OF _THE
'VOqJME XVIII. PARI1.
,PObNA..' -· ... -. (· .
Under Governmarvt Orders.·· ··--~·.~· - .;..,._.._...__ . t 'i. -~~...... ,""'~ THE names of contributors are given iii the body of the book. · Spacial acknoivledgmen~s are. due to Messrs. J. G. l\fooro, C. S., A. Keyser, C.S., John McLeod Campbell, C. S., W. M. Fletcher, Superintimdent Revenue Survey, and to Rav 8aheb Narso Rarnchandra, Secretary- Poona City Municipality. T]le papal'S written by the late Mr. G. H. Johns, C. S. on the Places of Interest were of the greatest value. . ;,. Much help was also received· -from Mr. H. E. Winter, C.S., Colonel C. D'U. La'l'ouche, Cantonment Magistrate,· and Messrs. yrr, Jr. A. Wallinger, District Forest Officer, A. H. Plunkett, City Magistrate, and S. Kyte, Police Inspector.
Oclobel' 1881,.. CONTENTS.
POONA. Chapter I.-Description. PAOB Position and Area; Boundaries; Sub-Divisions; Aspect 1-2 Hills ; Rivers ; Lakes 3-8 .Geology 9-12 Climate: Seasons ; Rninfall ; ·. 'I' em perature ; Barometric Pressw:e ; Vapour ;.Cloudiness; Fogs; Winds 13-28 Chapter II.-ProductMn. ., · ~' Minerals o . o .. 29- 30° 31-53 Forests ; T:ees 0 Dome8uc Animals : (\(en ; Cows ; Buffaloes ; Horses ; Asses ; Mules ; Sheep ; Goats; Camels; Dogs and Cats ; Fowls; Pigeons 54-68 WildAnim~o o 69-70
Snakes . o 0 o o 0 0 0 ~-0 71-86 Fish 87-93 Chapter Illo-Populationo 0 Census Details; Houses ; Villages ; Communities; Movements o 94-98
0 HINDUS: BR..i.HM.A.Ns OJ.itpavans ,.0 99 -158 Deshasths; Devrukhes; Dravids; Govardhans ; Gujaratis; Javals; Ks.nojs; KarMdas; Ka.sths; Marwaris; Shenvis;
Ta.ilangs; Tirguls; Vidurs 0 159-184 WRIT.F.BS
Dhruv Prabhua; Kayasth Prabhus 0 185-192
Patane Prabhus o 0 193-255
Vebllia o 0 256-260 TRADERS Agsrvals ; Bangars; BMtyas ; Bra.l1mBrKshatris; Kirads; Komtis; Lingayats; Lohamls; Tambolis; Gujarat Vanis;
Marwar Vanis; Vnishyn Vanis 0 261-279 HUSBANDMEN
Baris ; Kachis 0 280-283
Kunbis o 0 284-308
1\'Ialis ; Pahadis 0 309'-313 CnAFTSl'IIEN Ba.dMis; Beldars; Bhadbhunjas; BMvsars; Buruds; Cham bhars; Ga.undis; Ghisadis ; Halvais ; Jinga.rs; Kacharis; Kasars; Kataria; Khatris; Koshtis; K urn bhars; Lakhe.ric_,. ii CONTENTS.
LoMrs; Lonaris; Niralis; Otaris; Patharvats; Rauls; unE S.Uis ; Sangars ; Shimpis ;_Sonars; Sultanlmrs; Tam bats; Telis; Zarekaris . 314-377 .MUSICI~NS Ghadses; Guravs . 378 • 379 SERVANTS Nh8.vis ; Parits . . 3b0 - 383 SHEPHERDS Dha.ngars ; Gavlis . 384-386 FlsHEitS Bhois ; Kolis . . 387-392 LABOURERS Bhnndaris ; Chhaparbnnds ; Kamathis ; Kal6.ls·> Lodhis; Rajputs ; Raddis 393-405 I UNSETTLED TRI1!ES Berads ; Bhils; Kaikadis; Kathkaris; Phlisepardhis 406-408 Ramoshis . . . "" .-...... · 409- 4
Appendix· A. . Spirit basis of the rule in favour of child-marriage 539 Appendix B- Spirit basis of the rille· aga.in5t widow-marriage . 540-542 Appendix c. Traces of polyandry .-543-546 Appendix D. Origin of ornaments . 547-552 Appendix E. Spirit-possession . 553-559 Appendix F. Special Funeral Rites • . 560-565 INDEX . . 1)67 - 576 INDEX.
