Quality Control for Control Quality Expanded Tsetse Production, Tsetse Expanded Sterilization and Field Application Field and Sterilization IAEA-TECDOC-1683 spine 7,4 mm IAEA-TECDOC-1683 n QUALITY CONTROL FOR EXPANDED TSETSE PRODUCTION, STERILIZatioN AND FIELD APPLicatioN 130110–9 VIENNA ISSN 1011–4289 ISBN 978–92–0– INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC AGENCY ENERGY ATOMIC INTERNATIONAL Quality Control for Expanded Tsetse Production, Sterilization and Field Application The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GHANA NIGERIA ALBANIA GREECE NORWAY ALGERIA GUATEMALA OMAN ANGOLA HAITI PAKISTAN ARGENTINA HOLY SEE PALAU ARMENIA HONDURAS PANAMA AUSTRALIA HUNGARY PAPUA NEW GUINEA AUSTRIA ICELAND PARAGUAY AZERBAIJAN INDIA PERU BAHRAIN INDONESIA PHILIPPINES BANGLADESH IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF POLAND BELARUS IRAQ PORTUGAL IRELAND BELGIUM QATAR ISRAEL BELIZE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA BENIN ITALY ROMANIA BOLIVIA JAMAICA RUSSIAN FEDERATION BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JAPAN SAUDI ARABIA BOTSWANA JORDAN SENEGAL BRAZIL KAZAKHSTAN SERBIA BULGARIA KENYA SEYCHELLES BURKINA FASO KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE BURUNDI KUWAIT SINGAPORE CAMBODIA KYRGYZSTAN CAMEROON LAO PEOPLES DEMOCRATIC SLOVAKIA CANADA REPUBLIC SLOVENIA CENTRAL AFRICAN LATVIA SOUTH AFRICA REPUBLIC LEBANON SPAIN CHAD LESOTHO SRI LANKA CHILE LIBERIA SUDAN CHINA LIBYA SWEDEN COLOMBIA LIECHTENSTEIN SWITZERLAND CONGO LITHUANIA SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC COSTA RICA LUXEMBOURG TAJIKISTAN CÔTE DIVOIRE MADAGASCAR THAILAND CROATIA MALAWI THE FORMER YUGOSLAV CUBA MALAYSIA REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA CYPRUS MALI TUNISIA CZECH REPUBLIC MALTA TURKEY DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MARSHALL ISLANDS UGANDA OF THE CONGO MAURITANIA UKRAINE DENMARK MAURITIUS UNITED ARAB EMIRATES DOMINICA MEXICO UNITED KINGDOM OF DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MONACO GREAT BRITAIN AND ECUADOR MONGOLIA NORTHERN IRELAND EGYPT MONTENEGRO UNITED REPUBLIC EL SALVADOR MOROCCO OF TANZANIA ERITREA MOZAMBIQUE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ESTONIA MYANMAR URUGUAY ETHIOPIA NAMIBIA UZBEKISTAN FINLAND NEPAL VENEZUELA FRANCE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM GABON NEW ZEALAND YEMEN GEORGIA NICARAGUA ZAMBIA GERMANY NIGER ZIMBABWE The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is “to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world’’. IAEA-TECDOC-1683 QUALITY CONTROL FOR EXPANDED TSETSE PRODUCTION, STERILIZATION AND FIELD APPLICATION INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 2012 COPYRIGHT NOTICE All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised in 1972 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual property. Permission to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications in printed or electronic form must be obtained and is usually subject to royalty agreements. Proposals for non-commercial reproductions and translations are welcomed and considered on a case-by-case basis. Enquiries should be addressed to the IAEA Publishing Section at: Marketing and Sales Unit, Publishing Section International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna International Centre PO Box 100 1400 Vienna, Austria fax: +43 1 2600 29302 tel.: +43 1 2600 22417 email: [email protected] http://www.iaea.org/books For further information on this publication, please contact: Insect Pest Control Section International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna International Centre PO Box 100 1400 Vienna, Austria email: [email protected] © IAEA, 2012 Printed by the IAEA in Austria July 2012 IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Quality control for expanded tsetse production, sterilization and field application. – Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency, 2012. p. ; 30 cm. – (IAEA-TECDOC series, ISSN 1011-4289 ; no. 1683) ISBN 978-92-0-130110-9 Includes bibliographical references. 1. Quality control. 2. Insect sterilization. 3.Tsetse- flies – Control. 