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A History of Mail Classification and Its Underlying Policies and Purposes
A HISTORY OF MAIL CLASSIFICATION AND ITS UNDERLYING POLICIES AND PURPOSES Richard B. Kielbowicz AssociateProfessor School of Commuoications, Ds-40 University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 (206) 543-2660 &pared For the Postal Rate Commission’s Mail ReclassificationProceeding, MC95-1. July 17. 1995 -- /- CONTENTS 1. Introduction . ._. ._.__. _. _, __. _. 1 2. Rate Classesin Colonial America and the Early Republic (1690-1840) ............................................... 5 The Colonial Mail ................................................................... 5 The First Postal Services .................................................... 5 Newspapers’ Mail Status .................................................... 7 Postal Policy Under the Articles of Confederation .............................. 8 Postal Policy and Practice in the Early Republic ................................ 9 Letters and Packets .......................................................... 10 Policy Toward Newspapers ................................................ 11 Recognizing Magazines .................................................... 12 Books in the Mail ........................................................... 17 3. Toward a Classitication Scheme(1840-1870) .................................. 19 Postal Reform Act of 1845 ........................................................ 19 Letters and the First Class, l&IO-l&?70 .............................. ............ 19 Periodicals and the Second Class ................................................ 21 Business -
Abercromby, James,402 Abraham Went Out: a Biography of A.J. Muste
INDEX Abercromby, James,402 Allen, Richard, 63 Abraham Went Out: A Biography of A.J. Allen, William, 505-507, 515-516, 518, Muste, by Jo Ann Ooiman Robinson, rev 520, 528, Quakers and politics, 547, 552, 323-324 554y556y55Sy575 Academy of Music, Philadelphia, 427 Allison, Emma, 123-124 Acker man, Gerald, 461 Alloway,John, 590 Ackworth School, England, 13 Allston, Washington, 648-649 Acosta, Jose de, 238 Almy, Mary Gould, 25 Activism* Abraham Went Out: A biography ofAmalgamated Textile Workers, 323 A.J. Muste, by Jo Ann Ooiman Robinson, American Federation of Labor, 327 rev., 323, 324, Breaking Bread: The Cath-The American Inquisition: Justice and Injustice olic Worker and the Origin of Catholic Rad- m the Cold War, by Stanley I. Kutler, rev., icalism in America, by Mel Piehl, rev., 486-487 326-328 American Literary Association, 196 Adams, Abigail, 645 American Museum, 151 Adams, Charles Francis, 153, 645-646 American Pageant Association, 444 Adams, George Washington, 646 American Philosophical Society, 87, 200, Adams, Henry, 645 211,443,615-616 Adams, John, 148, 399, 641, and Alexander American Revolution, Standards and Colors of Hamilton, 308-309, Descent from Glory- the American Revolution, by Edward W Four Generations of the John Adams Family, Richardson, rev., 305-306 by Paul C. Nagel, rev., 645-646, Diary of American Woman Suffrage Association, 120, John Adams. Volume I, November 1779- 129 March 1786, Volume 2, March 1786-De- American Workers Party, 323 cember 1788, David Grayson Allen et al America's Valley Forges and Valley Furnaces, by (eds.), rev., 153-155 J. Lawrence Pool, rev., 637-639 Adams, John Quincy, 645 Ames, Herman V., 210 Adams, Nabby, 646 Anglican Church See Church of England Adams, Samuel, 383, 388, 641 Anna (ship), 33 Addison, Joseph, 220, 224 Annals of Pennsylvania, from the Discovery of Affairs of Party: The Political Culture of Delaware, 1609-82, 195, 198 Northern Democrats m the Mid-NineteenthAnnals of Philadelphia (1830), 87 Century, by Jean H. -
THE POLITICAL THOUGHT of BENJAMIN RUSH by PAUL FRANK
