OF _THE

'VOqJME XVIII. PARI1.

,PObNA..' -· ... -. (· .

Under Governmarvt Orders.·· ··--~·.~· - .;..,._.._...__ . t 'i. -~~...... ,""'~ THE names of contributors are given iii the body of the book. · Spacial acknoivledgmen~s are. due to Messrs. J. G. l\fooro, C. S., A. Keyser, C.S., John McLeod Campbell, C. S., W. M. Fletcher, Superintimdent Revenue Survey, and to Rav 8aheb Narso Rarnchandra, Secretary- Poona City Municipality. T]le papal'S written by the late Mr. G. H. Johns, C. S. on the Places of Interest were of the greatest value. . ;,. Much help was also received· -from Mr. H. E. Winter, C.S., Colonel C. D'U. La'l'ouche, Cantonment Magistrate,· and Messrs.­ yrr, Jr. A. Wallinger, District Forest Officer, A. H. Plunkett, City Magistrate, and S. Kyte, Police Inspector.

Oclobel' 1881,.. CONTENTS.

POONA. Chapter I.-Description. PAOB Position and Area; Boundaries; Sub-Divisions; Aspect 1-2 Hills ; Rivers ; Lakes 3-8 .Geology 9-12 Climate: Seasons ; Rninfall ; ·. 'I' em perature ; Barometric Pressw:e ; Vapour ;.Cloudiness; Fogs; Winds 13-28 Chapter II.-ProductMn. ., · ~' Minerals o . o .. 29- 30° 31-53 Forests ; T:ees 0 Dome8uc Animals : (\(en ; Cows ; Buffaloes ; Horses ; Asses ; Mules ; Sheep ; Goats; Camels; Dogs and Cats ; Fowls; Pigeons 54-68 WildAnim~o o 69-70

Snakes . o 0 o o 0 0 0 ~-0 71-86 Fish 87-93 Chapter Illo-Populationo 0 Census Details; Houses ; Villages ; Communities; Movements o 94-98

0 HINDUS: BR..i.HM.A.Ns OJ.itpavans ,.0 99 -158 Deshasths; Devrukhes; Dravids; Govardhans ; Gujaratis; Javals; Ks.nojs; KarMdas; Ka.sths; Marwaris; Shenvis;

Ta.ilangs; Tirguls; Vidurs 0 159-184 WRIT.F.BS

Dhruv Prabhua; Kayasth Prabhus 0 185-192

Patane Prabhus o 0 193-255

Vebllia o 0 256-260 TRADERS Agsrvals ; Bangars; BMtyas ; Bra.l1mBrKshatris; Kirads; Komtis; Lingayats; Lohamls; Tambolis; Vanis;

Marwar Vanis; Vnishyn Vanis 0 261-279 HUSBANDMEN

Baris ; Kachis 0 280-283

Kunbis o 0 284-308

1\'Ialis ; Pahadis 0 309'-313 CnAFTSl'IIEN Ba.dMis; Beldars; Bhadbhunjas; BMvsars; Buruds; Cham­ bhars; Ga.undis; Ghisadis ; Halvais ; Jinga.rs; Kacharis; Kasars; Kataria; Khatris; Koshtis; K urn bhars; Lakhe.ric_,. ii CONTENTS.

LoMrs; Lonaris; Niralis; Otaris; Patharvats; Rauls; unE S.Uis ; Sangars ; Shimpis ;_Sonars; Sultanlmrs; Tam bats; Telis; Zarekaris . 314-377 .MUSICI~NS Ghadses; Guravs . 378 • 379 SERVANTS Nh8.vis ; Parits . . 3b0 - 383 SHEPHERDS Dha.ngars ; Gavlis . 384-386 FlsHEitS Bhois ; Kolis . . 387-392 LABOURERS Bhnndaris ; Chhaparbnnds ; Kamathis ; Kal6.ls·> Lodhis; Rajputs ; Raddis 393-405 I UNSETTLED TRI1!ES Berads ; Bhils; Kaikadis; Kathkaris; Phlisepardhis 406-408 Ramoshis . . . "" .-...... · 409- 4

Appendix· A. . Spirit basis of the rule in favour of child-marriage 539 Appendix B- Spirit basis of the rille· aga.in5t widow-marriage . 540-542 Appendix c. Traces of polyandry .-543-546 Appendix D. Origin of ornaments . 547-552 Appendix E. Spirit-possession . 553-559 Appendix F. Special Funeral Rites • . 560-565 INDEX . . 1)67 - 576 INDEX.