A. Baris..: husbandmen, 280-283. . ~ Barometric Pressure: mean pressure ; month! Adultery: Uchfuls' punishment for, 474-476. variations ; pressure in loc&l ciyil hours ;JUonthl Agarvals : traders; 262-263. . - · ra:nge of pressure, 2.'3 - 25. ~ Agates: 30. • Bartondi: Morinda oitrifolia, 44. Age Details: 95, Barutgars: MusalmM firework makers, 493. Ahupe: hill, 4. . Basalts: columns, balls, dikes, 10-12. Ain: Termina.li& tomentosa, 41. Batrasi: peak, 5. · Air: observations on tho vaponr in, 26-27, Bead Necklace : ceremony of fastening tu/3j, 28~ Akshayatritiya: Hindu holiday, 243. Beggars : Aradhis, Bh:lmMs, · Bharadis, BMtsJ Alitkers: see Snltllnkars. Bhutes, Chitrnkathis, Gondhlis, Gosavis, Hola.rs,l Amba: mango tree, 41. Jangams, Jogtins, Job4ris, Kllnphates, KolMtisJ Amygdaloid: rook, 9-13. Mllnbh:lvs, P4ngals, Sarvade J'oshis, Sshade..,j Ancestor-worship : 201. J e.shis, TinnAlis, V4ghe.s, V aid us, V Arabi: breed of cattle, 56 . religion, customs, community, synagogue, 506 Jl .A.radhis :beggars, 444 - 446. 536. Area: I. Berads : unsettled tribes, 406. Ark-vivaha: snn marriage, 560-561. Betel-Palm: 53,· .A.rya Somvanshi Kshatris :see Jingars. Bhadbhunjas: grain parchers, 319-322, Asaras : female ghoete, 553. Bhairav: village god, 289, Aspect : 2-3. Bhama' rive.r, 7. Asses:65. Bhamtas: see Uchli Birth Ceremonies: of the Chitptvaus, ll2-H6; Chakota.r: citron, #. Govardha.ns, 161-162; Gujarnti Brahmans, 164; ChB.mbhars·: tanners, 326. 331. Kanoja, 168; ShenTIB, 176; Tailanga, 181-182; Chandan: snndal tree, 44. Dhru..- Pra.bhns, 186·187; PA~e Prabhus, 220· ChB.pha : Michelia. champaca, 45. 222; Bangdra, 264;Bra.hmaKsha.tris, 267; Kirda., ChB.r : Bncbanania latifolia, 45; 268; Lingayats, 271 ; Gujarnt Vllnis, 275; Baris, Character: of the Cbitpavane, 108 and note 5 ; 281; Knnbis, 296-298; PAh:!.dis, 310-311; Knnbia, 288 and note 1, 291 ~ote 1, 296 note 2; Badh~, 315; Beldars, 317; Bhadbhnnj:l.B, 320; U chli:l.B, 467. Bbdvsdra, 323; Bnruds, 325'326; Chambhars, ChB.va.nd: hill, 4. 327, 330; Ganndis, 331; Gllisadia, 334·335; Cbequered Water Snake: 76 · 77. Halvais, 338; Jingare, 341 ; Khatrio, 346 ; Chhaparbands: thatchers, 394 · 395. Koshtis, 348; KJimhMrs, 349 ; . Otaris, 356; Child Marriage : origin of the cnatcm of, 539. ·ruuJs; 360; Salis, 362·363; Shimpis, 368, 371; Chinch : tamarind tree, 45. Gqmvs, 379 ; · 1-inavis, 381 ; Gavlis, 386 -387 ; Chinese : 538. Bhois, 388 ;Kolis, 392-393; Chhaparba.nds, 394· Chiplunas: see Cbitp~vans. 395 ; Kamathis, 396 ; Lodhis, 399; Rajpnte, 402· Chitpavans : Bra\hm.ms,_ origin, settlement, riae, 403,; Ramosbie, 415; Vadara, 427; Vanjdris, family stocks, surnames, appearance, language, 429 ; Dhora, 43.