Islands of the North Atlantic Jew's Harp Association
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The Science of String Instruments
The Science of String Instruments Thomas D. Rossing Editor The Science of String Instruments Editor Thomas D. Rossing Stanford University Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA) Stanford, CA 94302-8180, USA [email protected] ISBN 978-1-4419-7109-8 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-7110-4 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-7110-4 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer ScienceþBusiness Media (www.springer.com) Contents 1 Introduction............................................................... 1 Thomas D. Rossing 2 Plucked Strings ........................................................... 11 Thomas D. Rossing 3 Guitars and Lutes ........................................................ 19 Thomas D. Rossing and Graham Caldersmith 4 Portuguese Guitar ........................................................ 47 Octavio Inacio 5 Banjo ...................................................................... 59 James Rae 6 Mandolin Family Instruments........................................... 77 David J. Cohen and Thomas D. Rossing 7 Psalteries and Zithers .................................................... 99 Andres Peekna and Thomas D. -
Cymbal Playing Robot by Godfried-Willem Raes
<Synchrochord> The first bowed instrument robot we designed was <Hurdy>, an automated hurdy gurdy, built between 2004 and 2007. The building of that robot had many problems and our attempts to solve these have lead to many new ideas and experiments regarding acoustic sound production from bowed strings. Between 2008 and 2010 we worked very hard on our <Aeio> robot, where we used only two phase electromagnetic excitation of the twelve strings. Although <Aeio> works pretty well, it can not serve as a realistic replacement of the cello as we first envisaged it. The pretty slow build-up of sound was the main problem. The cause being the problematic coupling of the magnetic field to the string material. Thus we went on experimenting with bowing mechanisms until we discovered that it is possible to excite the string mechanically synchronous with the frequency to which it is tuned. For such an approach to work well, we need a very precize synchronous motor with a very high speed. Change of speed ought to be very fast, thus necessitating a low inertia motor as well as a fast braking mechanism. Needless to say, but the motor should also run as quietly as possible. To relax the high speed requirement a bit, we designed a wheel mounted on the motor axis with ten plectrums around the circumference. Thus for every single rotation of the spindle, the string will be plucked ten times. Follows that in order to excite a string tuned to 880Hz, we need a rotational frequency of 88Hz. Or, stated in rotations per minute: 5280 rpm. -
BRO 5 Elements Sounds 2020-08.Indd
5 ELEMENTS SOUNDS SOUND HEALING and NEW WAVES INSTRUMENTS ANCIENT SOURCES SOUND HEALING Ancient wisdom traditions realized that our human The role of sound and music in the process of body, as well as the entire cosmos, is built and func- growth, regeneration, healing and integration has tions according to primal chaordic principles – unify- filled the human understanding with wonder and awe ing apparent chaos in an ordered matrix- and that since ancient times. Facing today’s world of tremen- music is a direct reflection of the order and harmony dous inner, social and global challenges, it is not of the cosmos and therefore offers a means and op- surprising that this has been coming to the fore portunity to experience playfully, or in concentrated again. Rediscovered and revived it now finds now ritual, these elementary parameters of creation. On expression in manifold innovative applications of our amazingly diverse planet we can still can observe vibrational, energetic and consciousness based new and hear musical expressions of the different stages disciplines of light and sound healing, reconnecting of the development of human civilization, and its role archaic practices, sacred science traditions and the in archaic tribal cultures, orthodox religious communi- latest quantum field approaches. ties, mystic practices, all the way to contemporary urban youth rave parties and trance dances. Through this living heritage we gain a genuine impression of the role of music in civilization and its function in ceremony, ritual, healing, education and celebration. The important role and magic of music in the different stages of the human evolutionary journey and cycles of life have inspired us to explore the functioning and the effects of sound and music on our psycho-physi- ological constitution and social life. -
Feeltone Flyer 2017