A. Baris..: husbandmen, 280-283. . ~ Barometric Pressure: mean pressure ; month! Adultery: Uchfuls' punishment for, 474-476. variations ; pressure in loc&l ciyil hours ;JUonthl Agarvals : traders; 262-263. . - · ra:nge of pressure, 2.'3 - 25. ~ Agates: 30. • Bartondi: Morinda oitrifolia, 44. Age Details: 95, Barutgars: MusalmM firework makers, 493. Ahupe: hill, 4. . Basalts: columns, balls, dikes, 10-12. Ain: Termina.li& tomentosa, 41. Batrasi: peak, 5. · Air: observations on tho vaponr in, 26-27, Bead Necklace : ceremony of fastening tu/3j, 28~ Akshayatritiya: Hindu holiday, 243. Beggars : Aradhis, Bh:lmMs, · Bharadis, BMtsJ Alitkers: see Snltllnkars. Bhutes, Chitrnkathis, Gondhlis, Gosavis, Hola.rs,l Amba: mango tree, 41. Jangams, Jogtins, Job4ris, Kllnphates, KolMtisJ Amygdaloid: rook, 9-13. Mllnbh:lvs, P4ngals, Sarvade J'oshis, Sshade..,j Ancestor-worship : 201. J e.shis, TinnAlis, V4ghe.s, V aid us, V

Arabi: breed of cattle, 56 . religion, customs, community, synagogue, 506 Jl .A.radhis :beggars, 444 - 446. 536. Area: I. Berads : unsettled tribes, 406. Ark-vivaha: snn marriage, 560-561. Betel-Palm: 53,· .A.rya Somvanshi Kshatris :see Jingars. Bhadbhunjas: grain parchers, 319-322, Asaras : female ghoete, 553. Bhairav: village god, 289, Aspect : 2-3. Bhama' rive.r, 7. Asses:65. Bhamtas: see Uchli

Birth Ceremonies: of the Chitptvaus, ll2-H6; Chakota.r: citron, #. Govardha.ns, 161-162; Gujarnti Brahmans, 164; ChB.mbhars·: tanners, 326. 331. Kanoja, 168; ShenTIB, 176; Tailanga, 181-182; Chandan: snndal tree, 44. Dhru..- Pra.bhns, 186·187; PA~e Prabhus, 220· ChB.pha : Michelia. champaca, 45. 222; Bangdra, 264;Bra.hmaKsha.tris, 267; Kirda., ChB.r : Bncbanania latifolia, 45; 268; Lingayats, 271 ; Gujarnt Vllnis, 275; Baris, Character: of the Cbitpavane, 108 and note 5 ; 281; Knnbis, 296-298; PAh:!.dis, 310-311; Knnbia, 288 and note 1, 291 ~ote 1, 296 note 2; Badh~, 315; Beldars, 317; Bhadbhnnj:l.B, 320; U chli:l.B, 467. Bbdvsdra, 323; Bnruds, 325'326; Chambhars, ChB.va.nd: hill, 4. 327, 330; Ganndis, 331; Gllisadia, 334·335; Cbequered Water Snake: 76 · 77. Halvais, 338; Jingare, 341 ; Khatrio, 346 ; Chhaparbands: thatchers, 394 · 395. Koshtis, 348; KJimhMrs, 349 ; . Otaris, 356; Child Marriage : origin of the cnatcm of, 539. ·ruuJs; 360; Salis, 362·363; Shimpis, 368, 371; Chinch : tamarind tree, 45. Gqmvs, 379 ; · 1-inavis, 381 ; Gavlis, 386 -387 ; Chinese : 538. Bhois, 388 ;Kolis, 392-393; Chhaparba.nds, 394· Chiplunas: see Cbitp~vans. 395 ; Kamathis, 396 ; Lodhis, 399; Rajpnte, 402· Chitpavans : Bra\hm.ms,_ origin, settlement, riae, 403,; Ramosbie, 415; Vadara, 427; Vanjdris, family stocks, surnames, appearance, language, 429 ; Dhora, 43.~ ; Halalkhors, 437 ; MMrs, 442 ; houses, furniture, food, dress, ornaments, charac· Mango, 443. 444 ; · Cbitrakatbie, ·449 ; Holars," tcr, occupations, daily life, religion, birth, sixth_ · 453; J angams, 454 ; Sarvade J osbia, 460 ; ·day, snn-ahowing, b!rtbday,-abaving;threaif;gird: Uchlills, 470.·471 ; M~, 488 ; Bene-Israela, ing, marriage, puberty, pregnancy, and death 525-528. ceremonies, 99 • 158. Birthday: Chitpdva.n ceremonies on, 115-116. Chitpols: see Chitp~vans. Jlirthplace Details : 94. Chitra.kathis : pictnre-ahowmen, 448 • 450. ~lackwood_: tree, .o2. Christians : 536. · Blind Snakes :72. Circumcision: ceremony of the Muaal~, 489; llohoras: Mnsalm.1ns, 497 • 498. · Bene-Israela, 528 • 529. Bonfire : 292 • 293. Climate : aeasons, rainfall ,aonrce of rain· aupply, trooth Spirit :·worship of, 200. temperature, thermometer readings, barometric iBor: Zizyphus jnjuha, 44. preaanre, vaponr, cloudiness, dews, fogo, mists, air, winds, 13 .. 28. ==~~ ~~Avan wo~hlp ~f, 129·1~. Cloudiness : 28. \Brahms.· Kshatria : traders, 266 • 267. Cobra.: anake, 81. fBrahmanjais :see Vidurs. . Cobra's Hood: sea Nagphani. LBrB.hma.ns: Cbitpavans, Deahasths, Devrnkhea, Cocoa. Palm : 49. Dravids, Govardbans,.Gnjadtis, Javala, Kanojs, Columns

