmarus Glacialis</I>, Breeding in Newfoundland <Sup> The Northern Fulmar,Fulmarus glacialis, breedingin NewfoundlandI DavidN. Nettleship:and R. D. Montgomerie3 The Northern Fulmar, Fulmarus glacialis, is a comm.),but nestingwas not established.The fact b•rd of the openocean, known to breedin North that the Witless Bay islands, and in particular America only in Alaska, the Canadian Arctic, Great Island, are amongthe mostclosely studied and Greenland. Godfrey (1%6) notes that it seabirdislands in easternCanada suggeststhat nests in large coloniesin the Canadian arctic this colony on Great Island is of recent origin, islands and is "found in summer in many other especiallyas Nettleship did not find breeding partsof the CanadianArctic westto BanksIsland fulmarsduring his seabirdstudies there between (rarely),north to EllesmereIsland, and commonly 1967 and 1969 (Nettleship,1972). It also seems southward to waters off Newfoundland, but not likely that this southwardexpansion into temper- Hudson Bay." Although one of the commonest ate North American waters is related to the in- b•rds at sea off Labrador from late April to early creaseof boreal nestingfulmars noted through- October (Austin, 1932; Todd, 1%3) and regular out the species'North Atlantic range (Fisher, off Newfoundlandthroughout the year (Peters 1952; Salomonsen,1965). and Burleigh,1951; Tuck, 1%7) it has not pre- Attempts shouldbe made to revisit the site viouslybeen found breeding in theseregions. systematicallyin the futureto providesome docu- BetweenJuly 23 and 29, 1973 during a census mentationof the colonizingprocess. of breeding seabirdsin Witless Bay, Newfound- LITERATURE CITED land, Montgomeriefound 6 fulmar nests,all of which containedyoung, on the northwestcorner Austin, O. L. 1932. The birds of Newfoundland Labra- of Great Island (47ø11'N, 52ø49'W), located off dor. Memoirs of the Nuttall OrnithologicalClub the southeast coast of the Avalon Peninsula. The Number7. Cambridge,Massachusetts. 229 pp. nestswere locatedtogether on a steeprock cliff Fisher, J. 1952. The Fulmar. New Naturalist Series onledges ranging from 9 to 34 metresabove the sea. Collins,London. 496 pp. At least one adult was observed at each nest, and Godfrey, W. E. 1966. The birds of Canada. National all were light-phase(Fisher's LL and L forms-- Museumof Canada BulletinNumber 203. 428 pp •ee Fisher,1952); all the downyyoung were light Nettleship,D. N. 1972.Breeding success of theCommon grey. Adults were also observedat four other Puffin (Fratercula arctica L.) on different habitats nearby ledge sites, but no evidenceof nesting at Great Island, Newfoundland.Ecological Mono- was found. graphs,42: 239-268. Hitherto the fulmar has been known in New- Nettleship,D. N. andA. R. Lock.1973. Observations of foundlandonly as a commonnon-breeding visi- Fulmars on ledgesin Labrador. Canadian Field- tant. Fulmars displayingbehavior usually asso- Naturalist, 87:314. ciatedwith breedingor prospecting(e.g. loafing Peters,H. S. and T. D. Burleigh.1951. The birds of on cliff ledges,etc.) have been noted previously Newfoundland.Department of Natural Resources, m Labrador(Nettleship and Lock, 1973) and New- Provinceof Newfoundland,St. John's. 431 pp. foundland(Baccalieu lsland--D. N. Nettleship; Salomonsen,F. 1965.The geographicalvariation of the Green Island and Funk Island--L. M. Tuck, pers. Fulmar (Fulrnarusglacialis) and the zonesof marine environment in the North Atlantic. Auk, 82:327- 355. •An investigationassociated with the program."Studies Todd, W. E. C. 1%3. Birds of the Labrador Peninsula on northern seabirds," Canadian Wildlife Service, En- and adjacentareas. Universityof Toronto Press, vironmentCanada (Report Number 23). Tornoto.819 pp. :CanadianWildlife Service,2721 Highway31, Ottawa, Tuck, L. M. 1%7. The birds of Newfoundland.In J. R. Canada. Smallwood (ed.). The book of Newfoundland, Vol- SBiologyDepartment, McGill University, Montreal, ume 3, Newfoundland Book Publishers, Lt., St Canada. John's,pp. 265-316. 16 AmericanBirds, February 1974 .