Bass Tongue Drums Monchair 40 monochord strings in either monochord tuning New improved design and a new developed tuning ( bass and overtone) or Tanpura (alternating set of 4 technique which improves the sound volume and strings ) which are easy to play by everyone intuitively Natural Acoustic Musical Instrument for: intensifies the vibration. These Giant Bass Tongue Drums without any prior musical experience. Therapy, Music making, Music Therapy , were created especially for music therapists. Soundhealing, Wellness, Meditaions…. Approaching the chair with a gentle and supportive made in Germany Great drumming experience for small and big people attitude can bring joy and healing to your client and alone or together. yourself. The elegant appearance and design is the perfect The feeltone Line fit and addition for a variety of locations, such as: modern • Monochord Table The vibration can be felt very comfortably throughout the offices, clinics, therapeutic facilities, private practices, 60 strings, rich vibration and overtones, body. All tongue drums have an additional pair of feet on wellness center and in your very own home. for hand on treatments. the side enabling them to be flipped over 90 degrees Here is what one of our therapist working with the • Soundwave allowing a person to lay on the drum while you are monchair is saying: combines the power of monochords with a "....monchair both doubles as an office space saver and a playing. Feel the vibration and the rhythm in your body. bass tongue drum, in Ash or Padouk therapeutic vibrational treatment chair for my patients. monchair- Singing Chair 40 Because of its space saving feature I am able to also use • This therapeutic musical furniture has been used in many monochord or tempura strings hospitals, clinics, kindergartens, senior homes and homes the overtone rich Monochord instruments while the client is Bass Tongue drums in a seated position. -
Experimental Investigations of T¯Anpur¯A Acoustics
Experimental investigations of t¯anpur¯aacoustics Rahul Pisharody and Anurag Gupta Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, 208016, India. [email protected] 44 1 Summary shown in the bottom-most picture in the right side of Figure 1. The purpose of this brief note is to present 45 2 High-speed video camera recordings are used to ob- certain experimental results which elucidate the na- 46 3 serve dynamics of an actual t¯anpur¯astring. The tem- ture of t¯anpur¯asound while emphasizing the role of 47 4 poral evolution of the frequency spectrum is obtained j¯ıv¯a. 48 5 by measuring the nut force during the string vibra- We use high-speed video camera recordings of the 49 6 tion. The characteristic sonorous sound of t¯anpur¯ais vibration of a single t¯anpur¯astring to capture the 50 7 attributed to not only the presence of a large num- string motion close to the bridge and at the nut (see 51 8 ber of overtones but also to the dominance of certain the videos provided as supplementary material). The 52 9 harmonics over the fundamental, the latter manifest- latter is used to measure the nut force and to subse- 53 10 ing itself as a certain cascading effect. The nature of quently plot 3-dimensional spectrograms. The previ- 54 11 sound is shown to be strongly dependent on the ini- ous t¯anpur¯aexperimental measurements were based 55 12 tial plucking amplitude of the string. The stability either on the audio signals [7, 8] or the sensors placed 56 13 of the in-plane vertical motion of the string is also between the string and the nut [9]. -
AN INTRODUCTION to MUSIC THEORY Revision A
AN INTRODUCTION TO MUSIC THEORY Revision A By Tom Irvine Email: [email protected] July 4, 2002 ________________________________________________________________________ Historical Background Pythagoras of Samos was a Greek philosopher and mathematician, who lived from approximately 560 to 480 BC. Pythagoras and his followers believed that all relations could be reduced to numerical relations. This conclusion stemmed from observations in music, mathematics, and astronomy. Pythagoras studied the sound produced by vibrating strings. He subjected two strings to equal tension. He then divided one string exactly in half. When he plucked each string, he discovered that the shorter string produced a pitch which was one octave higher than the longer string. A one-octave separation occurs when the higher frequency is twice the lower frequency. German scientist Hermann Helmholtz (1821-1894) made further contributions to music theory. Helmholtz wrote “On the Sensations of Tone” to establish the scientific basis of musical theory. Natural Frequencies of Strings A note played on a string has a fundamental frequency, which is its lowest natural frequency. The note also has overtones at consecutive integer multiples of its fundamental frequency. Plucking a string thus excites a number of tones. Ratios The theories of Pythagoras and Helmholz depend on the frequency ratios shown in Table 1. Table 1. Standard Frequency Ratios Ratio Name 1:1 Unison 1:2 Octave 1:3 Twelfth 2:3 Fifth 3:4 Fourth 4:5 Major Third 3:5 Major Sixth 5:6 Minor Third 5:8 Minor Sixth 1 These ratios apply both to a fundamental frequency and its overtones, as well as to relationship between separate keys. -
III IIHIII USOO5581043A United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 5,581,043 Bowar 45) Date of Patent: Dec
