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Download This PDF File ISSN 2085-9937 Patanjala Volume 12 Nomor 1 April 2020 Patanjala bermakna air sungai yang tiada hentinya mengalir mengikuti alur yang dilaluinya hingga ke muara. Seperti halnya karakteristik air sungai, manusia harus bekerja dan beramal baik, serta fokus pada cita-citanya. Patanjala adalah majalah ilmiah yang memuat hasil-hasil penelitian tentang nilai budaya, seni, dan film serta kesejarahan yang dilaksanakan oleh Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya Jawa Barat di wilayah kerja Jawa Barat, DKI Jakarta, Banten, dan Lampung. Redaksi juga menerima artikel hasil penelitian di Indonesia pada umumnya. Mulai 2020, Patanjala hanya diterbitkan dua kali dalam setahun, yaitu pada April dan Oktober. Siapa pun dapat mengutip sebagian isi dari jurnal penelitian ini dengan ketentuan menuliskan sumbernya. Pelindung Direktur Jenderal Kebudayaan Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Penanggung Jawab Kepala Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya Jawa Barat Redaksi Ketua : Iim Imadudin, S.S., M.Hum (Sejarah) Anggota : 1. Dra. Ria Intani T. (Antropologi) 2. Dra. Lina Herlinawati (Sastra Indonesia) 3. Dra. Lasmiyati (Sejarah) 4. Hary G. Budiman, M.Hum., (Sejarah) 5. Desmond Satria Andrian, S.S., M.Si. (Editor Bahasa Inggris) Redaktur Pelaksana Titan Firman, S.Kom. Mitra Bestari Prof. Aquarini Priyatna, M A., M.Hum., Ph.D., (Kajian Budaya, UNPAD) Dr. Ade Makmur Kartawinata, M.Phil (Antropologi, UNPAD) Dr. Bambang Rudito (SBM, ITB) Dr. Dade Mahzuni, M.Si (Kajian Budaya, UNPAD) Dede Mulyanto, S.Sos., M.Phil., (Antropologi, UNPAD) Dr. Gani Ahmad Jaelani, DEA, (Ilmu Sejarah, UNPAD) Diterbitkan oleh Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya Jawa Barat Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Jl. Cinambo No. 136 Ujungberung – Bandung 40294 Telp./Faks. (022) 7804942 e-mail: [email protected] http://ejurnalpatanjala.kemdikbud.go.id http://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpnbjabar Penata Sampul: Titan Firman Gambar: Bebegig Sukamantri Sumber: Dokumentasi Edi Setiadi Putra Dicetak oleh CV. IZDA PRIMA PERMATA KOPO E-33 BANDUNG (022)5435496 Isi di luar tanggung jawab percetakan PENGANTAR REDAKSI Artikel yang hadir dalam Jurnal Patanjala Vol. 12 No. 1 April 2020 menegaskan sekali lagi perubahan sosial-budaya yang berlangsung secara dinamis. Ada perubahan yang didorong oleh faktor internal dan eksternal. Faktor internal, antara lain didorong oleh sistem lapisan masyarakat yang bersifat terbuka, komposisi masyarakat yang heterogen sehingga mudah menerima hal baru, dan ketidakpuasan terhadap kondisi tertentu juga mendorong respons agar terjadi perubahan. Kasus perubahan yang didorong oleh faktor internal, misalnya, dapat dilihat dalam artikel interaksi masyarakat Tionghoa-Jawa di Surakarta, masyarakat pendukung bebegig Sukamantri, piil pesenggiri di Lampung, dan tradisi laut masyarakat Nagari Airhaji. Adapun faktor eksternal yang mendorong perubahan, antara lain kontak dengan kebudayaan lain dan kebijakan politik. Kasus kehidupan keagamaan di Batavia banyak dipengaruhi oleh kebijakan VOC, perantauan orang Sunda dalam carita pantun, dan pembredelan surat kabar Pikiran Rakjat tahun 1965. Meski tidak mencakup