Recommended publications
  • TREND NOTE Number 021, October 2012
    SCOTTISH NATURAL HERITAGE TREND NOTE Number 021, October 2012 SEABIRDS IN SCOTLAND Prepared by Simon Foster and Sue Marrs of SNH Knowledge Information Management Unit using results from the Seabird Monitoring Programme and the Joint Nature Conservation Committee Scotland has internationally important populations of several seabirds. Their conservation is assisted through a network of designated sites. Figure 1 shows the distribution of the 50 Special Protection Areas (SPA) which have seabirds listed as a feature of interest. The map shows the widespread nature of the sites and the predominance of important seabird areas on the Northern Isles (Orkney and Shetland), where some of our largest seabird colonies are present. The most recent estimate of seabird populations was obtained from Birds of Scotland (Forrester et al., 2007). Table 1 shows the population levels for all seabirds regularly breeding in Scotland. Table 1: Population Estimates for Breeding Seabirds in Scotland. Figure 1: Special Protection Areas for Seabirds Breeding in Scotland. Species* Unit** Estimate Key Points Northern fulmar 486,000 AOS Manx shearwater 126,545 AOS Trends are described for 11 of the 24 European storm-petrel 31,570+ AOS species of seabirds breeding in Leach’s storm-petrel 48,057 AOS Scotland Northern gannet 182,511 AOS Great cormorant c. 3,600 AON Nine have shown sustained declines European shag 21,500-30,000 PAIRS over the past 20 years. Two have Arctic skua 2,100 AOT remained stable. Great skua 9,650 AOT The reasons for the declines are Black headed
    [Show full text]
  • Copulation and Mate Guarding in the Northern Fulmar
    COPULATION AND MATE GUARDING IN THE NORTHERN FULMAR SCOTT A. HATCH Museumof VertebrateZoology, University of California,Berkeley, California 94720 USA and AlaskaFish and WildlifeResearch Center, U.S. Fish and WildlifeService, 1011 East Tudor Road, Anchorage,Alaska 99503 USA• ABSTRACT.--Istudied the timing and frequency of copulation in mated pairs and the occurrenceof extra-paircopulation (EPC) among Northern Fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) for 2 yr. Copulationpeaked 24 days before laying, a few daysbefore females departed on a prelaying exodus of about 3 weeks. I estimated that females were inseminated at least 34 times each season.A total of 44 EPC attemptswas seen,9 (20%)of which apparentlyresulted in insem- ination.Five successful EPCs were solicitated by femalesvisiting neighboring males. Multiple copulationsduring a singlemounting were rare within pairsbut occurredin nearly half of the successfulEPCs. Both sexesvisited neighborsduring the prelayingperiod, and males employed a specialbehavioral display to gain acceptanceby unattended females.Males investedtime in nest-siteattendance during the prelaying period to guard their matesand pursueEPC. However, the occurrenceof EPC in fulmars waslargely a matter of female choice. Received29 September1986, accepted 16 February1987. THEoccurrence and significanceof extra-pair Bjorkland and Westman 1983; Buitron 1983; copulation (EPC) in monogamousbirds has Birkhead et al. 1985). generated much interest and discussion(Glad- I attemptedto documentthe occurrenceand stone 1979; Oring 1982; Ford 1983; McKinney behavioral contextof extra-pair copulationand et al. 1983, 1984). Becausethe males of monog- mate guarding in a colonial seabird,the North- amous species typically make a large invest- ern Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis). Fulmars are ment in the careof eggsand young, the costof among the longest-lived birds known, and fi- being cuckolded is high, as are the benefits to delity to the same mate and nest site between the successfulcuckolder.