THE POLITICAL THOUGHT OF BENJAMIN RUSH By PAUL FRANK ,,LAMBERT Bachelor of Arts in Education East Central State College Ada, Oklahoma 1968 S~bmitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS May, 1971 THE POLITICAL THOUGHT OF BENJAMIN RUSH Thesis Approved : ii PREFACE This thesis is concerned with illustrating and examining the political thought of Dr. Benjamin Rush of Philadelphia. Rush, the ·' most famous Anierican physician of his day, moved within the circle of such men as George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, and n~merous other luminaries of that era. Furthermore, his adult life spanned the period from the Stamp Act Crisis of 1765 to the War of 1812. His importance notwithstanding, Ru~h has not been studied thoroughly by historians, and his political thought is only one facet of this versatile and i;ignificant individual t;hat has been neglected. Many people come to mind while contemplating the debts of grati tude I owe regarding this thesis. Some were not immediately involved in the project. In this category, I must include my parents, Mr. and Mrs. Floyd Lambert of Tishomingo, Oklahoma, whose encouragement over the years has been instrumental in my educational achievements to date. Thanks is also due a number of professors, both at East Central State College, Ada, Oklahoma, and at Oklahoma State University, who have inspired me to further my professional training. A special acknowledgment should also be extended to the staff of the Oklahoma State Vniversity Library for their willing assistance in my research p~oblems. -
Ber 1757-September 1758, and Volu
Index A And the Wo6f Finally Came: The Decline of the American Steel Industry, by John P. Hoerr, Abbot, W.W., et al., eds., The Papersof George Rev'd, 213-222 Washington. ColonialSeries, Volume 5, Octo- Annals of the American Revolution, byJedidiah ber 1757-September 1758, and Volume 6, Morse, 11 September 1758-December 1760, Rev'd, 340- Antes, Frederick, 95 342 Antifederalists, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, Account of the College, Academy and Charitable 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109 School of Philadelphia, by William Smith, 26 Argersinger, Jo Anne E., Toward a New Deal A Conversation with Philip S. Klein, by in Baltimore: People and Government in the Michaelj. Birkner, 243-275 Great Depression, Rev'd, 346-348 Adams, Charles Kendall, 311 Aristotle, 16, 17 Adams,John Quincy, 248 Armstrong County, PA, 187 Adams Act, 313 Armstrong,John, 103 After the Holocaust: The Migration of Polish Arndt, Karl J.R., George Rapp's Years of Glory: Jews and Christians to Pittsburgh, by Bar- Economy on the Ohio, 1834-1847, Rev'd, 149, bara S. Brustein, Rev'd, 337-338 150 Addoms, Jonas, 7 Articles of Confederation, 3 Albany Boys Academy, 303 Association of American Agricultural Col- Albion, Robert G., 259 leges and experiment Stations, 312 Alexander, Captain, 198, 203 Atherton, George Washington, 299, 300, 301, Alexander, June Granatir. The Immigrant 302, 303, 304, 305, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, Church and Community. Pittsburgh'sSlovak 312, 313 Catholics and Lutherans, 1880-1915. Rev'd Auerbach, Inge, 318 61-63 Die Auswanderung aus der Pfalz -
RICR Codification of Ocean SAMP Ch. 4
RHODE ISLAND GOVERNMENT REGISTER PUBLIC NOTICE OF PROPOSED RULEMAKING AGENCY: Coastal Resources Management Council (CRMC) RULE IDENTIFIER: 650-RICR-20-05-4; ERLID # 6892 REGULATION TITLE: Coastal Resources Management Program – Ocean Special Area Management Plan – Chapter 4 – Cultural and Historic Resources RULEMAKING ACTION: Direct Final Direct Final: The Coastal Resources Management Council does not expect the proposed RICR codification to be controversial, and if no formal objection has been received on or before August 17, 2018, the proposed rule will take effect thirty (30) days after publication. TYPE OF FILING: Amendment TIMETABLE FOR ACTION ON THE PROPOSED RULE: Public Notice Date: July 17, 2018 End of Comment Period: August 18, 2018 SUMMARY OF PROPOSED RULE: In 2016, the legislature passed an amendment to R.I. Gen. Laws § 42-35-5(b) that required the Secretary of State to oversee the publication of an updated uniform code of state regulations. The purpose of this proposed rule is to reformat the regulatory section of Chapter 4 – Cultural and Historic Resources of the Ocean