4/27/2020 Edith Wharton - Wikipedia
Edith Wharton
Edith Wharton (/ h n/; bo n Edith Newbold Jones; Jan a 24, 1862 A g 11, 1937) a an Ame ican E W a no eli , ho o i e , pla igh , and de igne . Wha on d e pon he in ide ' kno ledge of he ppe cla Ne Yo k "a i oc ac " o eali icall po a he li e and mo al of he Gilded Age. In 1921, he a he fi oman o in he P li e P i e fo Li e a e. She a ind c ed in o he Na ional Women' Hall of Fame in 1996.[1]
Contents B a Ea ife Ea i i g S cia i e a d deb a e 1880 T a e a d ife ab ad Edi h Wha , c. 1895 La e ea Dea h B Edi h Ne b d W J e Ca ee Ja a 24, 1862 The e i i i g Ne Y Ci I e ce D A g 11, 1937 W (aged 75) N e Sai -B ice- - N e a a d e e e F , F a ce P e Sh c ec i R Ci e i e de a N - c i G a d A edi O a N e i , h A a a i e , de ig e . Fi N a P i e P i e f Te e i i a a Li e a e Thea e 1921 The Age of I a Innocence R S Ed a d R bbi Ci a i Bib i g a h Wha (1885 1913) F a https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton 1/16 4/27/2020 Edith Wharton - Wikipedia E a O i e edi i S a
Biography
Ea
Edi h Wha on a bo n Edi h Ne bold Jone on Jan a 24, 1862 o Geo ge F ede ic Jone and L c e ia S e en Rhinelande a hei b o n one a 14 We T en - hi d S ee in Ne Yo k Ci .[2][3] To he f iend and famil he a kno n a "P Jone ."[4] She had o olde b o he , F ede ic Rhinelande , ho a 16, and Hen Ed a d, ho a 12.[2] She a bap i ed Ap il 20, 1862, Ea e S nda , a G ace Ch ch.[2]
Wha on' pa e nal famil , he Jone e , e e a e eal h and ociall p ominen famil ha ing made hei mone in eal e a e.[5] The a ing "keeping p i h he Jone e " i aid o efe o he fa he ' famil .[6][7] She a ela ed o he Ren elae , he mo p e igio of he old pa oon familie , ho had ecei ed land g an f om he fo me D ch go e nmen of Ne Yo k and Ne P ai f Wha a a gi b Je e . He fa he ' fi co in a Ca oline Sche me ho n Ed a d Ha i Ma (1870) A o .[8] She had a lifelong f iend hip i h he niece, he land cape a chi ec Bea i Fa and of Reef Poin in Ba Ha bo , Maine. Fo S e en in Ne Yo k a named fo Wha on' ma e nal g ea - g andfa he , Ebene e S e en , a Re ol iona Wa he o and Gene al.[9]
Wha on a bo n d ing he Ci il Wa ; al ho gh Wha on in de c ibing he famil life doe no men ion he a e cep ha hei a el o E ope af e he a e e d e o he dep ecia ion of Ame ican c enc .[2][10] F om 1866 o 1872, he Jone famil i i ed F ance, I al , Ge man , and Spain.[11] D ing he a el , he o ng Edi h became fl en in F ench, Ge man, and I alian. A he age of nine, he ffe ed f om phoid fe e , hich nea l killed he , hile he famil a a a pa in he Black Fo e .[2] Af e he famil e ned o he Uni ed S a e in 1872, he pen hei in e in Ne Yo k Ci and hei mme in Ne po , Rhode I land.[11] While in E ope, he a ed ca ed b o and go e ne e . She ejec ed he anda d of fa hion and e iq e e ha e e e pec ed of o ng gi l a he ime, hich e e in ended o allo omen o ma ell and o be p on di pla a ball and pa ie . She con ide ed he e fa hion pe ficial and opp e i e. Edi h an ed mo e ed ca ion han he ecei ed, o he ead f om he fa he ' lib a and f om he lib a ie of he fa he ' f iend .[12] He mo he fo bade he o ead no el n il he a ma ied, and Edi h obe ed hi command.[13]
Ea
Wha on o e and old o ie f om an ea l age.[14] When he famil mo ed o E ope and he a j fo o fi e he a ed ha he called "making p."[14] She in en ed o ie fo he famil and alked i h an open book, ning he page a if eading hile imp o i ing a o .[14] Wha on began i ing poe and fic ion a a o ng gi l, and a emp ed o i e he fi no el a age ele en.[15] He mo he ' c i ici m q a hed he ambi ion and he ned o poe .[15] A age 15, he fi p bli hed o k https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton 2/16 4/27/2020 Edith Wharton - Wikipedia appea ed, a an la ion of a Ge man poem "Wa die S eine E hlen" ("Wha he S one Tell") b Hein ich Ka l B g ch, fo hich he a paid $50. He famil did no an he name o appea in p in , ince i ing a no con ide ed a p ope occ pa ion fo a ocie oman of he ime. Con eq en l , he poem a p bli hed nde he name of a f iend' fa he , E. A. Wa hb n, a co in of Ralph Waldo Eme on ho ppo ed omen' ed ca ion.