~ ; Halalkhors, 437 ; MMrs, 442 ; houses, furniture, food, dress, ornaments, charac· Mango, 443. 444 ; · Cbitrakatbie, ·449 ; Holars," tcr, occupations, daily life, religion, birth, sixth_ · 453; J angams, 454 ; Sarvade J osbia, 460 ; ·day, snn-ahowing, b!rtbday,-abaving;threaif;gird: Uchlills, 470.·471 ; M~, 488 ; Bene-Israela, ing, marriage, puberty, pregnancy, and death 525-528. ceremonies, 99 • 158. Birthday: Chitpdva.n ceremonies on, 115-116. Chitpols: see Chitp~vans. Jlirthplace Details : 94. Chitra.kathis : pictnre-ahowmen, 448 • 450. ~lackwood_: tree, .o2. Christians : 536. · Blind Snakes :72. Circumcision: ceremony of the Muaal~, 489; llohoras: Mnsalm.1ns, 497 • 498. · Bene-Israela, 528 • 529. Bonfire : 292 • 293. Climate : aeasons, rainfall ,aonrce of rain· aupply, trooth Spirit :·worship of, 200. temperature, thermometer readings, barometric iBor: Zizyphus jnjuha, 44. preaanre, vaponr, cloudiness, dews, fogo, mists, air, winds, 13 .. 28. ==~~ ~~Avan wo~hlp ~f, 129·1~. Cloudiness : 28. \Brahms.· Kshatria : traders, 266 • 267. Cobra.: anake, 81. fBrahmanjais :see Vidurs. . Cobra's Hood: sea Nagphani. LBrB.hma.ns: Cbitpavans, Deahasths, Devrnkhea, Cocoa. Palm : 49. Dravids, Govardbans,.Gnjadtis, Javala, Kanojs, Columns trd apple : tree, 53. Devrukhes : Brihmous, 160 • •• ma: birth, maniage, puberty; thread-girding Dews: 2r.. and death, 112·158, 159, 161-163, 164-166 DMk : hill, 3. 168-171, 176-180, 181-1830 180 ·191 194: DM.man: Grewia tilirefolia, 45. 255, 257-261, 264-255, 267, 268-270, 2n '272 Dhangars : shepherds, SS4. 38-'> .. 275 • 277, 278 ·1279, 2D6- 309, 311· 313, 315: DhB.vda: Conoca-rtJUa latifolU:,., 45. 316, 311-319, :!l!0-321, 323-325, 326, 327- Dhobis: Musalman washermen, 50t ~l,m-a~ &-m, MI·M~--~ Dhors : dcpr... cd classes, 431- 43:;, w-•~ •-•~~-m.a-~.~·s~ Dhruv Prabhus: writers, 185- WI. 374, 376, 379, 381, 362-383, 385, 387, 369- Dikes : b.Salt, 11-12. . 393, 394- 395, 399 . 401, !102- 404, 405.406, 407- Disease f cattle, 58 ; horse, 64. 408, 415-424, 426, 427-428, 433 -435; 437- "439 Divali: Hindu holiday, 251-253, 294-295. 442-443, 444,453,458-459,460-461, 478, 486: Dogs: 68. 