Special Area Management Plan (SAMP) and codify the rules in accordance with the new uniform code of state regulations, called the Rhode Island Code of Regulations (“RICR”). There are no substantive changes to the existing regulations. CRMC will issue a guidance document in accordance with R.I. Gen. Laws § 42-35-1(9) and 42-35-2.12, titled “Ocean SAMP guidance document”, to provide helpful information to assist with compliance with this regulation [650-RICR-20-05-4]. The Ocean SAMP guidance document contains the findings, scientific data and other information relative to the Ocean SAMP and can be found by accessing the CRMC’s guidance document index on the CRMC’s webpage [www.crmc.ri.gov] or the Secretary of State’s guidance document index. -
Ebenezer Hazard, Jeremy Belknap and the American Revolution
ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS: AMERICA – REVOLUTION & CIVIL WAR Volume 7 EBENEZER HAZARD, JEREMY BELKNAP AND THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION EBENEZER HAZARD, JEREMY BELKNAP AND THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION RUSSELL M. LAWSON First published in 2011 by Pickering & Chatto (Publishers) Ltd This edition first published in 2021 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2011 Russell M. Lawson, Taylor & Francis Ltd All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-0-367-54033-3 (Set) ISBN: 978-1-00-312459-7 (Set) (ebk) ISBN: 978-0-367-64341-6 (Volume 7) (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-00-312415-3 (Volume 7) (ebk) Publisher’s Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent. Disclaimer The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and would welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace. -
George Washington: Progenitor of American Public Administration Theory Scott A
Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2012 George Washington: Progenitor of American Public Administration Theory Scott A. (Scott Alan) Cook Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND PUBLIC POLICY GEORGE WASHINGTON: PROGENITOR OF AMERICAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION THEORY By SCOTT A. COOK A Dissertation submitted to the Reubin O’D. Askew School of Public Administration and Policy in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2012 Scott A. Cook defended this dissertation on June 22, 2012. The members of the supervisory committee were: William Earle Klay Professor Directing Dissertation Deana Rohlinger University Representative Ralph Brower Committee Member Lance deHaven-Smith Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii I dedicate this to my wife Thanks for doing everything else so that I could do this iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am forever grateful to my committee chair, Earle Klay. His intellectual guidance, humble mentorship, and unselfish patience made this dissertation process an enjoyable success. I am also thankful to my committee members, Deana Rohlinger, Ralph Brower, and Lance deHaven-Smith. Their insightful comments and feedback enhanced the quality of this research project beyond my natural abilities. Each member provided inspiration that became tangible parts of my dissertation. I also acknowledge the contributions of my friends and colleagues at the Air Command and Staff College. -
Founding-Era Socialism: the Original Meaning of the Constitution’S Postal Clause
Br. J. Am. Leg. Studies 7(1) (2018), DOI: 10.2478/bjals-2018-0001 FOUNDING-ERA SOCIALISM: THE ORIGINAL MEANING OF THE CONSTITUTION’S POSTAL CLAUSE Robert G. Natelson* ABSTRACT The Constitution’s Postal Clause granted Congress power to “establish Post Offices and post Roads.” This Article examines founding-era legal and historical materials to determine the original meaning and scope of the Postal Clause. It concludes that the Clause authorized Congress to pass all legislation necessary to create, operate, and regulate a unified transportation, freight, and courier system, although it also limited congressional authority in some respects. The founding-era reasons for the postal system were revenue, promotion of commerce, and political control. The Article also corrects some inaccurate claims about the Clause previously advanced by commentators. KEYWORDS Postal Clause; Post Roads; Original Meaning U.S. Constitution; Benjamin Franklin; British Royal Post Office. