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Urban Conservation from a Micro-Perspective The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgementTown of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Cape Published by the University ofof Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN “Growing together”: exploring the politics of knowing and conserving (bio) diversity in a small conservancy in Cape Town Town Elsemi Olwage OLWELS001Cape of Department of Social Anthropology Minor Dissertation Supervisor:University Prof. Andrew Spiegel 11 February 2013 Abstract This dissertation is based on research conducted at a small state-managed conservancy called the Edith Stephens Nature Reserve (ESNR) situated in the low-lying flatlands of the Cape Town metropolis. By tracing some of the complex and varied ways in which different ways of knowing and valuing urban “natures” and practices of conservation co-constitute each other, this dissertation critically engages with the social power relations at work in the continual making and unmaking of Cape Town’s “natural” heritages. In doing so, I argue for recognizing the ways in which Cape Town’s urban “natures” remain entangled with the epistemological, ecological and spatial legacies of colonialism and apartheid. Moreover, by focusing on the ESNR, I explore the current material and discursive practices by the state in relation to urban “nature” conservation. In recent years, the discursive framework of biodiversity conservation was mapped onto ESNR through the Townstate apparatus. At the same time, ESNR was identified as pilot site for an experimental partnership project that was called Cape Flats Nature (CFN), a project that ran from 2002 till 2010 which explored what biodiversity conservation would mean within marginalized,Cape poverty-stricken and highly unequal urban landscapes. By engaging withof ESNR’s historically constituted material- discursivity, this dissertation argues that, during this time, a particular relational knowledge emerged which, in turn, co-crafted and configured the emerging poetics, politics and practices at ESNR. In doing so, I foreground my main argument – that urban “nature” conservation, far from only being about conserving and caring for nonhuman lifeworlds, is rather simultaneously about conserving a particular relation to the world, to others and to oneself. University ii Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge the contribution of all my research participants in the co-creation of this dissertation and in the shaping of my thinking and theorizing, and would like to express my deepest gratitude to them, for opening up their lives, and in some cases their homes, to me, and for sharing their experiences and knowledge. Special thanks to Luzann, Stacy, Dale, Ma Gladys, Bahia and Yaseen. During my research period various scholars working on the same topic assisted and inspired me in many ways, and I want to especially acknowledge Tania Katzschner and Janie Swanepoel for their important contributions. I would also like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Professor Andrew ‘Mugsy’ Spiegel for his endless patience, advice and invaluable support during my research and during the writing of this dissertation. Finally, I would like to thank the AW Mellon Foundation, whom without I would not have been able to pursue my passion and this degree as well as my family and friends, for their love and compassion throughout the past year. Town Cape of University iii List of Acronyms CBD The Convention on Biological Diversity CBO Community Based Organization CFN Cape Flats Nature CFR Cape Floristic Region CFK Cape Floristic Kingdom CoCT City of Cape Town/ local state administration ESNR Edith Stephens Nature Reserve ESWP Edith Stephens Wetland Park EPWP Expanded Public Works Programme IDP Integrated Development Plan NGO Non-governmental Organization SANBI South African Biodiversity Institute WESSA Wildlife and Environment Society of South TownAfrica WWF World Wildlife Foundation Cape of University iv Table of Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter 1: The science of conservation in the Cape ..................................................... 12 Collective enactments ................................................................................................ 12 Discursive urban natures ............................................................................................ 17 Methodologies and ethical reflections ....................................................................... 24 Chapter 2: Situated political ecologies .......................................................................... 27 Entangled urban “natures” ......................................................................................... 27 Making and re-making a particular urban “nature” ................................................... 36 Mapping knowledges ................................................................................................. 40 “The spirit of Cape Flats Nature isn’t dead” .............................................................. 46 Chapter 3: Urban conservation from a micro-perspective ............................................ 49 Becoming a manager; managing “natures” ...............................................................Town 49 Growing together: partnerships, passions, platforms ................................................. 60 Democratizing “nature”? ........................................................................................... 70 Conclusion .....................................................................................................................Cape 79 Appendix 1: The German heritage of the Cape Flats .................................................... 82 Appendix 2: From Yaseen’s garden wallof ................................ ...................................... 83 Bibliography .................................................................................................................. 84 University List of Figures: Figure 1: Map of Nature Reserves, City of Cape Town .................................................. 3 Figure 2: Map of Biodiversity Network .......................................................................... 4 Figure 3: Miss Edith Stephens ......................................................................................... 6 Figure 4: A young guy engages with a Cape Dwarf Chameleon at ESNR ................... 19 Figure 5: Global biodiversity hotspots (Source: Myers et al. 2000:853) ...................... 21 Figure 6: Yaseen's garden .............................................................................................. 31 Town Cape of University 2 aty of Cape Town Nature ~serves Nalurereserve~Nature_.......aged • bylhebylhealyof~1Own O1y of Olpe lOwn O>n_"", area m<na!j8d • """"""""--bybythealyof~lDwn the Oty of Qlpe lOwn OIhermliumDlhernature .~ II ~:r'"=neRolad.ed Ruted.ed _ ~octed~naedl-I\() l-ootBl<e-I _· Town Cape of ,"""BAY University Figure 1: Map of Nature Reserves, City of Cape Town 3 ::: ... LEGEND: _ •• CityCity of Cape Townwn Boundary - UUrbanrban Edge ----- - Railwayay lilinene City Conservation Net\l\lOrkNetVllOrk _ Protected (Core 1 ) _ CCrriitical Biodiviodiversersityity (Core(Core 1: CBA 1 a - CBACSA 2)2) CrCriticalitical En vironmvironmentalental Support Areas (CoreCore 2) _ Other NaturaNaturall Vegeegetationtation (Buffer 1) Other En vironmvironmentalen tal Support Areas (Buffer 22)) .' :I .', -~. , Town ./-/- I ! ! Cape I !I !I of I\ I ,\ \ \ "- '.\. \ \ \. University\ \. i \. i '.\, i Biodiversity Network Map 5.5 Figure 2: Map of Biodiversity Network 4 Introduction This dissertation is concerned with the politics, practices and poetics of so-called “nature conservation” within urban landscapes. Apart from having been immensely shaped by my diverse encounters with various people and places across the city, this dissertation primarily draws on research conducted at and around the Edith Stephens Nature Reserve – previously the Edith Stephens Wetland Park – a small, state managed conservancy situated in Cape Town’s low-lying and densely populated flatlands. The story of the Edith Stephens Nature Reserve (hereafter ESNR) begins with Edith herself, a somewhat eccentric woman botanist who wandered through the Cape’s vleis1 more than fifty years ago. As the story goes, Miss Edith Stephens, seen as one of South Africa’s “foremost algologist(s)” (Creese 2010:20), was known for her passion for mapping ecologies and for the systematic studies of various endemic plants – a passion that led her along numerous pathways – identifying, naming and classifying the botanicalTown treasury of the South African landscape through the language and lens of the natural sciences. After completing her studies in 1906 at the then South African College (now the University of Cape Town), she attended the Newnham College in Cambridge where,Cape unable to receive a degree because she was a woman, she collaborated with otherof specialists as a graduate research student on various projects. She returned to take up a staff position in Botany at the University of Cape Town, later becoming senior lecturer and publishing various academic papers.2 Numerous stories abound about Miss Stephens: one imagines her walking alongside a busy highway, a
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