490, 515-5$. . . . Domestic Animals: oxen and cows, bnfl'aloes; 1 C: ..IO)l Us helena.: a species of snake, 75. . horses, asses, mules, sheep, goats, ~1ephnnta aod 0 camels, dogs and cats, fowls, pigeons 54-69 D. Dravids : South India Brahmans, 160: ' Dress: of the Chitpavans, 103-107 • Kunbia · 287 Dadhivale Vaidus: bearded doctors 479- • and note 1 ; Musalmruts, 483-484 ;' Bene-Is;aels; Daily Life : of tho Chitp4vans, 108 -1'11 • Kuubis - 511-512; 289 note 1. ' ·' . Duke's Nose·: see Nigpbani. Daivadnya llra.hmans : soo Son~. Dwarf Snakes : 73. ... Dillin : fomale,spirit, 553, 554. \ Dalimb : pomegranate tree, 45. E. Dancing: 293, 451-452. Dangi : breed of cattle, 56. EILr-'boring: PdMne Prnbhn ceremony, 223. 2N ;' ·Dasara : Hindu holiday, 250 • 251, 294 a.nd note a.. Bene-!sr&el ceremony, 531 and.not.es laud 2. E:tstem llelt : aspect of the, 3. Death Ceremonies: of the_ Chitp~vans, 147.-158 ; Govardha.ns, 163; Gnja·rati Brahmans,- 166; ·Eclipses : beliefs ab'nt, 255, · Kanojs, 170 -171 ; Shonvis, 179 -180; Tailangs, .Elliot : Sir W a! teo- .A3. 183; Dbrnv Prabhus, 191; Patino Prabhns, ·Escarpments : 10. 228-235; Velalis, 259-261; Bangars, 265; Estuarine Sl\akes: 77. Evil Eye : iruluence of the, 292, 299, 526 note 1. Kirdas, 270 ; Lingayats, 272; . Gujarat V finis, Evil Spirits : 203; 553. 277 ; Baris, 282 · 283 ; Kunbis, 307- 309 ; Pahadis, 555- 557. 312-313; Badh:iis, 316; · Bcildars, 318. 319 ; Exorcists : Bhadbhunjas, 321 ; Bbavaars, 32'-325 ; Burnds, F . . 326; CUmbhars, 328-329; Gaundis, 332-333; . · Ghisadis, 336-R7 ; Jingars, 842; Lakheris, Family Gods: 161, 163, 172, 173, 176, 181,· 185, 351 ; Niralia, 355 ; Otaris, 357 ; Rauls, 361 ; 186, 193,257,268, 280, 201, 310, 320, 331, 3.14 Salis, 364-365; Shimpis, 369; Nhdvia, 382' M5, M7, 352, 354, 356, 358, 359, 362, 376, 383; Dbangars, 885; Bhois, ~~389; Kolia, 393; 354, 386, 388, 389, 3DS, 405, 407, 413, 429,' Loclhis, 401 ; Raj puts, 404; Kaikadis, 408 ; 432, 441, 459, 463, >170; stocks, 101 ~md note 2. R.1mosbis, 424; Vanjaria, 431; Dhors, · 435; 160;161, 167, 171, I' ~74, 175, 180, 184, 193, Hallilkhors, 438-439; MMrs, 442-443'; Mings, 262, 266, 285,314, 31.;'340, 347', 375,401,463. 444 ; Cbitrakatbis, 450; KoiMtis, 458-459; Fast Days: of'thc Bene-braels, 509 not< 1, 513. Sahadev Joshis, 462-463; Uchliaa, 473-474; Feast Days: of the Bene-Israels, 609 n .. tc 1, 513, Vaidua,. 478; Muaalmins. 489-490; Bene· 515. . . Israels, 532 · 535. Feet-washing: PaMno Prabhu ceremony, 207 • Deprea~ed Classes : Dhors, Ha.IAlkbors, Mbars, 208, 210. Mangs; 431- 444. Field Rites : 205-296. Desert Snakes : 77. Fig: tree, 41- ~ Deshasths : Brahmans, 159- 160. Filleted Ground Snakes: 73-74. Deahl :·breed of cattle, 56. Fish : 87. 93. Devak: guardian god, 2M,- M, 353, 399, •10, Fishers : as; . ao3. 