trd apple : tree, 53. Devrukhes : Brihmous, 160 • •• ma: birth, maniage, puberty; thread-girding Dews: 2r.. and death, 112·158, 159, 161-163, 164-166 DMk : hill, 3.

168-171, 176-180, 181-1830 180 ·191 194: DM.man: Grewia tilirefolia, 45. 255, 257-261, 264-255, 267, 268-270, 2n '272 Dhangars : shepherds, SS4. 38-'> .. 275 • 277, 278 ·1279, 2D6- 309, 311· 313, 315: DhB.vda: Conoca-rtJUa latifolU:,., 45. 316, 311-319, :!l!0-321, 323-325, 326, 327- Dhobis: Musalman washermen, 50t ~l,m-a~ &-m, MI·M~--~ Dhors : dcpr... cd classes, 431- 43:;, w-•~ •-•~~-m.a-~.~·s~ Dhruv Prabhus: writers, 185- WI. 374, 376, 379, 381, 362-383, 385, 387, 369- Dikes : b.Salt, 11-12. . 393, 394- 395, 399 . 401, !102- 404, 405.406, 407- Disease f cattle, 58 ; horse, 64. 408, 415-424, 426, 427-428, 433 -435; 437- "439 Divali: Hindu holiday, 251-253, 294-295. 442-443, 444,453,458-459,460-461, 478, 486: Dogs: 68. 490, 515-5$. . . . Domestic Animals: oxen and cows, bnfl'aloes; 1 C: ..IO)l Us helena.: a species of snake, 75. . horses, asses, mules, sheep, goats, ~1ephnnta aod 0 camels, dogs and cats, fowls, pigeons 54-69 D. Dravids : South Brahmans, 160: ' Dress: of the Chitpavans, 103-107 • Kunbia · 287 Dadhivale Vaidus: bearded doctors 479- • and note 1 ; Musalmruts, 483-484 ;' Bene-Is;aels; Daily Life : of tho Chitp4vans, 108 -1'11 • Kuubis - 511-512; 289 note 1. ' ·' . Duke's Nose·: see Nigpbani. Daivadnya llra.hmans : soo Son~. Dwarf Snakes : 73. ... Dillin : fomale,spirit, 553, 554. \ Dalimb : pomegranate tree, 45. E. Dancing: 293, 451-452. Dangi : breed of cattle, 56. EILr-'boring: PdMne Prnbhn ceremony, 223. 2N ;' ·Dasara : Hindu holiday, 250 • 251, 294 a.nd note a.. Bene-!sr&el ceremony, 531 and.not.es laud 2. E:tstem llelt : aspect of the, 3. Death Ceremonies: of the_ Chitp~vans, 147.-158 ; Govardha.ns, 163; Gnja·rati Brahmans,- 166; ·Eclipses : beliefs ab'nt, 255, · Kanojs, 170 -171 ; Shonvis, 179 -180; Tailangs, .Elliot : Sir W a! teo- .A3. 183; Dbrnv Prabhus, 191; Patino Prabhns, ·Escarpments : 10. 228-235; Velalis, 259-261; Bangars, 265; Estuarine Sl\akes: 77. Evil Eye : iruluence of the, 292, 299, 526 note 1. Kirdas, 270 ; Lingayats, 272; . Gujarat V finis, Evil Spirits : 203; 553. 277 ; Baris, 282 · 283 ; Kunbis, 307- 309 ; Pahadis, 555- 557. 312-313; Badh:iis, 316; · Bcildars, 318. 319 ; Exorcists : Bhadbhunjas, 321 ; Bbavaars, 32'-325 ; Burnds, F . . 