semua faktor penyebab perubahan, beberapa kasus tersebut memperlihatkan tipikal perubahan sosial- budaya yang berlangsung dinamis. Sukamto, Nina Herlina, dan Kunto Sofianto mengungkap kehidupan keagamaan Batavia pada abad ke-XVII, khususnya sikap Kristen Calvinis terhadap agama-agama yang ada. Ketika itu hanya Kristen Calvinis yang diakui VOC sebagai agama yang sah (publieke kerk). Tokoh Kristen Calvinis sangat keras terhadap komunitas Katolik Roma. Pastor-pastor Katolik Roma dipenjara. Dibuatlah peraturan bahwa sakramen Katolik Roma (Baptisan) dianggap tidak sah secara hukum dan tidak bisa dijadikan sebagai syarat pernikahan. Hal tersebut dilakukan untuk membatasi perpindahan penduduk Batavia ke Gereja Katolik Roma. Sementara itu, Islam dan Kong Hu Cu di Batavia tidak diakui sebagai agama resmi. VOC sangat berhati-hati dalam membuat kebijakan yang terkait dengan kehidupan keagamaan di Batavia. Musa Pelu dan Hieronymus Purwanta membahas dinamika hubungan masyarakat Tionghoa-Jawa di Surakarta. Lokus kajiannya pada etnis Tionghoa di Kampung Balong. Secara demografis, Surakarta tumbuh dan berkembang di ranah multikultur. Keadaan tersebut mendorong terjadinya kehidupan sosial yang rapuh dan rentan terjadinya konflik etnis, khususnya antara orang Tionghoa dan Jawa. Persaingan ekonomi dan kecemburuan sosial mengakibatkan kekecewaan kelompok etnis Jawa terhadap etnis Tionghoa yang berujung pada terjadinya konflik sosial. Upaya mediasi konflik terus dilakukan, khususnya interelasi multietnis dengan pendekatan budaya. Hubungan yang harmonis antara Tionghoa dan Jawa mendukung kegiatan industri dan perdagangan di Surakarta. Edi Setiadi Putra dan Dedy Ismail menganalisis fungsi dan makna bebegig Sukamantri sebagai ikon budaya astral Sunda di Kabupaten Ciamis, Jawa Barat. Masyarakat desa melestarikan bebegig Sukamantri sejak lama. Dalam perkembangannya terjadi perubahan fungsi dan makna bebegig Sukamantri, dari atribut untuk penolak bala dan pengusir hama, berkembang menjadi seni karnaval rakyat. Bebegig Sukamantri memiliki sekitar 54 bentuk topeng yang diidentifikasi berkarakter unik. Bebegig Sukamantri setidaknya dapat dikelompokkan ke dalam tiga kategori karakter Raksasa-Détya-Dénawa yang merupakan visualisasi dari jenis makhluk astral yang dikenal dalam budaya Sunda kuno. Kesenian ini merupakan karnaval rakyat yang potensial menjadi ikon budaya masyarakat Sunda. Yuzar Purnama membahas semangat perantauan orang Sunda dalam carita pantun. Masyarakat Sunda merupakan etnis terbesar kedua di Nusantara. Ciri umum masyarakat Sunda berbahasa Sunda dan memiliki budaya Sunda. Orang Sunda dalam pergaulan etnis di Nusantara sering dipandang sebagai etnis yang tidak memiliki jiwa perantau. Referensi terkait perantauan orang Sunda sangat sedikit ditemukan. Pandangan tersebut ternyata berbeda bila merujuk pada beberapa carita pantun yang menggambarkan kehidupan masa lalu, seperti Kembang Panyaringan, Gantangan Wangi, Mundinglaya di Kusumah, dan sebagainya. Dalam carita pantun digambarkan para tokoh utama melakukan perantauan dengan berbagai tujuan, yaitu mencari wilayah untuk mendirikan kerajaan baru, mencari pendamping hidup, menyelamatkan diri dari penculikan, dan peperangan untuk meluaskan kekuasaan kerajaan. Zainal Arifin menempatkan piil pesenggiri sebagai