452. . Fletcher : Mr. W. llf., 1 note I. Deviputras : see KA_yasth Prabhtlll, 1'93. Fogs: 26. B 310-72 570 .INDEX. Food: of the Chitpnvans, 102 ·103; Kunbis, 286 · Gnjarit Vli.nis: trade,.., 273-277. 287; R.tmoshis, 412; Musnlmans, 482-483; Bene Guravs : musicians, 378 - 379. Isroels, 508- 510. F.orests: a.ren; bis~ory; rll!lllarca.tion ; establiab~ H. mcnt; hill, river-bank and upland reserves; mix· ed evergreen woods and teak coppice; Junna.r, Ha.dal: female spirit, 553, 554, Khed, Maval, H:weli, Sirur, Purandhnr, Bhim Hadsar : fortified hill, 4. ,. thndi, and Ind~pw: reserves; forest tribes; Hair : ornaments for tho, fi4 7 . 548. offences ; t'C\·enue-; timber trade ; minor produce, Hair-parting: ceremony, 146. 31-39. Halli.lkhors: scavengers, 435-439; M11BIL!m4n Fowls: 68-69. swc!e{>era, 505. Friday : Ba J ambhul: Syzigipm jambolan~m, 47. Kolhatis : tumblers, 457-459. J ambulni : hills, 4. - - Kolis : fishers, 389-393, J'anai : village god.i.ss, 2oo. Komtis : traders, 270. J' angams : Lingayat priests; 454- 455. Konkanasths: see Chitp4vans. J'AA'a.ls: Brahmans, 166-167. Koshtis: weavers, 347-349, · J'ayphal: wild nutmeg, 46. .K. Raghunathji: Mr., 98 note 2. Jews: sao Bene-Irsaels, 506-536, I Kudva: peak, 5.. Jingars : saddlers, 339-343. Kukdi: river, 8. Jivdhan : fo Marathas: sec K~ubis. Mukai : vi11age goddess, iwo. Marriage Ceremonies : of the Chitp~vnns, 121 • Mula-Mutha.: river, 7 ·8. 1~9; Govardhans, 162; Gojnrt!:ti BrAhmans, 164- Mulben-y : tree, 53, 165; Kanojs;. 169-170; Shcnvis, 177-179; Mules: 65. Tntlang., 182; Dhruv Parhhns, 189 - 190; P~t:lue Munja. : male spirit, 553, 554, 558. Prahhus, 19.(-218; Vohilis, 2;)8- 2;;9; Bangars, Murlis: temple servants, 476. 264-265; "'Kir I· DJ10rs7 434-435; Ha.Ialkhor~, 438; Mhars. 44~; N:i.mdev Shimpis: tailors, 369-371. j ~angs, 444 ; Chitrakathis, 450; K:inphates, 456. Naming ceremonies: of the Chitp:!.vaus, ll4; [ 4t.~7; Kolha.tis, 45S; Snh:ule,,. Joshis, 462; rat1:ne.. Prabbua, 223 ; Agar\' .Us, 263; Kunbis, 298 ·209; Salis, 363 i TAm 376; Ramoshis, 1 Uchli.-1>,472-4i3: Vaidus,·178 ;Musaltlllins, 486". bats, ( 487 ; Bene. Isracls, 515 . 52.5. 415. 1Maxriage Details : 95- 96. Nana.: Lagcrstrromia parviftorn,l49, piraruk; Ailanthus exct'lsa, 49. N aral : cocoa-palm, 49. 1Maruti: monkey god, .200. Narayangad: hill-fort,'5. 1Marwaris: Brahmans, 174. . !Taring: orange tree, 49. tDiarwar Y :inis : tra. ders, 278 . 279. Nll.rli·Pornima: Hindu holiday, 24.). ~askoba : see Mhsscba.. Natura.! Salts : 13, 30, aval ,.Western Poona, 2 and note 1 ;. fore•t Navratra.: Hindu holidays, 249· 250. reae.rves, 35. N e.