326; CUmbhars, 328-329; Gaundis, 332-333; . · Ghisadis, 336-R7 ; Jingars, 842; Lakheris, Family Gods: 161, 163, 172, 173, 176, 181,· 185, 351 ; Niralia, 355 ; Otaris, 357 ; Rauls, 361 ; 186, 193,257,268, 280, 201, 310, 320, 331, 3.14 Salis, 364-365; Shimpis, 369; Nhdvia, 382' M5, M7, 352, 354, 356, 358, 359, 362, 376, 383; Dbangars, 885; Bhois, ~~389; Kolia, 393; 354, 386, 388, 389, 3DS, 405, 407, 413, 429,' Loclhis, 401 ; Raj puts, 404; Kaikadis, 408 ; 432, 441, 459, 463, >170; stocks, 101 ~md note 2. R.1mosbis, 424; Vanjaria, 431; Dhors, · 435; 160;161, 167, 171, I' ~74, 175, 180, 184, 193, Hallilkhors, 438-439; MMrs, 442-443'; Mings, 262, 266, 285,314, 31.;'340, 347', 375,401,463. 444 ; Cbitrakatbis, 450; KoiMtis, 458-459; Fast Days: of'thc Bene-braels, 509 not< 1, 513. Sahadev Joshis, 462-463; Uchliaa, 473-474; Feast Days: of the Bene-Israels, 609 n .. tc 1, 513, Vaidua,. 478; Muaalmins. 489-490; Bene· 515. . . Israels, 532 · 535. Feet-washing: PaMno Prabhu ceremony, 207 • Deprea~ed Classes : Dhors, Ha.IAlkbors, Mbars, 208, 210. Mangs; 431- 444. Field Rites : 205-296. Desert Snakes : 77. Fig: tree, 41- ~ Deshasths : Brahmans, 159- 160. Filleted Ground Snakes: 73-74. Deahl :·breed of cattle, 56. Fish : 87. 93. Devak: guardian god, 2M,- M, 353, 399, •10, Fishers : as; . ao3. 452. . Fletcher : Mr. W. llf., 1 note I. Deviputras : see KA_yasth Prabhtlll, 1'93. Fogs: 26. B 310-72 570 .INDEX.

Food: of the Chitpnvans, 102 ·103; Kunbis, 286 · Gnjarit Vli.nis: trade,.., 273-277. 287; R.tmoshis, 412; Musnlmans, 482-483; Bene­ Guravs : musicians, 378 - 379. Isroels, 508- 510. F.orests: a.ren; bis~ory; rll!lllarca.tion ; establiab~ H. mcnt; hill, river-bank and upland reserves; mix· ed evergreen woods and teak coppice; Junna.r, Ha.dal: female spirit, 553, 554, Khed, Maval, H:weli, Sirur, Purandhnr, Bhim­ Hadsar : fortified hill, 4. ,. thndi, and Ind~pw: reserves; forest tribes; Hair : ornaments for tho, fi4 7 . 548. offences ; t'C\·enue-; timber trade ; minor produce, Hair-parting: ceremony, 146. 31-39. Halli.lkhors: scavengers, 435-439; M11BIL!m4n Fowls: 68-69. swc!e{>era, 505. Friday : Baujaratis : Br~hmans, 163 · 166, Jamb : rose apple, 46. INDEX. 5'71

J ambhul: Syzigipm jambolan~m, 47. Kolhatis : tumblers, 457-459. J ambulni : hills, 4. - - Kolis : fishers, 389-393, J'anai : village god.i.ss, 2oo. Komtis : traders, 270. J' angams : Lingayat priests; 454- 455. Konkanasths: see Chitp4vans. J'AA'a.ls: Brahmans, 166-167. Koshtis: weavers, 347-349, · J'ayphal: wild nutmeg, 46. .K. Raghunathji: Mr., 98 note 2.­ Jews: sao Bene-Irsaels, 506-536, I Kudva: peak, 5.. Jingars : saddlers, 339-343. Kukdi: river, 8. Jivdhan : fo