    [Show full text]
  • Tube-Nosed Seabirds) Unique Characteristics
    PELAGIC SEABIRDS OF THE CALIFORNIA CURRENT SYSTEM & CORDELL BANK NATIONAL MARINE SANCTUARY Written by Carol A. Keiper August, 2008 Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary protects an area of 529 square miles in one of the most productive offshore regions in North America. The sanctuary is located approximately 43 nautical miles northwest of the Golden Gate Bridge, and San Francisco California. The prominent feature of the Sanctuary is a submerged granite bank 4.5 miles wide and 9.5 miles long, which lay submerged 115 feet below the ocean’s surface. This unique undersea topography, in combination with the nutrient-rich ocean conditions created by the physical process of upwelling, produces a lush feeding ground. for countless invertebrates, fishes (over 180 species), marine mammals (over 25 species), and seabirds (over 60 species). The undersea oasis of the Cordell Bank and surrounding waters teems with life and provides food for hundreds of thousands of seabirds that travel from the Farallon Islands and the Point Reyes peninsula or have migrated thousands of miles from Alaska, Hawaii, Australia, New Zealand, and South America. Cordell Bank is also known as the albatross capital of the Northern Hemisphere because numerous species visit these waters. The US National Marine Sanctuaries are administered and managed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) who work with the public and other partners to balance human use and enjoyment with long-term conservation. There are four major orders of seabirds: 1) Sphenisciformes – penguins 2) *Procellariformes – albatross, fulmars, shearwaters, petrels 3) Pelecaniformes – pelicans, boobies, cormorants, frigate birds 4) *Charadriiformes - Gulls, Terns, & Alcids *Orders presented in this seminar In general, seabirds have life histories characterized by low productivity, delayed maturity, and relatively high adult survival.
    [Show full text]
  • Geographic Variation in Leach's Storm-Petrel
    GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN LEACH'S STORM-PETREL DAVID G. AINLEY Point Reyes Bird Observatory, 4990 State Route 1, Stinson Beach, California 94970 USA ABSTRACT.-•A total of 678 specimens of Leach's Storm-Petrels (Oceanodroma leucorhoa) from known nestinglocalities was examined, and 514 were measured. Rump color, classifiedon a scale of 1-11 by comparison with a seriesof reference specimens,varied geographicallybut was found to be a poor character on which to base taxonomic definitions. Significant differences in five size charactersindicated that the presentlyaccepted, but rather confusing,taxonomy should be altered: (1) O. l. beali, O. l. willetti, and O. l. chapmani should be merged into O. l. leucorhoa;(2) O. l. socorroensisshould refer only to the summer breeding population on Guadalupe Island; and (3) the winter breeding Guadalupe population should be recognizedas a "new" subspecies,based on physiological,morphological, and vocal characters,with the proposedname O. l. cheimomnestes. The clinal and continuoussize variation in this speciesis related to oceanographicclimate, length of migration, mobility during the nesting season,and distancesbetween nesting islands. Why oceanitidsfrequenting nearshore waters during nestingare darker rumped than thoseoffshore remains an unanswered question, as does the more basic question of why rump color varies geographicallyin this species.Received 15 November 1979, accepted5 July 1980. DURING field studies of Leach's Storm-Petrels (Oceanodroma leucorhoa) nesting on Southeast Farallon Island, California in 1972 and 1973 (see Ainley et al. 1974, Ainley et al. 1976), several birds were captured that had dark or almost completely dark rumps. The subspecificidentity of the Farallon population, which at that time was O.