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 5 A. The Anomalous Character of the Postal Clause ...................................... 5 B. This Article’s Structure and Method ....................................................... 6 I. BACKGROUND HISTORY: THE BRITISH IMPERIAL POSTAGE SYSTEM ........................ 7 A. Why British Practice is Relevant ............................................................ 7 B. The English Beginnings ......................................................................... -
1933-03-05 [P
Roman literature will be presented at luncheon by Mrs. A. H. Coater, 2920 through discussion of the following Ontario road, February 28. Mrs. H. topics: Mrs. Clyde De Bender will H. Myers assisted Mrs. Coster. The NEWS OF talk on "Poets of the Simple Life"; 'delegate to the board, Mrs. L. O. The New Cabinet THE CLUBS Virgil as court poet In praise of coun- Langworthy, reported the recent meet- try life," Arcadian Shepherds," Eclogue ing at the home. Mrs. Frank W. Car- V, by Mrs. A. B. Manly; "The Seasons den presented a baby patch-work quilt (Continued First STAMPS Chapter G, P. E. O.—Mrs. Redwood gomery, Mrs. William Weber, Mrs. Har- on the Farm." by Mrs. J. B. Tiffey; to be given to the home by the circle. Prom Page.) cestors had Inherited from the Indians, Vandergrlft was the honor guest at a vey Mrs. R. C. "Bee Keeping," by Mrs. J. B. Trew; but how or why they had it was more Zimmerman, Roark, Columbian Women of Wash- luncheon given by Mrs. Clyde Altchlson Mrs. R. Page Irving, Mrs. Kdwln L. "Deeds of Augustus' Ancestor" will be George of which will come under his Jurisdic- or less of a mystery. Mrs. Alex- ington University.—Miss Clara W. Mc- tion at her home, 1929 S street In celebra- Davis and Mrs. George H. Milne. the subject presented by and hu a broad ethnological Meanwhile, In the experimental evolu- tion of her birthday. ander Bell. The summary will be Quown, traveler and lecturer, will be viewpoint. tion station of the Carnegie Institution the Mrs. -
List of Postmasters General Dates Prior to 1900 Are the Dates the Postmasters General Were Appointed Or Commissioned; Dates After 1900 Are the Dates They Took Office
List of Postmasters General Dates prior to 1900 are the dates the Postmasters General were appointed or commissioned; dates after 1900 are the dates they took office. Appointments by the U.S. President were made with the advice and consent of the Senate. Postmaster General Date Appointed by the Continental Congress Benjamin Franklin July 26, 1775 Richard Bache November 7, 1776 Ebenezer Hazard January 28, 1782 Postmaster General Date Appointed by President . Samuel Osgood September 26, 1789 George Washington Timothy Pickering August 12, 1791 George Washington Joseph Habersham February 25, 1795 George Washington Gideon Granger November 28, 1801 Thomas Jefferson Return J. Meigs, Jr. March 17, 1814 James Madison John McLean June 26, 1823 James Monroe William T. Barry March 9, 1829 Andrew Jackson Amos Kendall May 1, 1835 Andrew Jackson John M. Niles May 19, 1840 Martin Van Buren Francis Granger March 6, 1841 William Henry Harrison Charles A. Wickliffe September 13, 1841 John Tyler Cave Johnson March 6, 1845 James K. Polk Jacob Collamer March 8, 1849 Zachary Taylor Nathan Kelsey Hall July 23, 1850 Millard Filmore Samuel D. Hubbard August 31, 1852 Millard Filmore James Campbell March 7, 1853 Franklin Pierce Aaron V. Brown March 6, 1857 James Buchanan Joseph Holt March 14, 1859 James Buchanan Horatio King February 12, 1861 James Buchanan Montgomery Blair March 5, 1861 Abraham Lincoln William Dennison September 24, 1864 Abraham Lincoln Alexander W. Randall July 25, 1866 Andrew Johnson John A. J. Creswell March 5, 1869 Ulysses Grant James W. Marshall July 3, 1874 Ulysses Grant Marshall Jewell August 24, 1874 Ulysses Grant James N. -
