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The Role of Litungu Player in the Bukusu Community of Western Kenya

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The Role of Litungu Player in the Bukusu Community of Western Kenya TITLE PAGE THE ROLE OF LITUNGU PLAYER IN THE BUKUSU COMMUNITY OF WESTERN KENYA BY MUKASA SITUMA WAFULA REG. M66/11089/2004 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS MUSIC, OF THE SCHOOL OF VISUAL AND PERFORMING ARTS, KENYATTA UNIVERSITY June, 2012 DECLARATION ii DEDICATION To my parents who denied themselves everything for the sake of my eaducation. Their choral musicianship inspired me to great love of music. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am most grateful to my supervisors Prof. Washington Omondi, Dr. Timothy Njoora and Dr. Henry Wanjala, for their guidance, patience and encouragement through this research work. I also thank my classmate Hellen Kinyua who was a source of immense encouragement during my low moments. I specially thank all the respondents I visited for information about this research. My sincere gratitude goes to Prof. Jukka Louhiroun of the University of Jyvaskyla for his enriching input as an external examiner; to Dr. John Mugubi and Dr. Wilson Shitandi both of Kenyatta University who immensely contributed to this work as internal Examiners. iv TABLE OF CONTENT TITLE PAGE............................................................................................................................................................... I DECLARATION ........................................................................................................................................................ II ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....................................................................................................................................... IV TABLE OF CONTENT ............................................................................................................................................. V LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................................ VIII LIST OF GRAPHS ................................................................................................................................................... IX LIST OF DIAGRAMS ............................................................................................................................................... X LIST OF SONG EXCERPTS .................................................................................................................................. XI ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................... XII OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS .................................................................................................... XIII ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................................ XIV CHAPTER ONE .......................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 THE BABUKUSU, THEIR MUSIC SYSTEMS AND PERFORMANCE PRACTISE .............................................................. 4 1.2.1 Songs of the Babukusu ................................................................................................................................ 4 1.2.2 Dances ........................................................................................................................................................ 6 1.2.3 Instruments ................................................................................................................................................. 7 1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ............................................................................................................................. 8 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ....................................................................................................................................... 10 1.5 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES...................................................................................................................................... 10 1.6 RATIONALE AND SIGNIFICANCE ......................................................................................................................... 10 1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATION ..................................................................................................................................... 11 1.8 DELIMITATION ................................................................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER TWO ....................................................................................................................................................... 13 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................................................. 13 2.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 13 2.2 PLACE OF THE MUSICIAN IN THE TRADITIONAL AFRICAN SOCIETY .................................................................... 13 2.3 THE ROLE AND PLACE OF APPRENTICESHIP IN TRADITIONAL AFRICAN SOCIETIES .............................................. 15 2.4 THE LITUNGU AND OTHER RELATED INSTRUMENTS ........................................................................................... 16 2.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF MUSIC RESOURCE PERSONS IN EDUCATION ............................................................................ 18 2.6 TRADITIONAL MUSIC RESOURCE PERSONS AND PRESERVATION OF INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE (ICH) .. 20 2.7 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .............................................................................................................................. 22 CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................................................. 25 3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................................... 25 3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN ............................................................................................................................................. 25 3.2 LOCATION ......................................................................................................................................................... 25 3.3 TARGET POPULATION ........................................................................................................................................ 26 3.4 SAMPLING ......................................................................................................................................................... 27 3.5 DATA COLLECTION ............................................................................................................................................ 27 3.5.1 Primary data ............................................................................................................................................. 28 v 3.5.2 Research instruments ................................................................................................................................ 28 3.5.4 Secondary data ......................................................................................................................................... 29 3.5.5 Data analysis ............................................................................................................................................ 29 CHAPTER FOUR ..................................................................................................................................................... 31 4.0 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS ................................................................................................... 31 4.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 31 ................................................................................................................................................................................ 34 4.2 TRANSCRIPTION AND NOTATION OF SONGS ........................................................................................................ 34 4.3 DATA ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................................ 71 4.3.1 What roles does the Omukhupetungu play in the Bukusu Community? .................................................... 71 4.3.2 What does the Omukhupetungu sing about? ............................................................................................. 91 4.3.3 What is the social status of Omukhupetungu in the Bukusu community? ................................................. 94 4.3.4 What determined the popularity of the Omukhupetungu?....................................................................... 100 4.4 SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................................................
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