INDEX (Bold Type indicates Chapter)

A c Cab-O-SiI™ 7 Abbe number 404 Cadmium sulfide 332 Absorption 570 selenide 338 by transition metals 234 telluride 338 edge 333 Calorimetry 209 Acetyl acetonates 159, 176,239 Catalysis 360 Aerogels 23, 96, 366 Catalysts for hydrolysis 41 Aerosol 161 acid 3, 86 ammonia 86, 330 Alumina 160, 170, 376 base 86

Aluminosilicate 302 Catalyst supports 343 Li/Mg0365 Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) 179, 492 Ru/Si02 359 Autoclaving 24 Pd/Si02359 Pt/Ti02363 B Pt-Sn/AI203364

Barium titanate 43 Cerarners 427

BET method 345, 547 Cermet Birefringence 272, 441 silica-precious metal 344

Bloating 26 Chalcogenides 473

Boria 402, 493 Chelating agents b-diketones 44, 259, 457 Boric acid 17 5 glycol 259, 426

Borosilicates 493 Chemical leaching 296, 375 with baria 407 584

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) 256 Conductivity modified (MCVD) 157 electrical 268 thermal 24 Chlorination 27, 103 Conventional melting 60, 83, 328 Chromophores bipyridyltriscarbonylchloro Copper bromide 340 rhenium (ReCI(CO)3 birpy) 302 Copper chloride 340 DEANST (diethylamino• nitrostyrene) 429 Coupling efficiency 525 HNPP (N -(3-hydroxy-4-nitro• phenyl)-(L)-prolinol) Crosslinking 49, 451 429 NPP (N--(4-nitrophenyl)-(L)• Crystallization 28, 132, 207, 266, 332, prolinol) 429 502 PNA (para-nitroaniline) 420 D Clean room conditions 144,470 Defects Coatings (see also Layers, Thin Films) bubbles 66 adhesion of 268 colored 233 Dehydration conductive 173,269,431 chemical 27, 66, 102 electroc:hromic 178,497 chlorine treatments 27, 103 multilayer 171, 242 thermal 29, 355, 510 optical 141 single layer 147 Densification 79,211,375 laser 513 Colloids 142, 457 gold 472 Density 25

Colloidal silica 155 Deposition techniques 83, 157,256 LUDOX™7 Dichroics 243, 503 Complex alkoxide 43,126 Dielectrics 234 Composite nanocomposite 215, 457 Differential thermal analysis 100, 131 organic-inorganic 218, 427,563 Diffraction grating 466 Condensation polymerization 40 chemically controlled (CCC) 456 585

Diffusion 383 E of sodium 242 of water 312 Electrical properties 270

Dip coating 147,235,285 Electrochromic coatings 173, 178, 497

Dispersion 13 Electrochromic displays 178, 496

Dopants Electrochromism 178 BIPS (5-bromo-8-methoxy-6- nitro) 572 Electrodes 268 BPCA (4-biphenyl carboxylic acid) 565 Electro-optic properties 272, 420 DMAB (3-(dimethyl-amino) benzoic acid 551 Electro-optic modulation 181,435 DMSI (4'-dimethylamino-N• methyl-4-stilbazolium Electronic ceramic device 181, 255 iodide) 571 MBTH (3-methyl benzothiazo• Emission spectra 303,564 linone hydrazone hydrochloride) 551 Encapsulation dye molecules 301 Doping enzymes 545 anion 203 liquid crystals 553 cation 236, 391 organic molecules 537 organic 551, 565, 572 semiconductors 327 rare earth 239 Enzymes "Double Processing" 13 oxidase/peroxidase 319, 551

Drying Evanescent wave 283 capillary forces 17 controlled humidity 20, 90 drying control chemical additives F (DCCAs) 90 hypercritical evacuation 89, 96 Fabrication microwave 63 bulk glass 65 natural evaporation 90 fibers 109 vacuum 265 films 141

Dyes (see Laser Dyes) Ferroelectrics 181, 255

Fiber drawing 123 586

Fibers as drawn 118 Gelation 426 optical 109 effect of temperature 13 optical sensors 288 irreversible 304 pH sensor 295 reversible 13 silica 110 strength 122 Gel-glass dispersed liquid crystals (GDLC) 553 Films devices 559 ferroelectric 270 response times 559 nonsilicate 169 silicate 235 Germanium oxide 123,180 thick 265, 426 thin (see Thin Films) Glass 1, 103