    [Show full text]
  • Southern Extension to the Breeding Range of the Gyrfalcon, Falco Rusticolus, in Eastern North America S
    ARCTIC VOL. 48, NO. 1 (MARCH 1995) P. 94–95 Southern Extension to the Breeding Range of the Gyrfalcon, Falco rusticolus, in Eastern North America S. BRODEUR,1 F. MORNEAU,1 R. DÉCARIE,1 J.-L. DESGRANGES2 and J. NEGRO3 (Received 26 October 1994; accepted in revised form 8 December 1994) ABSTRACT. We report the observation of four gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus) nests and several adults south of the previously recognized southern limit of the species’ breeding distribution in eastern North America. Our southernmost observation extends the known breeding range approximately 400 km to the south. The northern forest tundra biome could delineate the southern limit to the breeding range of the gyrfalcon. Key words: gyrfalcon, Falco rusticolus, nesting, distribution, Hudson Bay, Quebec. RÉSUMÉ. Nous rapportons la découverte de quatre nids de faucon gerfaut et la mention de quelques adultes au sud de la limite connue de l’aire de reproduction de l’espèce dans l’est de l’Amérique du Nord. Notre observation la plus méridionale étend l’aire de répartition quelques 400 km plus au sud. Les limites sud de la toundra forestière septentrionale pourraient coincider avec celle de l’aire de reproduction du faucon gerfaut. Mots clés: faucon gerfaut, nicheur, répartition, Baie d’Hudson, Québec. The gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus) is a circumboreal breeder the eastern side of Hudson Bay from 1989 to 1992 (Fig. 1). which occurs in the arctic and subarctic regions of North Basins of the Great Whale, Little Whale and Nastapoka America and Eurasia (Brown and Amadon, 1968). In Canada Rivers, as well as some smaller catchments farther south and the species has been reported breeding sparsely north of 59˚ the Hudson Bay coast down to Long Island were covered, of latitude in the arctic tundra (Godfrey, 1986).
    [Show full text]
  • Botanical Problems in Boreal America. I Author(S): Hugh M
    Botanical Problems in Boreal America. I Author(s): Hugh M. Raup Source: Botanical Review, Vol. 7, No. 3, Botanical Problems in Boreal America. I (Mar., 1941), pp. 147-208 Published by: Springer on behalf of New York Botanical Garden Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4353246 Accessed: 15-12-2017 21:12 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms Springer, New York Botanical Garden Press are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Botanical Review This content downloaded from 128.103.149.52 on Fri, 15 Dec 2017 21:12:58 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms THE BOTANICAL REVIEW VOL. VII MARCH, 1941 No. 3 BOTANICAL PROBLEMS IN BOREAL AMERICA. I HUGH M. RAUP Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University CONTENTS PAGE Introduction ................ ........................... 148 Acknowledgments . ........................................... 150 Exploration .............. ............................. 151 Physiographic History ........................................... 161 Climate ........................................................... 169 Origin and Distribution of the Flora Speciation and Endemism .173 The Theory of Persistence The Darwin-Hooker Concept ............................... 178 The Nunatak Hypothesis .......... .......... 181 Conservatism vs. Aggressiveness ............................. 184 Wynne-Edwards' Criticism of the Nunatak Hypothesis . 186 Discussion of Wynne-Edwards' Criticism .188 Hulten's Studies of Arctic and Boreal Biota Statement of the Problem .198 Plastic vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Death and Life for Inuit and Innu
    skin for skin Narrating Native Histories Series editors: K. Tsianina Lomawaima Alcida Rita Ramos Florencia E. Mallon Joanne Rappaport Editorial Advisory Board: Denise Y. Arnold Noenoe K. Silva Charles R. Hale David Wilkins Roberta Hill Juan de Dios Yapita Narrating Native Histories aims to foster a rethinking of the ethical, methodological, and conceptual frameworks within which we locate our work on Native histories and cultures. We seek to create a space for effective and ongoing conversations between North and South, Natives and non- Natives, academics and activists, throughout the Americas and the Pacific region. This series encourages analyses that contribute to an understanding of Native peoples’ relationships with nation- states, including histo- ries of expropriation and exclusion as well as projects for autonomy and sovereignty. We encourage collaborative work that recognizes Native