4. Glossina. I. International Atomic Energy Agency. II. Series. IAEAL 12-00754 FOREWORD The use of the sterile insect technique (SIT) for the control of pest insects as part of an integrated, area-wide approach is widely accepted. Its application for the eradication of different tsetse flies, the vectors of human sleeping sickness and African animal trypanosomosis, is attracting increasing interest. Following several initial demonstrations of the application of the SIT for tsetse control the technique was applied on the island of Unguja, Zanzibar, in the mid-1990s and, as the final component of an integrated control programme, led to the eradication of the only tsetse species on the island, Glossina austeni. This successful programme encouraged a number of countries to embark on projects with an SIT component for tsetse control, most Ethiopia. In 2001 the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) was launched by the Organization of African Unity (now African Union, AU) and, subsequently, six countries obtained funding from the African Development Bank (AfDB) in 2005 to support control programmes with an SIT component. A further six countries have subsequently requested AfDB funding for their programmes. The FAO/IAEA coordinated research project (CRP) on Automation for Tsetse Mass Rearing For Use in Sterile Insect Technique Programmes, which was completed in 2001, led to the development of a semi-automated system for tsetse production. Using this new system, a large rearing facility was established in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, to supply sterile males for an elimination programme in the southern Rift Valley. The development of large-scale rearing highlighted the need for improved quality control procedures and, with this in mind, the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture established a CRP in 2003 entitled Improved and Harmonized Quality Control for Expanded Tsetse Production, Sterilization and Field Application with the Objective of Improving and Expanding the Quality Control Sections of the FAO/IAEA Standard Operating Procedures for Mass rearing Tsetse Flies. Sixteen institutions from thirteen countries in Africa, Europe and Central America were awarded contracts or agreements under the CRP. This publication is a report of the results and outputs of that CRP, including the new and revised quality control tests that resulted from it. The IAEA officer responsible for the preparation of this publication was A. Parker of the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture. EDITORIAL NOTE The papers in these proceedings are reproduced as submitted by the authors and have not undergone rigorous editorial review by the IAEA. The views expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the IAEA, the governments of the nominating Member States or the nominating organizations. The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA. The authors are responsible for having obtained the necessary permission for the IAEA to reproduce, translate or use material from sources already protected by copyrights. CONTENTS SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................... 1 Developing QUALITY control procedures to sustain a supply of high quality blood For mass rearing tsetse flies ................................................................................................................ 5 C.J. de Beer, G.J. Venter, F.T. Potgieter Blood collection from local abattoirs for mass production of tsetse flies to be used in the sterile insect technique ................................................................................................................ 25 M.B. Byamungu, B. Kiimbisa, S. Matembo, G. Mashenga Development of high temperature short time vertebrate-blood pasteurization equipment for tsetse fly diets ....................................................................... 33 I. Morávek, J. Lach, P. Takáč Colony establishment of glossina fuscipes fuscipes and glossina pallidipes (origin tororo) at kaliti tsetse rearing and irradiation center, Ethiopia ................................ 41 S. Mekonnen Research results from the tsetse fly mass rearing laboratory at Cirdes and their application during 2003–2008 .............................................................................. 49 A.Z. Bance, I. Kabore, I. Sidibe, J.B. Rayaisse, Z. Bengaly Flight muscle development in the males of glossina pallidipes reared for the sterile insect technique ............................................................................................. 83 F. Čiampor, Jr., Z. Pálošová, L. Mancošová, P. Takáč Parturition in tsetse flies: Endocrine control ............................................................................ 63 J. Žd’árek, P. Takáč, D. Keszeliová, L. Šimo, L. Roller, J. Cvačka,