Marathas: sec K~ubis. Mukai : vi11age goddess, iwo. Marriage Ceremonies : of the Chitp~vnns, 121 • Mula-Mutha.: river, 7 ·8. 1~9; Govardhans, 162; Gojnrt!:ti BrAhmans, 164- Mulben-y : tree, 53, 165; Kanojs;. 169-170; Shcnvis, 177-179; Mules: 65. Tntlang., 182; Dhruv Parhhns, 189 - 190; P~t:lue Munja. : male spirit, 553, 554, 558. Prahhus, 19.(-218; Vohilis, 2;)8- 2;;9; Bangars, Murlis: temple servants, 476. 264-265; "'Kircc, food, houses, GujnrAt Y:inis, 276; ~rarwar Yanis, 278-279; fut'n1ture, dress, ornaments, calling, religion, lla.ris, 281- ~82_.;._Kunbis, 300-307; Pahidis,:Jll- customs, prospects, divisions, 481 ~506. 312; lladMis, 3!5-316; Bdu:irs, 317-3!8. Musicia.ns: 3i8-379. llbadbhonj~s, 320.321 ;. Bhavsars, 323.324; Mutha : river, 8. :Bnntds, 326; ObAmbhAl'S, 328, 330 ; Gaundis, Myrobala.ns: 39, 46. 332; Ghisdilis, 335-336; Ha.lvais, 339; Jingaro, 34!-342; Koshtis, 348; Kumbhirs, 350; L!khe­ N. ris. 851 ; OtAri~ 356 . 357 ; Patharvats, 358; Hauls, 360 · 3(H ; Salis, 363. 364; Shimpis, 369; Nagartf: Gujar:\t Brahmans, 163. Son~i~, 374; Nhavis,- :t$1- 382 · Dhangars 385 · Nag·Chapha: Mcsna f~rea, 49. c.:~vlis, 387; Kolis, 3S9- 392; KUmathi:, 396: .Nll.ghori: breed of;cattle, 57. 397: Lodhis, 3!19- 400; Raj puts, 40~; Raddis, Nagpanchmi: Hindu holiday, 244·245, 293. 405; Kaikadis, 407-408 ; Ramoshis, 415- 423; N agphani : cliff, 4. .._ Thakurs. 426 ;,Vada.rs, 42i- 428: Va.nj:1ris, 430; Najis: Musalman spirit, 553, 564.

I· DJ10rs7 434-435; Ha.Ialkhor~, 438; Mhars. 44~; N:i.mdev Shimpis: tailors, 369-371. j ~angs, 444 ; Chitrakathis, 450; K:inphates, 456. Naming ceremonies: of the Chitp:!.vaus, ll4; [ 4t.~7; Kolha.tis, 45S; Snh:ule,,. Joshis, 462; rat1:ne.. Prabbua, 223 ; Agar\' .Us, 263; Kunbis, 298 ·209; Salis, 363 i TAm 376; Ramoshis, 1 Uchli.-1>,472-4i3: Vaidus,·178 ;Musaltlllins, 486". bats, ( 487 ; Bene. Isracls, 515 . 52.5. 415. 1Maxriage Details : 95- 96. Nana.: Lagcrstrromia parviftorn,l49, piraruk; Ailanthus exct'lsa, 49. N aral : cocoa-palm, 49. 1Maruti: monkey god, .200. Narayangad: hill-fort,'5. 1Marwaris: Brahmans, 174. . !Taring: orange tree, 49. tDiarwar Y :inis : tra. ders, 278 . 279. Nll.rli·Pornima: Hindu holiday, 24.). ~askoba : see Mhsscba.. Natura.! Salts : 13, 30, aval ,.Western Poona, 2 and note 1 ;. fore•t Navratra.: Hindu holidays, 249· 250. reae.rves, 35. N e.-s : valleys, 2 note 1. ehmans : MllSa.lmAUB, 498. Nets: fishing, 89-91:: etals : spirit~scaring,' 54:9. Nhavis : barbem, 380.383. Mhars : depres•ed cL-.ases, 439 - 443. Nira : river, s. Mhasoba: evil spirit, 290, M3, 554. . NirB.lis :~dyers, 353- 355. Mina.:-river, S. Nutmeg : tree, 46. Minerals.' iron,- trap, basnlt, quartz; stiloite, ; - apophylite, toad Dletal, natural salts, carbonate o. 1 of soda., sand, lime, stone, brick and tiles, 29·31 'M'mor Products : forest, a9. · Oa.th-ta.king: .Patane Prabhu ceremony, 212. ' Minor Ranges: of hills, 4-5.• . Observa.tory :. 19. 'Mists : 26. • Occupation Details : 96. :Modhs: Gnjar.lt Br