III IIHIII USOO5581043A United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 5,581,043 Bowar 45) Date of Patent: Dec. 3, 1996 (54) OVERTONE ENHANCING MUSICAL 5,355,756 10/1994 Geiger ............ ... 84/270 INSTRUMENT 5,497,688 3/1996 Ruiz-carrero ............................. 84/29 76 Inventor: RichardS. D. Bowar, 1305 Navajo Trail, Primary Examiner-Patrick J. Stanzione 76 Alabaster, Ala. 35.007 Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Wm. Randall May (57) ABSTRACT 2121 Appl. No.:NO. 605,55 7 An acoustical instrument designed to promote and enhance 22 Filed: Feb. 20, 1996 the production of musical overtones is disclosed. The instru 6 ment is capable of reinforcing, and thereby enhancing, the (51) int. Cl. ....................................................... G10D 3/00 resonance of naturally produced musical overtones and can 52) U.S. Cl. ................................... 84/291; 84/294 be adjusted to fine tune the overtone frequency of the 58) Field of Search .............................. 84/270, 275, 291, instrument to ambient atmospheric conditions. Adjustment 84/294, 267 baffles within the tone box of the instrument enable the user to change or adjust the wavelength of the music produced by 56 References Cited the instrument to more closely coincide with the overtone U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS transmission capability of the ambient environment. Strings of specific length, diameter and placement are used to D. 161,075 12/1950 Alkire. achieve optimal production, enhancement and transmission 2,535,252 12/1950 Alkire ....................................... 34,267 of overtones with the device. 4,172,404 10/1979 Dopyera. ... 84,291 4,206,678 6/1980 Guerrero . ... 84/267 4,539,887 9/1985 Bjerkas ..................................... 84/314 10 Claims, 3 Drawing Sheets N-- N A - U.S. -
Guitar Harmonics - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Guitar Harmonics from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
3/14/2016 Guitar harmonics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Guitar harmonics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A guitar harmonic is a musical note played by preventing or amplifying vibration of certain overtones of a guitar string. Music using harmonics can contain very high pitch notes difficult or impossible to reach by fretting. Guitar harmonics also produce a different sound quality than fretted notes, and are one of many techniques used to create musical variety. Contents Basic and harmonic oscillations of a 1 Technique string 2 Overtones 3 Nodes 4 Intervals 5 Advanced techniques 5.1 Pinch harmonics 5.2 Tapped harmonics 5.3 String harmonics driven by a magnetic field 6 See also 7 References Technique Harmonics are primarily generated manually, using a variety of techniques such as the pinch harmonic. Another method utilizes sound wave feedback from a guitar amplifier at high volume, which allows for indefinite vibration of certain string harmonics. Magnetic string drivers, such as the EBow, also use string harmonics to create sounds that are generally not playable via traditional picking or fretting techniques. Harmonics are most often played by lightly placing a finger on a string at a nodal point of one of the overtones at the moment when the string is driven. The finger immediately damps all overtones that do not have a node near the location touched. The lowest-pitch overtone dominates the resulting sound. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_harmonics 1/6 3/14/2016 Guitar harmonics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Overtones When a guitar string is plucked normally, the ear tends to hear the fundamental frequency most prominently, but the overall sound is also 0:00 MENU colored by the presence of various overtones (integer multiples of the Tuning a guitar using overtones fundamental frequency). -
LCC for Guitar - Introduction
LCC for Guitar - Introduction In order for guitarists to understand the significance of the Lydian Chromatic Concept of Tonal Organization and the concept of Tonal Gravity, one must first look at the nature of string vibration and what happens when a string vibrates. The Lydian Chromatic concept is based in the science of natural acoustics, so it is important to understand exactly what happens acoustically to a note and the harmonic overtones that nature creates. A guitar string (or any string from any stringed instrument) vibrates when plucked or struck, producing a tone. The vibrating string creates a natural resonant series of vibration patterns which are called Harmonics. When you strike the string by itself, it vibrates back and forth and moves air molecules, producing sound. This is called a FUNDAMENTAL. (See fig 1.01a) Fig 1.01a – FUNADAMENTAL/OPEN STRING = A 440hz/440cps The fundamental vibration pattern on a single string. This is the FUNDAMENTAL vibration or tone and can be equated to a fixed amount of vibrations or cycles per second (cps) For example, consider this to be the open ‘A’ string producing the note A which in turn a universally considered to vibrate at 440cps or the equivalent of 440hz. If you loosen a guitar string you can visually see the result of the vibrations; the string makes a wide arc near the center and it narrows towards each end. When you touch the string exactly in the center (exactly between both ends or on the guitar the physical location is at the 12 th fret) it divides the vibration exactly in half and produces a note or tone exactly one octave higher in pitch. -
