Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses www.rsis.edu.sg ISSN 2382-6444 | Volume 11, Issue 3 | March 2019 A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR POLITICAL VIOLENCE AND TERRORISM RESEARCH (ICPVTR) Buddhist Extremism in Sri Lanka and Myanmar: An Examination Amresh Gunasingham Leadership Decapitation and the Impact on Terrorist Groups Kenneth Yeo Yaoren Denmark’s De-Radicalisation Programme for Returning Foreign Terrorist Fighters Ahmad Saiful Rijal Bin Hassan Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses Volume 9, Issue 4 | April 2017 1 Building a Global Network for Security Editorial Note March Issue The discourse on religious extremism in the decapitation on four key groups: Hamas, past few decades has largely been dominated Hezbollah, Abu Sayyaf Group and Jemaah by Islamist-oriented trends and actors. Islamiyah in terms of the frequency and However, there are emerging alternate lethality of attacks after the arrests or killings of discourses of religious extremism that are their leaders are observed. It is argued that, becoming relevant in South and Southeast “leadership decapitation is not a silver bullet Asia – Buddhist and Hindu extremism. The against terrorism”, necessitating broader March Issue thus focuses on Sri Lanka and responses to counter the ideology and Myanmar as case studies depicting the rise of operational strength of religiously-motivated Buddhist extremism and related intolerance terrorist groups. towards the minority Muslim communities. The Issue also delves into two different responses Lastly, Ahmad Saiful Rijal Bin Hassan focuses Wto counter -terrorism by the state and on Denmark’s de-radicalisation programme in community stakeholders in their bid to tackle light of the returning foreign terrorist fighters religious-motivated terrorist groups. It takes a (FTF) phenomenon. The author delineates the look at two divergent ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ counter- components and key features of the ‘De- terrorism responses: (i) leadership radicalisation – Targeted Intervention’ and the decapitation; and (ii) the Danish de- ‘De-radicalisation Back on Track’ projects radicalisation programme. which constitute a ‘soft’ approach towards dealing with homegrown terrorists and FTFs in First, Amresh Gunasingham narrows in on the country. Overall, three guiding principles radical Buddhism in Sri Lanka and Myanmar dictate Denmark’s de-radicalisation focusing on the rise of the Bodu Bolu Sena programme – (i) inclusion over exclusion; (ii) (BBS) and Ma Ba Tha groups respectively. collaboration between public, private and The author argues that these groups, rooted in people sector bodies; and (iii) assumption that Theravada Buddhism, have justified every individual aspires to live a ‘good life’. intolerance and violence towards minority The article then focuses on the perceived Muslim populations that could escalate further, efficacy of the programme in the Danish if neglected or exploited by the state. In Sri context vis-a-vis contending views made by Lanka, periodic attacks against Muslims since other interested observers. 2014 and the legitimacy of groups such as BBS have emboldened a segment of the Sinhalese Buddhists. In Myanmar, the violent clashes between the Buddhist majority and the Rohingya, minority Muslim community since 2012, coupled with Ma Ba Tha’s rhetoric bordering on Islamophobia, have exacerbated intolerant ethno-nationalist sentiments within the country. The author proposes the need for a national identity that is inclusive and peaceful in both countries with political leaders taking a stand against intolerant narratives to mitigate long-term unrest. Kenneth Yeo Yaoren discusses leadership decapitation as a counter-terrorism strategy, which includes killing or arresting the senior leadership of a terrorist group. The author outlines the varying outcomes of the strategy in the context of religiously-motivated terrorist groups in the Israel-Palestine and Malay Archipelago regions. The impact of leadership Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses Volume 9, Issue 4 | April 2017 2 ADVISORY BOARD Dr. Jolene Jerard Dr. Stephen Sloan Research Fellow, Deputy Head of Professor Emeritus, International Centre for Political The Universty of Oklahoma Violence and Terrorism Research, Lawrence J. Chastang, S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies Distinguished Professor, Terrorism Studies, The University of Central Florida Dr. Rohan Gunaratna Professor of Security Studies Dr. Fernando Reinares S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies Director, Program on Global Terrorism, Elcano Royal Institute Professor of Security Dr. Kumar Ramakrishna Studies, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Associate Professor Madrid, Spain Head of Policy Studies & Coordinator of National Security Studies