Ota.ris : casters, 355 • 358. Lodhia, 400-401 ; Vanjllris, 430; Kolh:ltU., 458; Oxen : breeds, use, keep, food, cattle disease, 55- Uchlills, 473; Bcne-Isra<>ls, 531-532. 60. l'urandhar: fort, 5; forest reserves, 36 • 37. l'ushpavati: river, 9. P. Q. l'ahadis : husbandmen, 310. 313. Pakhilis : Musnl-m.lin w::.ter-ca11.iers, 505_. Quartz : stone, 29 • 30. !'alas : Butea frondosa, 50. Quench:longing: ceremony, 145. :Palmyra. :Palm : 53. l'anch!ilS : Buddhist element in, 343. R. !'angara : Erythrina indica, 50. Pauguls: beggars, 459-460. Raddis : labonrcrs, 404 • 406. rapai : Carica papaya., uO. Rafngars: Mns>lman~cloth-darncrs; 494-495. Papnas : pomelo, 50. Rainfall :south-west monsoon ; rain belts ; western l'arashuram: destroyer of tho Kshatriyas, 99- belt with a heavy and ccrtaiu rainfall; central 100. belt -~ith a moderate but irret.rula.r rainfall ; ea,s .. Parits: wa.shermen, 383 • 384. tern belt with tin uncertain o.nd irregular • rain­ Parsis : 538. fall; rain returns (1861-1881); source of .min :Patane Prabhus : writers, settlement, appearance, supply·; south-west rain ; north-east rain; houses, food, calling, customs, religion, holidays, Poona city yearly and monthly rainfall and rain 193-256. days (1856 · 1872), -14-18. Pathans: Musalm4ns, 492. Rajmauli : hill-fort, 4. 'Patharvats : masons, 358. Raj puts: labourers, 401.404. l'atv.egars : Mnsalman silk.·ta.sse1 twisters,_ 496 • RB.mka.nta: Ac:>Cia ramknntn, 51. 497. Ramnavmi: Hindu holiday, 242-243. Pauna.: river, 9. R&.moshis : unsettled tribes ;- origin, Btlttlemcnt, Persia: the supposed home of the Chitpav'an diviA).ons, surnames, appearance, language, food, Brahmans, 100 note 2! ... dr.ess, ornaments, occupa.tion,. religion, holidays, · Peru : gnava tree, 50. cnstoms, cOmmunity, 409 ~ 425. l'hanas : jack. tree, 51. Ramphal: Anona reticnlnta, 51. :Phasepardhis : sna.rors, 408 • 409. Rangrezs : Mnoalman dyers, 495. l'ick-pockets: 464-476. Ratambi : Garcinia purpurea, 51. Pigeons : 69. RaUls : tape-weavers, 358 • 361. . Fila Dhotra : Argcmone mexicana, 51. Religion: 111-112,176,235-238,280-291,413- l'impal: Ficus religiosn,_ 51. 415, 485, 51~ -514. l'injaras: Musalmlln cotton cleaners, 502. Reserves: iorc5t, 32 - 37. l'itripaksha: spirits' fo1·tuight, 249. Reservoirs : 9. - Fit Vipers : •nak.es, 83. Revenue : forest, 38. ·:Planet Worship: 202-203, Rice-washing: Bene-Israel marriage ceremony, · Plantain : tree, 48. ' 517. :Plants: spirit-scaring, 549. Rights : fishing, 88. :Polyandry: traces of, 300, 543 • 546. Rivers: 6-9. • Pomegranate : tree, 45. Road metal: 20 • 30. l'omelo : tree, 50. Roadside trees : 40, 41. -Ponies: 61-63. Rosea.prle: ttee, 46. . · Prabhus: Dhrnv, Kllyasth, and Patane; 185 • 256. Rosh· ana: Bene-Israel feast day, 613. :Precious Stones : spirit-scaring, 549 · 550. Ro ugl ail : maltes, 72 • 73. . . , :Pregnancy Ceremony ; of the. Patino PrabhilB, R1l~: \)a}otropis gigantea, 51; marriage With, u60. 219. 220 ; Mnsa1mllns, 488. :Price: of cows a.nd oxen, 55-57. s. Procession : marriage, 208.209. . Sacrifice : of a buffalo, 61. Puberty Ceremonies: of theChitpavans, 140-144; Sag : teak, 52_- .. Desha.stbs, 159; Ka.nojs, 170; P;it

