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Things, That Endure CULTURE, PHILOSOPHY AND ARTS RESEARCH INSTITUTE Ancient Baltic Culture THINGS, THAT ENDURE Edited by Dr. Elvyra Usačiovaitė Vilnius 2009 KULTŪROS, FILOSOFIJOS IR MENO INSTITUTAS Senovės baltų kultūra TAI, KAS IŠLIEKA Vilnius 2009 UDK 008(=88) Se91 Knygos leidimą parėmė Lietuvos Respublikos švietimo ir mokslo ministerija Redakcinė kolegija: akademikas Algirdas GAIŽUTIS Vilniaus pedagoginis universitetas prof, habil, dr. Juris URTANAS Latvijos kultūros akademija habil, dr. Saulius AMBRAZAS Lietuvių kalbos institutas habil, dr. Nijolė LAURINKIENĖ Lietuvių literatūros ir tautosakos institutas akademike Janina KURSYTĖ Latvijos universitetas dr. Radvile RACĖNAITĖ Lietuvių literatūros ir tautosakos institutas dr. Elvyra USAČIOVAITĖ Kultūros, filosofijos ir meno institutas dr. Eugenijus SVETIKAS Lietuvos istorijos institutas Sudarė dr. E. Usačiovaitė. Leidinys apsvarstytas ir rekomenduotas spaudai Kultūros, filosofijos ir meno instituto tarybos © Kultūros, filosofijos ir meno institutas, 2009 © Viršelio nuotrauka, Vilmantė Matuliauskienė, 2009 © „Kronta“ leidykla, 2009 ISBN 978-609-401-027-9 Turinys Elvyra Usačiovaitė. Įvadas............................................................9 Gintaras Beresnevičius Vietos ir spalvos Lietuvos religinės geografijos bruožai XIII-XIV a.................... 31 Elvyra Usačiovaitė. Kristupas Hartknochas apie prūsų religiją.........................................................................39 Pranas Vildžiūnas. Auxtheias Vissagistis - supagonintas krikščionių Dievas........................................................................69 Egidijus Miltakis. Prūsų tikėjimas XVI a. Simono Grunau kronikos duomenimis......................................82 Radvile Racėnaitė. Kai kurių pagoniškų laidojimo apeigų galimi reliktai tradicinėje lietuvių kultūroje................101 Rolandas Kregždys. Pr. Romow pagal Petro Dusburgiečio „Prūsijos žemės kroniką“ ir kitos istorinės interpretacijos iki mūsų laikų (toponimo etimologinė analizė, lokalizacija). 120 Mangirdas Bumblauskas. Dėl christianizacijos proceso Žemaitijoje....................................................................183 Nijolė Laurinkienė. Žemės motinos kategorijos dievybė: ištakos ir raida..........................................209 Juris Urtanas. Kraslavos akmuo.............................................. 233 Priedas. Apie G. Beresnevičių ir jo veiklą: atsiminimai, apmąstymai.................................................................................249 Edvardas Ciuldė. Gintaras Beresnevičius: gyvenimo normos ir kūrybos formos.......................................250 Ignas Narbutas. G. Beresnevičiaus mitologijos projektas................................................................. 257 Saulė Matulevičienė. Iš baltų religijos ir mitologijos tyrimų istorijos........................................................................... 265 Regimantas Tamošaitis. Gintaro Beresnevičiaus asmenybės portretas: mokslininkas ir menininkas..................280 Laimantas Jonušys. Tai, kas išlieka, arba žaismingas absurdas Gintaro Beresnevičiaus kūryboje..............................287 Trumpai apie autorius............................................................... 294 Asmenvardžių rodyklė............................................................... 299 Contents Elvyra Usačiovaitė. Introduction......................................... 22 Elvyra Usačiovaitė. Christoph Hartknoch on Prussian Religion..................................................................66 Pranas Vildžiūnas. Auxtheias Vissagistis - Paganized Christian G od ......................................................... 81 Egidijus Miltakis. Prussian Faith in the 16th Century, Based on Simon Grunau’s Chronicle’s Data........................99 Radvile Racėnaitė. Suppositional Relics of Certain Heathen Burial Rites in Lithuanian Traditional Culture.................................................................. 118 Rolandas Kregždys. Ethymological analysis and localization of the Prussian Romoiv according to Peter of Dusburg “Chronicon Terrae Prussiae” (The Chronicle o f the Prussian land) and other historical interpretations up to nowadays.............................182 Mangirdas Bumblauskas. On Christianization Process in Samogitia................................................................ 207 Nijolė Laurinkienė. Mother Earth Category Deity: Germination and Evolution..................................... 231 Juris Urtäns. The Kräslava Stone........................................ 247 Edvardas Čiuldė. Gintaras Beresnevičius: Life Norms and Forms of Creation...........................................236 Ignas Narbutas. Gintaras Beresnevičius’ Mythology Project...................................................................... 