Fomrhi Quarterly
Quarterly No. Ill, February 2009 FoMRHI Quarterly BULLETIN 111 Christopher Goodwin 2 COMMUNICATIONS 1835 Jan Steenbergen and his oboes Jan Bouterse 5 1836 Observations on glue and an early lute construction technique John Downing 16 1837 Thomas Stanesby Junior's 'True Concert Flute' Philippe Bolton 19 1838 Oil paintings of musical instruments - should we trust the Old Masters? Julian Goodacre 23 1839 A method of fixing loose soundbars Peter Bavington 24 1840 Mediaeval and Renaissance multiple tempo standards Ephraim Segerman 27 1841 The earliest soundposts Ephraim Segerman 36 1842 The historical basis of the modern early-music pitch standard ofa'=415Hz Ephraim Segerman 37 1843 Notes on the symphony Ephraim Segerman 41 1844 Some design considerations in making flattened lute backs Ephraim Segerman 45 1845 Tromba Marina notes Ian Allan 47 1846 Woodwinds dictionary online Mona Lemmel 54 1847 For information: Diderot et d'Alembert, L'Encyclopedie - free! John Downing 55 1848 'Mortua dolce cano' - a question John Downing 56 1849 Mortua dolce cano - two more instances Chris Goodwin 57 1850 Further to Comm. 1818, the new Mary Rose fiddle bow Jeremy Montagu 58 1851 Oud or lute? Comm. 1819 continued John Downing 59 1852 Wood fit for a king - a case of mistaken identity? Comm 1826 updated John Downing 62 1853 Reply to Segerman's Comm. 1830 John Downing 64 1854 Reply to John Catch's Comm 1827 on frets and temperaments Thomas Munck 65 1856 Re: Comms 1810 and 1815, Angled Bridges, Tapered Strings Frets and Bars Ephraim Segerman 66 1857 The lute in renaissance Spain: comment on Comm 1833 Ander Arroitajauregi 67 1858 Review of Modern Clavichord Studies: De Clavicordio VIII John Weston 68 The next issue, Quarterly 112, will appear in May 2009. -
Paradisi Porte Hans Memling's Angelic Concert
Paradisi Porte Hans Memling's Angelic Concert Tiburtina Ensemble · Barbora Kabátková Oltremontano Antwerpen Wim Becu Paradisi Porte Hans Memling's Angelic Concert Friendly supported by the Flemish Community Co-production with AMUZ, KMSKA, CmB Tiburtina Ensemble Barbora Kabátková Recorded at AMUZ, Antwerpen (Belgium), on 8-10 December 2020 Oltremontano Antwerpen Recording producer: Jo Cops Executive producer: Wim Becu (Oltremontano), Michael Sawall (note 1 music gmbh) Wim Becu Cover picture: “God the Father with singing and music making angels” by Hans Memling. Collection Koninklijk Museum voor Schone Kunsten, Antwerpen Belgium Layout & booklet editor: Joachim Berenbold Translations: Joachim Berenbold (Deutsch), Pierre Elie Mamou (français), Anna Moens (Nederlands) Photos (Cover, booklet: cover, p 9, 13, 17): Rik Klein Gotink Artist photo (p 21): Miel Pieters CD made in The Netherlands + © 2021 note 1 music gmbh 1 PROSA Ave Maria gracia plena Graduale Brugge, 1506 4:41 vocal ensemble, harp, psaltery 2 Fuga duo[rum] temp[orum] GUILLAUME DUFAY 1397-1474 2:18 vocal ensemble, claretas (Gloria ad modum tubae – Trent Ms 90) 3 HYMNUS Proles de caelo set by C. Vicens after GUILLAUME DUFAY 2:38 organetto, psaltery, harp [ALK] 4 INTROITUS In excelso throno Graduale Brugge, 1506 1:59 Tiburtina Ensemble solo voice [KB], psaltery Barbora Kabátková, Ivana Bilej Brouková, 5 BASSE DANSE Paradisi porte set by Andrew Lawrence-King 1:02 Hana Blažíková [solo in 8], Daniela Čermáková, harp [ALK] Anna Chadimová Havlíková, Kamila Mazalová chant 6 SEQUENTIA Alma -
The Overtone Fiddle: an Actuated Acoustic Instrument
Aalborg Universitet The Overtone Fiddle: an Actuated Acoustic Instrument Overholt, Daniel Published in: Proceedings of 11th International Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression Publication date: 2011 Document Version Accepted author manuscript, peer reviewed version Link to publication from Aalborg University Citation for published version (APA): Overholt, D. (2011). The Overtone Fiddle: an Actuated Acoustic Instrument. In A. Refsum Jensenius, A. Tveit, R. Inge Godøy, & D. Overholt (Eds.), Proceedings of 11th International Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression (pp. 4-7). University of Oslo. http://www.nime2011.org/ General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. ? Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. ? You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain ? You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us at [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from vbn.aau.dk on: October 01, 2021 The Overtone Fiddle: an Actuated Acoustic Instrument Dan Overholt Department of Architecture, Design and Media Technology Aalborg University, Denmark Niels Jernes Vej 14, 3-107 [email protected] ABSTRACT 2.