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TJRC Report Volume 2B (Pre-Interference) Seattle University School of Law Seattle University School of Law Digital Commons The Truth, Justice and Reconciliation I. Core TJRC Related Documents Commission of Kenya 5-3-2013 Final Report - TJRC Report Volume 2B (Pre-Interference) Truth, Justice, and Reconciliation Commission Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/tjrc-core Recommended Citation Truth, Justice, and Reconciliation Commission, "Final Report - TJRC Report Volume 2B (Pre-Interference)" (2013). I. Core TJRC Related Documents. 153. https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/tjrc-core/153 This Report is brought to you for free and open access by the The Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission of Kenya at Seattle University School of Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in I. Core TJRC Related Documents by an authorized administrator of Seattle University School of Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. REPORT OF THE TRUTH, JUSTICE AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION KENYA Volume IIB REPORT OF THE TRUTH, JUSTICE AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION Volume IIB Volume IIB © Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission, 2013 This publication is available as a pdf on the website of the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission (and upon its dissolution, on the website of its successor in law). It may be copied and distributed, in its entirety, as long as it is attributed to the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission and used for noncommercial educational or public policy purposes. Photographs may not be used separately from the publication. Published by Truth Justice and Reconciliation Commission (TJRC), Kenya ISBN: 978-9966-1730-3-4 Design & Layout by Noel Creative Media Limited, Nairobi, Kenya D REPORT OF THE TRUTH, JUSTICE AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION His Excellency President of the Republic of Kenya Nairobi 3 May 2013 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL By Gazette Notice No. 8737 of 22 July 2009 and pursuant to section 10 of the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Act No. 6 of 2008, the undersigned were appointed to be Commissioners of the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission. The Commission was established with the objective of promoting peace, justice, national unity, healing, reconciliation and dignity among the people of Kenya. Having concluded our operations, and pursuant to section 48 of the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Act, we have the honour to submit to you the Report of our findings and recommendations. Please accept, Your Excellency, the assurances of our highest consideration. Amb. Bethuel Kiplagat Chairperson Tecla Namachanja Wanjala (Vice Chairperson) Judge Gertrude Chawatama Amb. Berhanu Dinka Maj. Gen (Rtd) Ahmed Sheikh Farah Prof. Tom Ojienda Margaret Shava Prof. Ronald Slye Volume IIB Table of Contents Foreword .........................................................................................................................................iii List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................vi CHAPTER ONE Economic Marginalisation and Violation of Socio-Economic Rights....................................... 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................1 Legal and Conceptual Framework .......................................................................................6 Context of Economic Marginalisation .............................................................................. 18 Profile and Status Report of Economically Marginalized Regions and Communities ..................................................................................................................... 55 North Eastern and Upper Eastern ..................................................................................... 55 Nyanza Province ........................................................................................................................ 79 Coast Province ............................................................................................................................ 99 Western Province .....................................................................................................................119 North Rift ....................................................................................................................................131 State Responses to Marginalisation ................................................................................140 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................163 CHAPTER TWO Land and Conflict ..........................................................................................................................................165 Introduction .............................................................................................................................165 Historical Background ..........................................................................................................167 Land and the Transition to Independence ...................................................................199 Land issues and Related Conflicts in Post Independence Kenya .......................222 Illegal Land Acquisition in Mainland Kenya during the Post-Independence Period .................................................................................................250 Breaches of the Applicable Provisions of Laws Governing Land .......................279 Illegal Sub-Division and Allocation of Trust Lands ...................................................289 Illegal Land Alienations during President Moi’s Administration ........................299 Land and Multi-Party Politics In Kenya ..........................................................................305 REPORT OF THE TRUTH, JUSTICE AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION i Volume IIB Key Actors and Factors in Land-Related Problems ...................................................315 Commissions of Inquiry and Land ..................................................................................328 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................341 CHAPTER THREE Economic Crimes and Grand Corruption ..........................................................................................343 Introduction...............................................................................................................................343 Definition of Economic Crimes and Grand Corruption ..........................................344 Causes and Effects of Corruption .....................................................................................350 The Linkage Between Economic Crimes and Gross Violation of Human Rights ...........................................................................................................................355 Magnitude and Scale of Grand Corruption in Kenya ..............................................360 Initiatives to Combat Corruption in Kenya ..................................................................379 The Anti-Corruption Legal Framework ..........................................................................380 Recent Legislative Developments on Leadership and Integrity In Kenya ......394 Corruption Reports received by the Commission.....................................................416 Challenges of Fighting Corruption in Kenya ...............................................................419 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................426 Appendices .....................................................................................................................................................427 Appendix 1: Selected Corrupt Practices and Their Impact on Human Rights ............................................................................................ 428 Appendix 2: List of Persons Adversely Mentioned in Grand Corruption Scandals ................................................................ 432 ii REPORT OF THE TRUTH, JUSTICE AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION Volume IIB Foreword This volume focuses on some of the unique parts of the Commission’s mandate concerning historical injustices related to land, socio-economic rights, economic crimes and grand corruption. This part of the mandate is unique not because there have been no previous investigations into these violations (though some of the violations have not been subject to much attention). Nor is this part of the mandate unique because there have been no previous commissions of inquiry with respect to them (though many of these violations have not been subject to previous commissions of inquiry). Rather, this part of the mandate is unique because the Commission is the first truth commission to have an express obligation to look at such a broad range of violations, including land, socio-economic rights, and grand corruption. Because truth commissions in the past have not focused on these violations – though some did address them in part in their reports – the Commission was forced to think creatively about how to capture the narratives and experiences of Kenyans with respect to these violations. Statement takers discovered, for example, that when
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