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Diptera: Calliphoridae)1 Pacific Insects 13 (1) : 141-204 15 June 1971 THE TRIBE CALLIPHORINI FROM AUSTRALIAN AND ORIENTAL REGIONS II. CALLIPHORA-GROUP (Diptera: Calliphoridae)1 By Hiromu Kurahashi Abstract: The Australian and Oriental Calliphora-group consists of the following 5 genera: Xenocalliphora Malloch (6 spp.), Aldrichina Townsend (1 sp.), T Heer atopy ga Rohdendorf (1 sp.), Eucalliphora Townsend (1 sp.) and Calliphora Rob.-Desvoidy (37 spp.). The genus Calliphora Rob.-Desvoidy has a number of members with a greater diversity of form and coloration than do those known from any other faunal region, and it is subdivided into the 5 subgenera: Neocalliphora Brauer & Bergenstamm, Cal­ liphora s. str., Paracalliphora Townsend, Papuocalliphora n. subgen, and Australocalli- phora n. subgen, in the present paper. The following forms are described as new: Calliphora pseudovomitoria, Paracalliphora papuensis, P. kermadeca, P. norfolka, P. augur neocaledonensis, P. espiritusanta, P. porphyrina, P. gressitti, P. rufipes kermadecensis, P. rufipes tasmanensis, P. rufipes tahitiensis, Australocalliphora onesioidea and A. tasmaniae, This second study in the series on Australian and Oriental Calliphorini presents a revision of the Calliphora-group based on a much greater amount of material than the early authors had. Most of the specimens examined were available in the Department of Entomology, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. I have raised the number of species to 46 which belong to 5 genera: Xenocalliphora Malloch, Aldrichina Townsend, Triceratopyga Rohdendorf, Eucalliphora Townsend and Calliphora Rob.-Desvoidy. The former 4 are either monobasic or with few species in contrast with the 38 species of the last genus. They have several plesiomorphous characters, i.e., dichoptic condition of eyes in <^, in spite of a more or less high degree of specialization with respect to some features such as hypopygium. They are probably representatives of old Calliphora-group flies which have evolved in more or less different ways from that of Calliphora. In the Ho­ larctic Realm there are several genera which have a certain affinity with these old cal­ liphorid flies. They are Cynomyia Rob.-Desvoidy, Cynomyiomima Rohdendorf, Cyanus Hall, Steringomyia Pokorny, Onesiomima Rohdendorf and Ab ago Grunin. Most species of the genus Calliphora seem to be comparatively new in relative evolu­ tionary time, and are well adapted to their present environments. Calliphora toxopeusi Theowald and C. nigrithorax Malloch, however, have plesiomorphous characters as observ­ ed in the old Calliphora-group. These 2 forms are examples of the living ancestral stock of present-day Calliphora. The genus Calliphora is subdivided into 5 subgenera: Neocalliphora Brauer & Bergen- 1. Partial results of a grant to Bishop Museum from the United States National Institute of Health (AI-01723) and a grant from the National Science Foundation (GB-13731). 2. Department of Entomology, B. P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii 96818, U.S.A. Present address: Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University. 142 Pacific Insects Vol. 13, no. 1 Stamm, Calliphora s. str., Paracalliphora Townsend and 2 new ones, in the present study. The subdivision is based on comparative study of the general external and male geni­ talic morphology. This is similar to the natural grouping proposed by Patton (1935). He studied the terminalia of 15 species and classified them into 3 natural groups as follows : Augur Group, Canimicans Group and Erythrocephala Group. The Erythrocephala Group of Patton, which should be substituted for the name vicina-group, consists of the subgenera Neocalliphora and Calliphora s. str. The Augur Group may include Paracalliphora and a new subgenus from New Guinea. Another new subgenus, which is indigenous to Australia, agrees with the Canimicans Group of Patton. The dendrogram showing the probable generic and subgeneric relationships within the Australian and Oriental Calliphora-group is illustrated in fig. 1. The augur-group seems to be well established and most abundant in number of species throughout the faunal region treated here. The distribution of the vicina-group is obliterated in the equatorial region of the East Indies. Neocalliphora has a territory in the South Temperate Zone. On the other hand, Calliphora s. str. is considered to originate in the North Temperate Zone. This striking example of discontinuity in range is of particular interest in understanding the history of the blowfly. It remains to be proved whether the 2 subgenera are identical. An effort to clarify the fauna of the Australian Calliphora-group started in 1923, when a synonymic list of some described flies was published by Johnston & Hardy. In 1925a, Patton published