intellectuals, cultural inter- preters, and alternative knowledge producers, as well as projects that question the relationship between orality and literacy. skin for skin DEATH AND LIFE FOR INUIT AND INNU GERALD M. SIDER Duke University Press Durham and London 2014 © 2014 Duke University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid- free paper ∞ Designed by Heather Hensley Typeset in Arno Pro by Copperline Book Services, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Sider, Gerald M. Skin for skin : death and life for Inuit and Innu / Gerald M. Sider. pages cm—(Narrating Native histories) Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978- 0- 8223- 5521- 2 (cloth : alk. paper) isbn 978- 0- 8223- 5536- 6 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Naskapi Indians—Newfoundland and Labrador—Labrador— Social conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • SEAPOP Studies in the Lofoten and Barents Sea Area in 2006
    249 SEAPOP studies in the Lofoten and Barents Sea area in 2006 Tycho Anker-Nilssen Robert T. Barrett Jan Ove Bustnes Kjell Einar Erikstad Per Fauchald Svein-Håkon Lorentsen Harald Steen Hallvard Strøm Geir Helge Systad Torkild Tveraa NINA Publications NINA Report (NINA Rapport) This is a new, electronic series beginning in 2005, which replaces the earlier series NINA commissioned reports and NINA project reports. This will be NINA’s usual form of reporting completed research, monitoring or review work to clients. In addition, the series will include much of the institute’s other reporting, for example from seminars and conferences, results of internal research and review work and literature studies, etc. NINA report may also be issued in a second language where appropriate. NINA Special Report (NINA Temahefte) As the name suggests, special reports deal with special subjects. Special reports are produced as required and the series ranges widely: from systematic identification keys to information on important problem areas in society. NINA special reports are usually given a popular scientific form with more weight on illustrations than a NINA report. NINA Factsheet (NINA Fakta) Factsheets have as their goal to make NINA’s research results quickly and easily accessible to the general public. The are sent to the press, civil society organisations, nature management at all levels, politicians, and other special interests. Fact sheets give a short presentation of some of our most important research themes. Other publishing In addition to reporting in NINA’s own series, the institute’s employees publish a large proportion of their scientific results in international journals, popular science books and magazines.
    [Show full text]
  • American Eel Anguilla Rostrata
    COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the American Eel Anguilla rostrata in Canada SPECIAL CONCERN 2006 COSEWIC COSEPAC COMMITTEE ON THE STATUS OF COMITÉ SUR LA SITUATION ENDANGERED WILDLIFE DES ESPÈCES EN PÉRIL IN CANADA AU CANADA COSEWIC status reports are working documents used in assigning the status of wildlife species suspected of being at risk. This report may be cited as follows: COSEWIC 2006. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the American eel Anguilla rostrata in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. x + 71 pp. (www.sararegistry.gc.ca/status/status_e.cfm). Production note: COSEWIC would like to acknowledge V. Tremblay, D.K. Cairns, F. Caron, J.M. Casselman, and N.E. Mandrak for writing the status report on the American eel Anguilla rostrata in Canada, overseen and edited by Robert Campbell, Co-chair (Freshwater Fishes) COSEWIC Freshwater Fishes Species Specialist Subcommittee. Funding for this report was provided by Environment Canada. For additional copies contact: COSEWIC Secretariat c/o Canadian Wildlife Service Environment Canada Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3 Tel.: (819) 997-4991 / (819) 953-3215 Fax: (819) 994-3684 E-mail: COSEWIC/[email protected] http://www.cosewic.gc.ca Également disponible en français sous le titre Évaluation et Rapport de situation du COSEPAC sur l’anguille d'Amérique (Anguilla rostrata) au Canada. Cover illustration: American eel — (Lesueur 1817). From Scott and Crossman (1973) by permission. ©Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada 2004 Catalogue No. CW69-14/458-2006E-PDF ISBN 0-662-43225-8 Recycled paper COSEWIC Assessment Summary Assessment Summary – April 2006 Common name American eel Scientific name Anguilla rostrata Status Special Concern Reason for designation Indicators of the status of the total Canadian component of this species are not available.