NAPS Historical Sketch 2018.Pdf
National Association of Postal Supervisors Historical Sketch Revised 2018 Notes on the Revised Historical Sketch This document was originally prepared by NAPS Editor Byrd B. Saxton (the year is unknown). It was substantially revised in 1992 with the assistance of indi- viduals affiliated with the following organizations: • Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, US House of Representatives; • Federal Managers Association; • International Association of Fire Fighters; • League of Postmasters of the United States; • National Association of Letter Carriers; • National Association of Postmasters of the United States; • National Association of Retired Federal Employees; • Office of Personnel Management Library; • The George Meany Memorial Archives, and • USPS Headquarters, including the Compensation Services Division, Government Relations Department, Headquarters Library and the Historian’s Office. Special advisors on the project were retired President Donald N. Ledbetter, Executive Vice President Mo Twomey and Administrative Vice President Dan Jaspan, whose assistance is gratefully acknowledged. Supplemental information was compiled and edited at the direction of the NAPS resident officers. 1908 —The Beginning On September 7, 1908, 50 postal supervisors from post offices in 13 states met in Louisville, KY. Their objective was to establish an association composed of supervisors dedicated to the wel- fare of supervisors and the improvement of the United States Post Office Department (POD). Poor working conditions and an unfair salary system were among the challenges that faced these pio- neers, all of whom risked their livelihoods to participate in these early organizational activities. This foundation, laid so long ago, led to the many improved benefits we are privileged to enjoy today. As this historical sketch illustrates, these founders and their successors have made great progress for the postal supervisor. -
Ten Crucial Days Order of Battle
The following tables are from TEN CRUCIAL DAYS: Washington's Vision for Victory Unfolds by William L. Kidder (Knox Press) 2019 ©All Rights Reserved American Troops in South Jersey – December 25, 1776 Griffin’s Brigade, New Jersey Militia (Col. Samuel Griffin, Virginia) - 497 1st Cumberland County Regiment (Col. Silas Newcomb) 2nd Cumberland County Regiment (Col. David Potter) 1st Gloucester County Regiment (Col. Enos Seeley) 2nd Gloucester County Regiment (Col. Joseph Ellis) Captain Zephaniah Steelman, Forest Belanger, James Giberson 3rd Gloucester County Regiment (Col. Richard Somers) 1st Salem County Regiment (Col. Samuel Dick) 2nd Salem County Regiment (Col. John Holme) Virginia Artillery (2 companies) Source: Smith, Trenton, 29. ALL NEW JERSEY MILITIA REGIMENTS were in disarray in December 1776 due to structural changes made during the months of the New York campaign and the formation of the five-month levies, whose enlistments expired at the end of November. All these regiments should be considered as partial and commanding officers may not have been present. 1 British Troops at Trenton and Bordentown area on December 25, 1776 Trenton Rall’s Hessian Brigade (Col. Johann Rall) –1382 Rall Regiment (Lt. Col. Balthasar Brethauer) – 512 effective Major Johann Matthaeus, Captain Henrich Bocking, Lieutenant Colonel Batthas Brethauer, Captain Johann Brubach, Lieutenant Johann Sternickle Knyphausen Regiment (Maj. Friedrich Ludwig von Dechow) – 429 effective Major Friedrich von Dechow, Captain Friedrich von Biesenrodt, Lieutenant Andreas Wiederholdt, Henrich Kothe, Corporal Kustner Von Lossberg Regiment (Lt. Col. Francis Scheffer) – 345 Major Ludwig von Hanstein, Captain Ernst Altenbockum, Staff Captain Friedrich Wilhelm von Benning, Captain Emanuel von Wilmousky, Lieutenant George Christian Kimm, Lieutenant Jacob Piel, Lieutenant Ernst Schwabe, Second Lieutenant Georg Hermann Zoll, Ensign Friedrich Grabe, Ensign Christian von Hobe, Friedrich Hartmann, Kurt Mensing, Philip Obenhausen, Freidrich Wilhelm Oliva Jagers, 1 company (Capt.