the results of his studies of types of Australian Calliphora which are situated in Europe. Hardy (1926) drew attention to discrepancies in Patton's view, X. (Ptilonesia) Xenocalliphora s. str. Aldrichina Triceratopyga Eucalliphora C. (Neocalliphora) Calliphora s. str. C. (Papuocalliphora) C. (Paracalliphora) C. (Australocalliphora) Onesia Fig. 1. A probable phylogeny of the C alliphora-gr oup. 1971 Kurahashi: Australian and Oriental Calliphoridae 143 and gave further information concerning the identity of the species after examining many types. On the whole, however, the Calliphora-group was first revised by Bezzi (1927) and Malloch (1927) independently. Bezzi reviewed many genera previously proposed, and covered all the Indo-Australian species over a wide area. He described several new species in his paper. Malloch offered the first complete revision of Australian Callipho­ ridae, in which we can find Ptilonesia auronotata (Macquart) and 23 species of Calliphora, of which 13 species seem to belong to the genus Onesia. Malloch used the single genus Calliphora without subdividing it, throughout a series of his works. He (1932a) later again revised the Australian Calliphora, especially the 10 species related to Calliphora stygia Fabricius. Seven species were described as new in his works. Some resident dipterists have tackled the elucidation of the closely allied species of the Calliphora- group. Hutton (1881, 1901, 1902) and Miller (1921, 1939a) have studied the group in New Zealand and its adjacent islands. Hardy (1926, 1930, 1932, 1940, 1947) has greatly contributed to the Systematics of the group in New Zealand and Australia. He (1937) considered the phylogeny of the Australian Calliphora s. lat. and arranged the included species in 5 subgenera, namely Adichosia Surcouf, Calliphora s. str., Neopollenia Brauer, Proekon Surcouf and Onesia Rob.-Desvoidy. This subdivision was based on color char­ acter and such terminal characters which might run parallel to color were used to support it. Patton (1935) proposed another arrangement of the species within the Calli­ phora s. lat. He has 3 main species groups based upon the type of aedeagus the spe­ cies exhibit, namely Augur Group, Canimicans Group and Erythrocephala Group. Hardy (1937) states that Patton's arrangement is not so very different from his own, the differ­ ences lying mainly in the position where the dividing lines are to be drawn. However these 2 systems appear to be distinguished from each other. Senior-White, Aubertin & Smart (1940) revised the Oriental Calliphora-group in the Fauna of British India, Diptera VI which dealt with 8 species known in the faunal region. A few species, which are members of a different genus, are incorrectly included in the single genus Calliphora. There are several recent papers to refer to in which new species have been described from the Marquesas Is. (Malloch 1932b), New Zealand (Murray 1954) and New Guinea (Theowald 1957). Hall (1948) reported Eucalliphora lilaea (Walker) from the Hawaiian Is. From Micronesia there is no new information after the exhaustive survey of Insects of Micronesia, which was carried out by B. P. Bishop Museum, and resulted in no dis­ covery of Calliphora blowflies (James 1962). SYSTEMATICS Genus Xenocalliphora Malloch Xenocalliphora Malloch, 1924, Trans. N. Z. Inst. 55: 639. Type-species: Calliphora eudypti Hutton, 1902. Distinguished from the other Oriental and Australian genera of Calliphorini by the following characteristics : Diagnosis: Thoracic squama completely hairy on upper surface ; subcostal sclerite with black setulose hairs; eyes of & as widely separated as those of # or conspicuously dichoptic, not closely approximated; mesothoracic spiracle light orange and swollen ; epaulet and basicosta 144 Pacific Insects Vol. 13, no. 1 usually light orange-yellow ; hypopygium large, prominent; aedeagus with primitive harpes which is distinctly separated from one another for a distance from harpes basis to apex; vesicae devel­ oped; ovipositor shorter than that of Calliphora s. str., but regularly segmented (fig. 13); £ internal genitalia not examined. Bionomics : ? Viviparous. DISTRIBUTION: New Zealand, Antipodes Is., Campbell Is., Auckland Is., and the east coastal region of Australia. Subgenus Ptilonesia Bezzi Calliphora (Ptilonesia) Bezzi, 1927, Bull. Ent. Res. 17 : 242. Type-species: Pollenia auronotata Macquart, 1855. Distinguished from the nominate subgenus by the following characteristics : Diagnosis : Eyes densely or sparsely but distinctly haired (easily visible), conspicuously dichop­ tic in & ; no strong proclinate ors present in £ ; ia 1+2; st 2^1) epandrium with a stout curv­ ed hook on each side. Xenocalliphora (Ptilonesia) auronotata (Macquart) Fig. 2-4. Pollenia auronotata Macquart, 1855, Mem. Soc. Sci. Lille
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