    [Show full text]
  • Private Patrick Eagan (Also Found As Egan) (Regimental Number 1764) Is Interred in Auchonvillers Military Cemetery: Grave Reference II
    Private Patrick Eagan (also found as Egan) (Regimental Number 1764) is interred in Auchonvillers Military Cemetery: Grave reference II. B. 14. His occupation prior to military service recorded as that of a miner, Patrick Eagan was a recruit of the Sixth Draft. Having presented himself for enlistment on August 5 of 1915, at the Church Lads Brigade Armoury in St. John’s, capital city of the Dominion of Newfoundland, he was engaged at the daily private soldier’s rate of a single dollar to which was to appended a ten-cent per diem Field Allowance. (continued) 1 Just one day after having enlisted, on August 6 he was to return to the CLB Armoury on Harvey Road. On this second occasion Patrick Eagan was to undergo a medical examination, a procedure which was to pronounce him as being…Fit for Foreign Service. And it must have been only hours afterwards again that there then came the final formality of his enlistment: attestation. On the same August 6 he pledged his allegiance to the reigning monarch, George V, at which moment Patrick Eagan thus became…a soldier of the King. A further, and lengthier, waiting-period was now in store for the recruits of this draft, designated as ‘G’ Company, before they were to depart from Newfoundland for…overseas service. Private Eagan, Regimental Number 1764, was not to be again called upon until October 27, after a period of twelve weeks less two days. Where he was to spend this intervening time appears not to have been recorded although he possibly returned temporarily to his work and perhaps would have been able to spend time with family and friends in the Bonavista Bay community of Keels – but, of course, this is only speculation.
    [Show full text]
  • Across Borders, for the Future: Torngat Mountains Caribou Herd Inuit
    ACROSS BORDERS, FOR THE FUTURE: Torngat Mountains Caribou Herd Inuit Knowledge, Culture, and Values Study Prepared for the Nunatsiavut Government and Makivik Corporation, Parks Canada, and the Torngat Wildlife and Plants Co-Management Board - June 2014 This report may be cited as: Wilson KS, MW Basterfeld, C Furgal, T Sheldon, E Allen, the Communities of Nain and Kangiqsualujjuaq, and the Co-operative Management Board for the Torngat Mountains National Park. (2014). Torngat Mountains Caribou Herd Inuit Knowledge, Culture, and Values Study. Final Report to the Nunatsiavut Government, Makivik Corporation, Parks Canada, and the Torngat Wildlife and Plants Co-Management Board. Nain, NL. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise (except brief passages for purposes of review) without the prior permission of the authors. Inuit Knowledge is intellectual property. All Inuit Knowledge is protected by international intellectual property rights of Indigenous peoples. As such, participants of the Torngat Mountains Caribou Herd Inuit Knowledge, Culture, and Values Study reserve the right to use and make public parts of their Inuit Knowledge as they deem appropriate. Use of Inuit Knowledge by any party other than hunters and Elders of Nunavik and Nunatsiavut does not infer comprehensive understanding of the knowledge, nor does it infer implicit support for activities or projects in which this knowledge is used in print, visual, electronic, or other media. Cover photo provided by and used with permission from Rodd Laing. All other photos provided by the lead author.
    [Show full text]
  • Fulmarus Glacialis
    Fulmarus glacialis -- (Linnaeus, 1761) ANIMALIA -- CHORDATA -- AVES -- PROCELLARIIFORMES -- PROCELLARIIDAE Common names: Northern Fulmar; Fulmar European Red List Assessment European Red List Status EN -- Endangered, (IUCN version 3.1) Assessment Information Year published: 2015 Date assessed: 2015-03-31 Assessor(s): BirdLife International Reviewer(s): Symes, A. Compiler(s): Ashpole, J., Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L. Assessment Rationale European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) This seabird began undergoing rapid declines across parts of its European breeding range during the 1980s and 1990s. Extrapolated over a three generation period (92 years), allowing for considerable uncertainty given the long trend period (and even assuming current rates of decline do not continue), the species warrants classification as Endangered (A4abcde) in Europe and Vulnerable (A4abcde) in the EU27 (where declines have been less rapid). Occurrence Countries/Territories of Occurrence Native: Denmark; Faroe Islands (to DK); Greenland (to DK); France; Germany; Iceland; Ireland, Rep. of; Netherlands; Norway; Svalbard and Jan Mayen (to NO); Portugal; Russian Federation; Sweden; United Kingdom Vagrant: Belgium; Czech Republic; Finland; Poland; Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain Population The European population is estimated at 3,380,000-3,500,000 pairs, which equates to 6,760,000-7,000,000 mature individuals. The population in the EU27 is estimated at 533,000 pairs, which equates to 1,070,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see Supplementary PDF. Trend Since declines began in the mid-1980s (c. one generation) the population size in Europe is estimated to have declined by more than 40%.
    [Show full text]