Sahy!l.dri Kha.nd: ""ere<\ bwk, 99 -101, 171. Sikalga.rs: M usalm~n armourers, 496. Sahy!l.dria : hill range, 3 · 4. Sinbgad: bill-fort, 5. Sa.khupathli.r : plateau, 5. Siras : klbizzia lebbek, 53. Salai : Boswellia. tb,urifern, 52. Sirur : forest reserves, 36. Sli.lis ; wea.vers, 361 • ~65. Sian: blackwood, 52. Salt!l.nkars : Muaa.lmau tallners, 505. Sitaphal: custard apple, 53. Ba.lt!l.r : hill, 4. · Skirt-wearing: Bene-Israel ce~Ymony, 531. Sand : 30,_ _.-- - Small-pox : gO!Hr.rarborea, 52. · Sweetmeats : 338. Shivganga.: river, 9. Syed Daud : Mr., 481 note 1. Shivner: fortified .hill, 4. Syeds: Mnsalmllns, 400-491. · Sbivn!.tri : Hindu holiday, 254. Synagogue: constitution ~I the, 535-536. Short-tailed: Cowry Snake, 76. Short Tooths : soe filleted ground snsk"''o T. Shows : horse, 63. T!l.d : palmyra palm, 53. Shr!l.ddh : memorial servioo, 232 - 234, Tailang Nhavis : barbers, 381-383•. Shridepath!l.r: plateau, 5. Tailanga: Brahmans, 180-183. Shrigods : Gujarlt Brahmans, 163. Takar!l.a : Masa!man stone-carvers, 503. !(h..;,..<.!is: Gujarat Brahmans, 163. Tamarind: tree, 45. Bilk-cotton: tree, 52. Tambate: coppersmiths, 374-376. INDEX. 575 '!'am bolls: betel-leaf sellers, 273 ; llfusalmin, t99. Tribes : forest>, 37. 38. . - Tamhini: hill, 4, · Tasobai: ridge, 5, Tropidonotus stolatus : a species of snake, 7i, sacredness of, 240. . Tattooing: 662. Tuesday: Tung : peak, 5. Teaching: ceremony, 257. Teak : tree, 52. TIIXmeric rubbing: ceremony, 198-1!19, Tut : mulberry tree, 63. Teething: Patane Prabhu ceremony, 225. Two-headed Snake: 80. · Telis: oilmen, 376 .- 377. Tel ugn : ~ee Tailanga. Tembhurni: Diospyros melanoxylo;,, 53. u. Temperati!Ie : mean temperature; monthly and U chlias : pick-pockets, origin, disguises, modes of annual mean temperatures; monthly temperature ; stealing, admittauoa into tb.e cae:te, initiation temperature in local civil' hours ; highest and ceremony, appearance, dress, houses, food, orna­ lowest monthly temperature; thermometer read .. me~t:s· character, ca.ste rules, customs, oil ordeal, ings, 18-23. rebgton, 464-476. Terraces : 9 -10. Umbar: Ficus glomerai,;, 53. Thakurs: unsettled tribes, 425-426. Unsettled Tribes : Berads, Bhils, Ka:k•\dis, Thermometer Readings: 22 ·23. Kathkaria, Phaaepardhis, Rameshia, TMkara, Thread-girding Ceremonies : of the Chitpavans, Vadars, Vanjaria, 406-431. _ ll6 • 120; Govardhans, 162; Gujllrat Bt·abmana, 164; Kanojs, 169 ; Shenvia, 177 ; Tailangs, 18 2; . Dhruv Parbhns, 187 ·189; Patane Prabhus, 226. V . 228; Velalia, 258; Jingars, 341; Shimpis, 368, Vaccination: Patane Prabhu ceremony, 224-225 Thunderstorms: 14 and note 1. _ ~-- __ R,qn,e .. Tarn.el ceremony, 531. Thursda.:r·---~ Vad: baui=~ _ Tiger god : 426. Vadars: unsettled tribes, 426- 428-.­ Tikona : peak, 5. Vad Pornima: Hindu holiday, 243.244. Tiles: 31. Vaghes • beggars, 476-477. Timber trade : 38-39. Vaghoba :.tiger god, 291. Tirguls: BrAhmans, 184. Vaidus: pbysicans, 477-479. Tirmalis : beggars, 463.464. V aishya Vanis : tmdera, 279. Tools : of earpenters, 314 ; blacksmiths, 362. Vajragad: peak, o. Trade' in horses, 61 note 3. V aman Dvadashi : Hindu holiday, 248. 249, ·Traders : Agarvals, Bangars,- Bh:ltyaa, Brahma­ Varus: traders, 273-279. ksbatria, Kirads, Kemtill; Lingayata, Lohmaa, Vanjaris: grain dealers, 428-431, Tambolia, Vania, 261 • 279. Vapour: 25-26. Trap: rock, 12·13. -- Varhll.di :. breed of cattle, 57, Tree Snakes : 77. v asudevs: bsggurs, 479-480. Trees: Ain, Alu, Amba, Ambgnli, Amblida, Vehergaon : spur, 5. Anjir, A \""Ia, Aaan, Apts, Babhul, Badam, Vel : ri•er, 7- ~a.hva, Bel, Bhok.a.r, Bibba, Bonc:Ura, Box:-, Bakul, Velalis: writers, 256-261. Bartendi, Chakotar, Chandan, ChAr, Chinch, Vessels : copper and brass, 375. Chapha, Dalimb, Dhaman, Dhavds,Gehela, Gorak· Vetai: leader of evil spirits, 291, 558. chinch, Hard&, Hall ian, Hedu, Hinganbet, _Hivar, Vidal: Mr. G. W., 32 notA lr'Z-1 note I. Hura, Jayphal,Jamb, Jambhul, Khandul, Karanj, VidiiiS : .Brahmans, 184-185. Kalamb, Kamrakh, Kajn, Karvand, Kavath, Villages : 96. Khajuri, Kel, Kenjal, Kadu Khlirik, Khair, Vipers : snakes, 81-82. Limbu, M.a.kar-Nimbori, Maruk, Maihlung, Virs : beggars, 480-461, Moha, Nagohapha, Nana, NAral, NAring, Limb, Visap~: peak, s. Pangara, Palas, .Papai, Papnaa, Peru, Phanas, .Pila Dhotra, Pimpal, , Ramphal, Ram­ kants, Rl>.tambi, .Rayavla, Rui, Sag, Sagargots, w. Salai, Sarphali, Sci.vri, Shevga, Shhan, Shami, Siou, Siras, -Sitaphal, Supari, Tad, Toran, Tirti; Wallinger : Mr. W. H. A., 31 note I, 41 not.> 1, Wart Sna:kes: 81. Tut, Tembhurni, TivAB1 Umbar, Vad, Va.raa, 41.54, W asherme11 : 383 • 384. 570 INDEX.·