264 Saulė Matulevičienė. From the History of Research on Baltic Religion and Mythology............................ 279 Regimantas Tamošaitis. A Portrait of the Personality: Gintaras Beresnevičius, a Scientist and an Artist.....................286 Laimantas Jonušys. Things that Endure or a Playful Absurdity in Gintaras Beresnevičius’ Body of Work...............293 Name indeX..................................................................................299 SENOVĖS BALTŲ KULTŪRA, 8. 2009 Kristupas Hartknochas apie prūsų religiją Elvyra Usačiovaitė Abstract. Discussion concerns the research o f Prussian pagan cult lo­ cations by Christoph Hartknoch, the Prussian historian o f the second h alf of the 18th century. The aim o f the article — to substantiate the Baltic tradition o f Romuva. For that purpose there was a necessity to invoke the materials o f archaic relics from the Land o f Nadruva and surrounding area ( the ancient location of the former Romuva), collected by M atas Pretorius in the second h alf of the 17th century. Žymiausios ir originaliausios XVII a. knygos apie senovės baltus yra parašytos Kristupo Hartknocho ir Mato Pretorijaus Rytų Prūsijoje. Tačiau Hartknocho veikalai šia tema, skirtingai nei Pretorijaus, būdavo skelbiami iškart. Todėl pirmojo autoriaus šlovė ilgai užgožė antrąjį. Nes M. Pretorijaus Prūsijos istorija jam gyvam esant publikuota išvis nebuvo. Tik XIX a. išleista nedi­ delė jos ištraukų knyga, sudaryta Johno Williamo Piersono1. O visas daugiatomis veikalo leidimas rengiamas jau mūsų dienomis Lietuvos istorijos institute: pasirodė trys tomai2. Tad šiandien M. Pretorijui dėmesio netrūksta. Todėl mūsų straipsnį skirsime K. Hartknocho (1644-1687) knygai Senoji ir Naujoji Prūsija (Alt- und Neues Preussen oder Preussischer Historien zwey Theile. Frankfurt und Leipzig, 1684), kuri buvo tapusi ilgaamže paran­ kine knyga skaitytojui, besidominčiam išnykusiais prūsais. Be to Hartknochas išleido dar keletą reikšmingų darbų: atrastąją Petro Dusburgiečio Prūsijos kroniką su komentarais (Petri de Dilsburg Ordinis Teutonici sacerdotis Chronikon Prussiae, Francofurti et Lipsiae, Jena, 1679): Prūsijos bažnyčios istoriją (Preussische Kir- chen-Historia, Frankfurt am Main, 1686); Lenkijos valstybę (Res- publica Polonica, Jena, 1678, Leipzig, 1687, 1697, 1699). Turint 39 omenyje, kad autoriaus gyvenimas nebuvo ilgas: mirė 43 metų, kaip manoma, nuo tuberkuliozės, nuveikta nemažai. Istorinės sąlygos Prūsijos kunigaikštystėje X V II a. antrojoje pusėje Rytų Prūsiją alino karai ir juos lydintys sunkumai bei epide­ mijos (1656 m. K. Hartknocho gimtinę - Pasenhaimo apylinkes sudegino įsiveržusi lenkų kariuomenė, 1657 m. nuo maro mirė abu jo tėvai)3. Tai buvo vadinamieji „tvano“ laikai (1655-1660), kai norėda­ ma įsigalėti Baltijos jūroje, užimti pietinius jos uostus ir pakran­ tes, Švedija kovojo su Lenkijos ir Lietuvos valstybe4. Pastarosios vasale buvo Prūsijos kunigaikštystė, kurią valdė Brandenburgo kurfiurstas Friedrichas Wilhelmas (1640-1688). Anuo metu Prū­ sijos kunigaikštystė su įvairiomis jai priklausančiomis vokiečių žemėmis buvo išsidriekusi tūkstantį kilometrų - nuo Klaipėdos į vakarus siekė Berlyną. Friedrichas Wilhelmas buvo energingas, gudrus, nepastovus kunigaikštis. Pagrindinis jo tikslas - nusi­ kratyti leninės Prūsijos priklausomybės nuo Lietuvos ir Lenkijos valstybės, išplėsti savo žemių ribas. Šis kunigaikštis vykdė aktyvią užsienio politiką, sudarydavo įvairias sutartis pakaitomis su viena ar su kita kariaujančia puse, tai įpareigojo įsitraukti į karą. An­ tai 1656 m. gruodžio 6 d. Radnoto (Vengrija) sutartimi Švedija, eidama į koaliciją su Transilvanija, Ukrainos kazokais, Bogušu Radvila, Friedrichui Wilhelmui pasiūlė suverenitetą ir dalį Di­ džiosios Lenkijos žemių. Pamatęs, kad tai nerealu, 1657 m. rug­ sėjo 9 d. - lapkričio 6 d. jis sudarė Vėluvos-Bydgoščiaus sutartį su Lenkija, kuri atsisakė teisių į Prūsiją ir pripažino jos nepriklau­ somybę. Galutinai tai buvo patvirtinta 1660 m. gegužės 3 d. Oli­ vos taikos sutartimi3. Permainingas sutartis Prūsijos kunigaikštis sudarinėjo ir su kitomis Europos valstybėmis: su Prancūzija, po kiek laiko - su jos priešininkais Nyderlandais, Ispanija ir Austrija, vėliau - su Danija ir t. t.6 Karinės kampanijos reikalavo papildo­ mų lėšų. Ėmęs didinti mokesčius, Friedrichas Wilhelmas sukėlė 40 įtampą šalies viduje, nes suteikdamas privilegijų aristokratijai, mokesčių naštą užkėlė ant miestiečių ir valstiečių pečių. Valstie­ čiams tai reiškė lažo ir baudžiavos padidėjimą, ūkių praradimą. Didžiulė suma - iki 7 milijonų talerių - buvo išreikalauta karo metu iš Prūsijos, miestiečius apdedant 59 %, diduomenę 41 % mokesčiais. Tai iššaukė karinį Prūsijos pasipriešinimą, kuriam vadovavo Karaliaučiaus posėdininkas Hieronymas Rothas. Jis į pagalbą pasikvietė Lenkijos
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