Programme, Dr. John Harrison S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies Associate Editor Journal of Transportation Security Dr. Marcin Styszyński Assistant Professor, Dr. Hamoon Khelghat-Doost Adam Mickiewicz University Senior Lecturer in Political Science Department of Arabic and Islamic Studies Science University of Malaysia EDITORIAL BOARD Senior Editorial Advisor Vijayalakshmi Menon Editor-in-Chief Sara Mahmood Associate Editors Abdul Basit Jennifer Dhanaraj Amresh Gunasingham Copy Editor Sylvene See Design and Layout Okkie Tanupradja The views expressed in the articles are those of the authors and not of ICPVTR, RSIS, NTU or the organisations to which the authors are affiliated. Articles may not be reproduced wtihout prior permission. Please contact the editors for more information at [email protected]. The editorial team also welcomes any feedback or comments. Buddhist Extremism in Sri Lanka and Myanmar Buddhist Extremism in Sri Lanka and Myanmar: An Examination Amresh Gunasingham Synopsis perpetrated by hardline Buddhist groups against Muslim minority communities, which This article examines the rise of radical indicate that a militant, ultra-nationalist strand Buddhism against the backdrop of the within a segment of Theravada Buddhism is ongoing Rohingya crisis in Myanmar and on the rise. Sri Lanka and Myanmar have episodic violence involving Buddhist extremist Buddhist majorities — about 75 percent and groups and Muslim minority communities in 90 percent of the population respectively — Sri Lanka. In this respect, three factors are and both have sizeable Muslim minorities.2 important to consider: (i) a majority-minority Despite such demographic majorities, the construct that underpins religio-ethnic notion that Buddhism is under siege and in relations; (ii) the state-clergy nexus; and (iii) danger of being wiped out resonates with the the inadequacy of state responses and Sinhalese and Bamar Buddhist majorities in counter-narratives. Radical Buddhist groups, both countries. Religious justification for the such as the Bodu Bolu Sena (BBS) in Sri abovementioned rhetoric is derived from Lanka and Ma Ba Tha in Myanmar, justify distorted interpretations of Theravada intolerance, discrimination and violence Buddhism scriptures, which elevate the against minority Muslim populations by using preservation and defence of Buddhism (the Theravada Buddhism, which is widely sasana) above other traditional Buddhist practised in South and Southeast Asia. If left values such as peace and compassion. The unchecked, political violence will proliferate in defence of one’s religion has also evolved Sri Lanka and Myanmar and could further spill from key themes related to cultural, national over into nearby regions. As such, alternate and ethnic identity.3 Hardline Buddhist narratives that support peace and religious organisations, such as Ma Ba Tha in Myanmar pluralism need to be promoted. There is also and BBS in Sri Lanka, have exploited such a need for economic, political and social narratives to advocate the protection and reforms to achieve long-term peace and promotion of Buddhism and the state against stability. perceived threats from within and outside the country.4 Their rhetoric has partly been Introduction framed against Islamist movements involved in global terrorism and extremism that are Across Asia, the rise of hardline religious seen as inherently violent and driven by an movements is fueling an insular nationalism agenda to take over the country, wider region and exacerbating fault-lines in inter-ethnic and and eventually the rest of the world. The inter-religious relations.1 This article examines December 2018 political crisis in Sri Lanka violent incidents in Sri Lanka and Myanmar involving the country’s President and Prime 1 Mallika Joseph, “Political Change in Sri Lanka? 3 Paul Fuller, “Blood Sutra: Whatever Happened to Challenges for A Stable Post Civil War Consensus,” Buddhism,” The South China Morning Post, June 23, Konrad Adenauer Stiftung Panorama Journal, July 2018, https://www.scmp.com/week- 17, 2018, asia/politics/article/2152083/blood-sutra-whatever- https://www.kas.de/c/document_library/get_file?uuid happened-buddhism-religion-peace-and. =12c3384f-09f1-1ba2-cd12- 4 “Buddhism And State Power In Myanmar,” a8a04933f740&groupId=252038. International Crisis Group, September 5, 2017, 2 “Buddhist Extremism: Meet the Violent Followers” https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east- ABC News, October 21, 2018, asia/myanmar/290-buddhism-and-state-power- https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-10-21/buddhist- myanmar. extremism-meet-the-religions-violent- followers/10360288. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses Volume 11, Issue 3 | March 2019 1 Buddhist Extremism in Sri Lanka and Myanmar Minister as well as escalating violence colonialism, a sense of Sinhalese