Water-gods: 200-201. Oanesh, 199·201; anccstars, 201; planets, !!02- Wedding Season : I 94 note L 203; clothes, 211 ; daily worship, 2~~ _ 2:-lS; ani­ Wednesday : sacrcclness of, 2·10. mals, ~94; trees, 208, 29-!; tombs, 413. Week Days : 23U- 241; of the Bcnc-Israels, 513. Writers: Dhruv, K:\yasth, and Ptl.t:\ne Prn.bhus, Wenden : 1Ir. H., 87 note L .. nnu V e lalis, I 85 - 261. Wa'stern Belt: aspect of the, 2. Whip Snakes: 1.7- 78. Y. _,Widow MalTiage : 423 ; ori10in of the rule against, 540-542. Yahudis : see Benc.Israels. Wild Animals : G9- 70. Year: Bcnc-I>:ncls' calculation of the, 512. Wild Citron: tree, 49. Yogeshvari: Chit-pnvan goddess, 100. Wild Date : tree, 48. Winds : direction and duration of, 27 • 28, z. Wood-apple: tree, 47. Worship : of the goddess Shashthi, II 3, 3o0, 350, Zamenis fasciolatus : a species of snokc, 76. 471 ; the sun, 115; boundarY, 129; guests, 133; Zarekans : dust-w""hers, 377.