politik identitas komunitas Lampung yang dikenal sebagai wilayah multikultur di Indonesia. Multikultural Lampung dapat dirujuk pada nilai-nilai budaya piil pesenggiri yang mereka miliki. Namun di sisi lain, piil pesenggiri sering dianggap penyebab konflik yang melibatkan orang Lampung. Ada paradoks dalam memahami piil pesenggiri sebagai identitas orang Lampung. Piil pesenggiri sebagai identitas dalam kasus komunitas Lampung di Way Kanan justru mampu menciptakan harmoni dengan etnis lain. Mekanisme politik pengorganisasian identitas (politik identitas) mampu menguatkan identitas piil pesenggiri yang menciptakan harmoni sosial di tanah sai bumi ruwa jurai. Sri Haryati Putri, Gusti Asnan, dan Muhammad Nur mengungkap beragam budaya atau tradisi lokal masyarakat pesisir Nagari Airhaji Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan. Tradisi yang dilakukan terkait dengan kehidupannya sebagai nelayan. Umumnya dilakukan di tepi pantai tidak jauh dari tempat aktivitas sehari-hari. Budaya yang konon dari zaman nenek moyang masih dilaksanakan hingga sekarang, seperti malimauan pasia, ratik tulak bala, dan baralek pasia. Inilah ciri khas masyarakat pesisir di nagari Airhaji yang membedakannya dengan masyarakat daerah darek atau pedalaman lainnya. Ekspresi tradisi tersebut bertujuan sebagai ungkapan terima kasih dan penghormatan terhadap laut. Trisna Awaludin Harisman, Raden Muhammad Mulyadi, dan Widyo Nugrahanto mengungkap aksi pembredelan pemerintah terhadap surat kabar Pikiran Rakjat pada tahun 1965. Pembredelan tersebut berlangsung setelah munculnya peraturan bagi pers untuk berafiliasi dengan partai atau organisasi politik tertentu. Aktivitas pers surat kabar Pikiran Rakjat sempat dihentikan pemerintah. Surat kabar ini dipandang terlambat terlibat dalam aktivitas politik. Atas dorongan Pangdam Siliwangi, para wartawan yang diwakili Sakti Alamsyah pada tanggal 24 Maret 1966 menyepakati kerjasama untuk terbitnya surat kabar Angkatan Bersenjata Edisi Jawa Barat. Kementerian Penerangan mencabut kembali peraturan tentang afialiasi dalam dunia politik. Surat kabar yang belum sampai setahun terbit tersebut terkena imbasnya. Pada tanggal 24 Maret 1967 surat kabar Angkatan Bersenjata Edisi Jawa Barat berubah nama menjadi Harian Umum Pikiran Rakjat. Para pembaca yang budiman, kami informasikan mulai tahun 2020 dan seterusnya, Patanjala akan terbit dua kali dalam setahun. Hal tersebut bertujuan menjaga mutu pengelolaan keredaksian agar menjadi lebih baik dan peningkatan kualitas dari sisi substansi artikelnya. Selamat membaca. ISSN 2085-9937 Patanjala Volume 12 Nomor 1 April 2020 DAFTAR ISI Sikap Kristen Calvinis 1 - 17 Terhadap Kelompok Agama Lain di Batavia pada Abad ke-17 Calvinistic Christianity’s Attitude Towards The Other Religion Groups in Batavia During The 17th Century Sukamto, Nina Herlina Lubis, Kunto Sofianto Pasang Surut Relasi Tionghoa-Jawa di Surakarta: 19 - 35 Studi Kasus Etnis Tionghoa di Kampung Balong The Rise and Fall of Relations Between Chinese-Javanese in Surakarta: A Case Study of Chinese Ethics in Balong Village Musa Pelu & Hieronymus Purwanta Fungsi dan Makna Bebegig Sukamantri Sebagai Ikon Budaya Astral Sunda 37 - 52 The Function and Meaning of Bebegig Sukamantri
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