-s : valleys, 2 note 1. ehmans : MllSa.lmAUB, 498. Nets: fishing, 89-91:: etals : spirit~scaring,' 54:9. Nhavis : barbem, 380.383. Mhars : depres•ed cL-.ases, 439 - 443. Nira : river, s. Mhasoba: evil spirit, 290, M3, 554. . NirB.lis :~dyers, 353- 355. Mina.:-river, S. Nutmeg : tree, 46. Minerals.' iron,- trap, basnlt, quartz; stiloite, ; - apophylite, toad Dletal, natural salts, carbonate o. 1 of soda., sand, lime, stone, brick and tiles, 29·31 'M'mor Products : forest, a9. · Oa.th-ta.king: .Patane Prabhu ceremony, 212. ' Minor Ranges: of hills, 4-5.• . Observa.tory :. 19. 'Mists : 26. • Occupation Details : 96. :Modhs: Gnjar.lt Br Ota.ris : casters, 355 • 358. Lodhia, 400-401 ; Vanjllris, 430; Kolh:ltU., 458; Oxen : breeds, use, keep, food, cattle disease, 55- Uchlills, 473; Bcne-Isra<>ls, 531-532. 60. l'urandhar: fort, 5; forest reserves, 36 • 37. l'ushpavati: river, 9. P. Q. l'ahadis : husbandmen, 310. 313. Pakhilis : Musnl-m.lin w::.ter-ca11.iers, 505_. Quartz : stone, 29 • 30. !'alas : Butea frondosa, 50. Quench:longing: ceremony, 145. :Palmyra. :Palm : 53. l'anch!ilS : Buddhist element in, 343. R. !'angara : Erythrina indica, 50. Pauguls: beggars, 459-460. Raddis : labonrcrs, 404 • 406. rapai : Carica papaya., uO. Rafngars: Mns>lman~cloth-darncrs; 494-495. Papnas : pomelo, 50. Rainfall :south-west monsoon ; rain belts ; western l'arashuram: destroyer of tho Kshatriyas, 99- belt with a heavy and ccrtaiu rainfall; central 100. belt -~ith a moderate but irret.rula.r rainfall ; ea,s .. Parits: wa.shermen, 383 • 384. tern belt with tin uncertain o.nd irregular • rain Parsis : 538. fall; rain returns (1861-1881); source of .min :Patane Prabhus : writers, settlement, appearance, supply·; south-west rain ; north-east rain; houses, food, calling, customs, religion, holidays, Poona city yearly and monthly rainfall and rain 193-256. days (1856 · 1872), -14-18. Pathans: Musalm4ns, 492. Rajmauli : hill-fort, 4. 'Patharvats : masons, 358. Raj puts: labourers, 401.404. l'atv.egars : Mnsalman silk.·ta.sse1 twisters,_ 496 • RB.mka.nta: Ac:>Cia ramknntn, 51. 497. Ramnavmi: Hindu holiday, 242-243. Pauna.: river, 9. R&.moshis : unsettled tribes ;- origin, Btlttlemcnt, Persia: the supposed home of the Chitpav'an diviA).ons, surnames, appearance, language, food, Brahmans, 100 note 2! ... dr.ess, ornaments, occupa.tion,. religion, holidays, · Peru : gnava tree, 50. cnstoms, cOmmunity, 409 ~ 425. l'hanas : jack. tree, 51. Ramphal: Anona reticnlnta, 51. :Phasepardhis : sna.rors, 408 • 409. Rangrezs : Mnoalman dyers, 495. l'ick-pockets: 464-476. Ratambi : Garcinia purpurea, 51. Pigeons : 69. RaUls : tape-weavers, 358 • 361. . Fila Dhotra : Argcmone mexicana, 51. Religion: 111-112,176,235-238,280-291,413- l'impal: Ficus religiosn,_ 51. 