[16] In 1877, a he age of 15, he ec e l o e a 30,000 o d no ella Fa a d L e. In 1878 he fa he a anged fo a collec ion of o do en o iginal poem and fi e an la ion , Ve e , o be p i a el p bli hed.[17] Wha on p bli hed a poem nde a p e don m in he Ne Y W d in 1879.[18] In 1880 he had fi e poem p bli hed anon mo l in he A a c M , an impo an li e a maga ine.[19] De pi e he e ea l cce e , he a no enco aged b he famil o he ocial ci cle, and ho gh he con in ed o i e, he did no p bli h an hing mo e n il he poem "The La Gi iniani" a p bli hed in Sc b e ' Ma a e in Oc obe 1889.[20]
Edi h Wha b Ed a d Ha i S a a a Ma
Be een 1880 and 1890 Wha on p he i ing a ide o pe fo m a deb an e and ociali e. Wha on keenl ob e ed he ocial change happening a o nd he hich appea ed la e in he i ing.[21] Wha on officiall came o a a deb an e o ocie in 1879.[22] Wha on a allo ed o ba e he ho lde and ea he hai p fo he fi ime a a Decembe dance gi en b a eal h ociali e, Anna Mo on.[22] Wha on began a co hip i h Hen Le den S e en , he on of a eal h b ine man. Hen ' fa he a Pa an S e en , a ho elie and eal e a e in e o f om al Ne Hamp hi e. Hi i e Minnie S e en Page ma ied A h Page (B i i h A m office ). [23] Wha on' famil did no app o e of S e en .[23]
In he middle of Wha on' deb an e ea on, he Jone famil e ned o E ope in 1881 fo Wha on' fa he ' heal h.[24] Wha on' fa he , Geo ge F ede ic Jone , died in Canne in 1882 of a oke.[25] S e en a i h he Wha on famil in E ope d ing hi ime.[24] Wha on and he mo he e ned o he Uni ed S a e and Wha on con in ed he co hip i h S e en , anno ncing hei engagemen in A g 1882.[24] The mon h he o e e o ma , he engagemen ab p l ended.[26]
Wha on' mo he , L c e ia S e en Rhinelande , mo ed back o Pa i in 1883 and li ed he e n il he dea h in 1901.[10]
1880
Wha on ma ied in 1885 and began o b ild pon h ee in e e Ame ican ho e , i ing, and I al . [27]
On Ap il 29, 1885,[28] a age 23, Wha on ma ied Ed a d (Tedd ) Robbin Wha on, ho a 12 ea he enio , a he T ini Chapel Comple .[29][30] F om a ell-e abli hed Bo on famil , he a a po man and a gen leman of he ame ocial cla and ha ed he lo e of a el. The Wha on e p ho e a Penc aig Co age in Ne po .[27] The hen bo gh and mo ed o Land' End on he o he ide of Ne po in 1893 fo $80,000.[27] Wha on deco a ed Land' End i h he help of de igne Ogden https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton 3/16 4/27/2020 Edith Wharton - Wikipedia Codman. The Wha on p cha ed hei Ne Yo k home, 884 Pa k A en e, in 1897.[31] The a eled ab oad f om Feb a o J ne be een 1886 and 1897 mo l o I al , b al o o Pa i and England.[31]
F om he la e 1880 n il 1902, Tedd Wha on ffe ed f om ac e dep e ion, and he co ple cea ed hei e en i e a el.[32] A ha ime hi dep e ion manife ed a a mo e e io di o de , af e hich he li ed almo e cl i el a hei e a e The Mo n . The M , 2006 D ing ho e ame ea , Wha on he elf a aid o ffe f om bo of dep e ion and heal h i e i h a hma.[33]
In 1908 he h band' men al a e a de e mined o be inc able. In he ame ea , he began an affai i h Mo on F lle on, a jo nali fo T e T e , in hom he fo nd an in ellec al pa ne .[34] She di o ced Ed a d Wha on in 1913 af e 28 ea of ma iage.[32] A o nd he ame ime, Edi h a be e i h ha h c i ici m le eled b he na ali i e .
In addi ion o no el , Wha on o e a lea 85 ho o ie .[12] She a al o a ga den de igne , in e io de igne , and a a e-make of he ime. She o e e e al de ign book , incl ding he fi majo p bli hed o k, T e Dec a H e (1897), co- a ho ed b Ogden Codman. Ano he of he "home and ga den" book i he gene o l ill a ed I a a V a a d T e Ga de of 1904.
T a a a a
She e en all c o ed he A lan ic 60 ime .[35] In E ope, he p ima de ina ion e e I al , F ance, and England. She al o en o Mo occo in No h Af ica. She o e man book abo he a el , incl ding I a a Bac d and A M -F F a ce.