Filters Glass forming oxides bandpass 243 boria 392 dichroic 243, 503 germania 123, 160 interference 240 phosphorous oxide 123 silica 30 Fluorescence delayed 565 Glass modifying oxides of pyranine 306 lead oxide 392 lithium oxide 407 Fluorides 197 potassium oxide 30, 392 sodium oxide 407 Fluorination 203 Glass transition temperature 208, 217, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) 490, 519 512

Fresnel lens 517 Gradient refractive index (GRIN) heavy metal diffusion 389 Fumed silica 7 leaching 371 microlens arrays 517

G Green microstructure 212

Gallium oxide 166 H

Gas chromatography 114 Heating constant rate 394 Gel laser 488 classifications 2 rapid 172, 265 definition 2 Hydrofluoric acid 9, 204 587

Hydrolysis 3 Laser dyes 78,312,315,561 partial 46 slow 43 Laser processing 481

Hydrolytic polycondensation 43 Layers (see also Coatings, Thin Films) dielectric 234,485 Hydroxyls 66, 494 organic-inorganic 450 semiconductor 180 Homogeneity 68, 202 Leaching in HCI 375 I Lead titanate (PT) Immobilization in gels 281, 540 fiber 125 thin film 181 Impurities in glass transition metals 121 Lead zircon ate (PZ) 181

Indium tin oxide (ITO) 173, 269, 431 Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) 181, 255 lead (lanthanum) zirconate Infrared spectroscopy 12,115, 129,353,519 titanate (PLZT) 264

Inhomogeneities in laser beam 487 Lenses GRIN 121, 371, 389 Interference filters 240, 243 microlens 514 plano-plano 65 Interferometry bulls eye image 378 Liquid crystal displays (LCD) 553

Interlayer dielectrics 485 Lithium niobate 183,260

Ion exchange 390 Lorentz-Lorenz approximations 381

Iron oxide 175, 236, 317 Luminescence 302 garnet 176

IROX™ 172 M L Macroporosity 7

Lanthanides 239 Magnetic materials 175

Laser densification 482, 509 588

Mechanical properties Nitrogen sorption 98,547 fibers 121 gels 88 Nonlinear optics 125, 328, 415, 571 nanoc:omposites 224 susceptibilities X(I) 125,418 Memory behavior 255 X(2) 418 X(3) 125, 134, 329, 471, 571 Meniscus coating 154 NMR spectroscopy 49,461 Mercury porosimetry 93

Metal alkoxides 40, 146 Nucleation 459

Metal halides 61, 160 Nucleophilic reaction 41

Metal organic derived (MOD) 256 Numerical aperture (NA) 525

Micro-optical arrays 509 o

Microporosity 63 Optoelectronics 416

Microstructure 4 Optical fiber 121 of films 524 of monoliths 86 Optical fiber preform 9, 123, 160

Modified chemical vapor deposition Optical microscopy 95 (MCVD) 157 Optical properties Monoliths absorption 234, 484 crack-free 67 loss 123, 197,501 silica 59, 83, 218,424 refraction 523 transmission 103 N Optical waveguide 272, 467,498 Nanocomposites 215, 457 Optrode288 Net-shape processing 64 Organic-inorganic hybrids 48, 449 polydimethylsiloxanes Niobate lead magnesium niobate (PMN) 43 (PDMS) 50, 571 lithium niobate 183, 260 thermal stability 439 strontium (barium) niobate with polymethylmethacrylate (SBN) 184 (PMMA) 53,429,563 589

Organic acids Polymers acetic acid 44 polyethylene glycol for water-based systems 260 (pEG) 53, 119 polymethylmethacrylate ORMOSlLS (organically modified (PMMA) 217, 305, silicates) 48,302, 427 429 poly-p-phenylene vinylene Oxidation of organics 26 (PPV) 424 p Porosity in fibers 285 Patterning 53, 465 macroporosity 93 microporosity 92 Perovskites 255 open 63

Piezoelectric 255 Powder 5 pH of silica solutions Processing high (PH =9-11) 5, 330 aerosol 161 low (PH <3) 86 melt 60,83 sol-gel 3, 39 pH sensors 285 Protein absorption 317 Phosphoric acid 175 Purity 69, 121 Phosphoresence room temperature (RTP) 565 Pyranine 306