415, 485, 51~ -514. l'injaras: Musalmlln cotton cleaners, 502. Reserves: iorc5t, 32 - 37. l'itripaksha: spirits' fo1·tuight, 249. Reservoirs : 9. - Fit Vipers : •nak.es, 83. Revenue : forest, 38. ·:Planet Worship: 202-203, Rice-washing: Bene-Israel marriage ceremony, · Plantain : tree, 48. ' 517. :Plants: spirit-scaring, 549. Rights : fishing, 88. :Polyandry: traces of, 300, 543 • 546. Rivers: 6-9. • Pomegranate : tree, 45. Road metal: 20 • 30. l'omelo : tree, 50. Roadside trees : 40, 41. -Ponies: 61-63. Rosea.prle: ttee, 46. . · Prabhus: Dhrnv, Kllyasth, and Patane; 185 • 256. Rosh· ana: Bene-Israel feast day, 613. :Precious Stones : spirit-scaring, 549 · 550. Ro ugl ail : maltes, 72 • 73. . . , :Pregnancy Ceremony ; of the. Patino PrabhilB, R1l~: \)a}otropis gigantea, 51; marriage With, u60. 219. 220 ; Mnsa1mllns, 488. :Price: of cows a.nd oxen, 55-57. s. Procession : marriage, 208.209. . Sacrifice : of a buffalo, 61. Puberty Ceremonies: of theChitpavans, 140-144; Sag : teak, 52_- .. Desha.stbs, 159; Ka.nojs, 170; P;it Sahy!l.dri Kha.nd: ""ere<\ bwk, 99 -101, 171. Sikalga.rs: M usalm~n armourers, 496. Sahy!l.dria : hill range, 3 · 4. Sinbgad: bill-fort, 5. Sa.khupathli.r : plateau, 5. Siras : klbizzia lebbek, 53. Salai : Boswellia. tb,urifern, 52. Sirur : forest reserves, 36. Sli.lis ; wea.vers, 361 • ~65. Sian: blackwood, 52. Salt!l.nkars : Muaa.lmau tallners, 505. Sitaphal: custard apple, 53. Ba.lt!l.r : hill, 4. · Skirt-wearing: Bene-Israel ce~Ymony, 531. Sand : 30,_ _.-- - Small-pox : gO Water-gods: 200-201. Oanesh, 199·201; anccstars, 201; planets, !!02- Wedding Season : I 94 note L 203; clothes, 211 ; daily worship, 2~~ _ 2:-lS; ani Wednesday : sacrcclness of, 2·10. mals, ~94; trees, 208, 29-!; tombs, 413. Week Days : 23U- 241; of the Bcnc-Israels, 513. Writers: Dhruv, K:\yasth, and Ptl.t:\ne Prn.bhus, Wenden : 1Ir. H., 87 note L .. nnu V e lalis, I 85 - 261. Wa'stern Belt: aspect of the, 2. Whip Snakes: 1.7- 78. Y. _,Widow MalTiage : 423 ; ori10in of the rule against, 540-542. Yahudis : see Benc.Israels. Wild Animals : G9- 70. Year: Bcnc-I>:ncls' calculation of the, 512. Wild Citron: tree, 49. Yogeshvari: Chit-pnvan goddess, 100. Wild Date : tree, 48. Winds : direction and duration of, 27 • 28, z. Wood-apple: tree, 47. Worship : of the goddess Shashthi, II 3, 3o0, 350, Zamenis fasciolatus : a species of snokc, 76. 471 ; the sun, 115; boundarY, 129; guests, 133; Zarekans : dust-w""hers, 377.