Photochromics 54, 428, 566 Pyrene 565

Photocuring 216,465 PZT 181,255

Photonics 415 Q

Photostability 314,564 Quantum dots 329,471

PLZT 255, 269 Quarterwave 241, 435

Pockels coefficients 435 Q-switching 443 Polarizabilities 418 R

Polymerization 456 Raman spectroscopy 115 590

Sensor (cont.) Rear view mirrors 243 oxygen 552 pH 285,543 Reflection 241 photometric 538 water/alcohol 307 Reflectors 245 Shapes Refractive index 491,523 silica 59, 83 calculations 381 parabolic profile 396 Shrinkage profile 166,526 during drying 23, 94 during heat treatment 27, 101, Replication 74 489

Residual organics 26 Silanes GPTS (g-glycidyloxypropyl Rigidichromism 302 trimethoxysilane) 461 MPTS (g-methacryloxypropyl Rhodamine 6G 280,312,562 trimethoxysilane) 461

Ripening 63, 510 Silanols latent 461 s surface 66 Silica Salts fibers 110 acetates 330, 394 glass 69, 103 microlens arrays 523 Scattering monoliths 59, 83, 218, 424 extrinsic 538 thin films 235 Rayleigh 458 Silica-titania 51 Schott Glaswerke 172 composites 438 films 485 Second-harmonic generation 53,420 GRIN rods 371 with alumina 374 Semiconductor doping 269, 327 Silicon tetraethoxide (see Sensor Tetraethylorthosilicate) ammonia 542 chemical 279, 537 Silicones (see Organic-Inorganic enzymatic 545 Hybrids) fiber optic 283 glucose 319, 550 591

Sintering Substrate heating rate 99 BK7235 neck formation 14 fused silica 489 viscous flow 25, 67, 211 quality 143 silicon 184,243 Small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) 358 sapphire 184

Sodium crown ether 201 Sulfide 331,471 cadmium sulfide 332 Sol lead sulfide 336 definition 2 zinc sulfide 336 silica 63 Superconductors 269 Sol-gel process all-alkoxide 3 Syneresis 87 chemistry 39 general principles 1 T organic-inorganic 451 partial alkoxide 12 Tantalum oxide 166, 171

Sol-gel transition 2 Tellurium oxide 125

Soluble silicates 7 Tetraethoxysilane (see Tetraethyl orthosilicate) Solvents 43, 143 alcohol 145,259 Tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) 85, 159, chloroform 9 282,304,425,490 ethanol 155 formamide 265 Tetramethylorthosilicate (TMOS) 85, methanol 258 545 methoxy ethanol 258 n-decano19 Texture analysis by nitrogen sorption 547 Specific surface area 3, 345 Thermal gravimetric analysis 100 Spin coating 151,468 Thermal expansion 71, 10 1 Spinning coatings 151,430 Thermal stability 439 fibers 110 Thermal stress 400 Spiropyranes 280, 428, 569 Thick films 265, 426 592

Thin films (see also Coatings, Layers) anti-reflective 247 Visible spectroscopy 346 colored 236 for optoelectronic devices 430 Vitreous silica 60 interference 240 magnetic 175 w mirror 243 multilayer 171,242 Water reflective 171 in gels 510 silica 235 in glass 60, 512 single layer 175 to alkoxide ratio 110 wavelength selective 245 Waveguides 422, 465, 498 Tin oxide 173 Windows 215 Titania 172 catalyst 363 x gas permeable films 172 organic hybrid 551 Xerogels 23, 90, 220, 549 thin films 172, 240 X-ray absorption (XANES) 51 Titanates lead 125, 271 X-ray diffraction analysis 130,267

Transition metal oxides 42, 234, 350 z

Transmission ZBLAN (zirconium/barium/lanthanum/ visible 103, 133, 222, 504 aluminum/sodium fluoride) 199 UV70 Zinc oxide 408 Transparency 216, 550 Zircon~ Tungsten oxides 178, 497 films 244 organic hybrids 51 u precursors 47 with methacrylic acid 465 UV absorption 348 V Vanadia 180,440

Viscosity non-Newtonian 114 thixotropy 13 time dependence 177