He h band Ed a d Wha on ha ed he lo e of a el and fo man ea he pen a lea fo mon h of each ea ab oad, mainl in I al . Thei f iend Ege on Win h op accompanied hem Edi h Wha c ec i /Bei ec e 10061396. Edi h Wha a a on man jo ne in I al .[36] In 1888, he Wha on and hei g a , ca. 1889 f iend Jame Van Alen ook a c i e h o gh he Aegean i land . Wha on a 26. The ip co he Wha on $10,000 and la ed fo mon h .[37] She kep a a el jo nal d ing hi ip ha a ho gh o be lo b a la e p bli hed a T e C e e Va ad , no con ide ed he ea lie kno n a el i ing.[38]
In 1897, Edi h Wha on p cha ed Land' End in Ne po , Rhode I land, f om Robe Li ing on Beeckman, a fo me U.S. Open Tenni Champion hip nne - p ho became go e no of Rhode I land. A he ime, Wha on de c ibed he main ho e a "inc abl gl ." Wha on ag eed o pa $80,000 fo he p ope , and pen ho and mo e o al e he home' facade, deco a e he in e io , and land cape he g o nd .
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton 4/16 4/27/2020 Edith Wharton - Wikipedia In 1902, Wha on de igned The Mo n , he e a e in Leno , Ma ach e , hich i e oda a an e ample of he de ign p inciple . Edi h Wha on o e e e al of he no el he e, incl ding T e H e M (1905), he fi of man ch onicle of life in old Ne Yo k. A The Mo n , he en e ained he c eam of Ame ican li e a ocie , incl ding he clo e f iend, no eli Hen Jame , ho de c ibed he e a e a "a delica e F ench cha ea mi o ed in a Ma ach e pond".[39] Al ho gh he pen man mon h a eling in E ope nea l e e ea i h he f iend, La d' E d, Ne , RI Ege on Win h op (John Win h op' de cendan ), The Mo n a he p ima e idence n il 1911.[40] When li ing he e and hile a eling ab oad, Wha on a all d i en o appoin men b he long ime cha ffe and f iend Cha le Cook, a na i e of nea b So h Lee, Ma ach e . [41][42] When he ma iage de e io a ed, he decided o mo e pe manen l o F ance, li ing fi a 53 R e de Va enne, Pa i , in an apa men ha belonged o Geo ge Wa hing on Vande bil II.
Wha on a p epa ing o aca ion fo he mme hen Wo ld Wa I b oke o . Tho gh man fled Pa i , he mo ed back o he Pa i apa men on he R e de Va enne and fo fo ea a a i ele and a den ppo e of he F ench a effo .[43] One of he fi ca e he nde ook in A g 1914 a he opening of a o k oom fo nemplo ed omen; he e he e e fed and paid one f anc a da . Wha began i h 30 omen oon do bled o 60, and hei e ing b ine began o h i e.[44] When he Ge man in aded Belgi m in he fall of 1914 and Pa i a flooded i h Belgian ef gee , he helped o e p he Ame ican Ho el fo Ref gee , hich managed o ge hem hel e , meal , and clo he , and e en all c ea ed an emplo men agenc o help hem find o k.[45] She collec ed mo e han $100,000 on hei behalf.[46] In ea l 1915 he o gani ed he Child en of Flande Re c e Commi ee, hich ga e hel e o nea l 900 Belgian ef gee ho had fled hen hei home e e bombed b he Ge man .[47]
Aided b he infl en ial connec ion in he F ench go e nmen , he Page f igi a a c i f and he long- ime f iend Wal e Be ( hen p e iden of he The House of Mirth, i Edi h Ame ican Chambe of Comme ce in Pa i ), e e among he fe Wha ' ha d fo eigne in F ance allo ed o a el o he f on line d ing Wo ld Wa I. She and Be made fi e jo ne be een Feb a and A g 1915, hich Wha on de c ibed in a e ie of a icle ha e e fi p bli hed in Sc b e ' Ma a e and la e a F F a ce: F D e e Be , hich became an Ame ican be elle .[48][49] T a elling b ca , Wha on and Be d o e h o gh he a one, ie ing one decima ed F ench illage af e ano he . She i i ed he enche , and a i hin ea ho of a ille fi e. She o e, "We oke o a noi e of g n clo e and mo e ince an ... and hen e en o in o he ee i eemed a if, o e nigh , a ne a m had p ng o of he g o nd".[50]
Th o gho he a he o ked i ele l in cha i able effo fo ef gee , he inj ed, he nemplo ed, and he di placed. She a a "he oic o ke on behalf of he adop ed co n ".[51] On Ap il 18, 1916, he P e iden of F ance appoin ed he Che alie of he Legion of Hono , he co n ' highe a a d, in ecogni ion of he dedica ion o he a effo .[52][53] He elief o k incl ded e ing p o k oom fo nemplo ed F ench omen, o gani ing conce o p o ide o k fo m ician , ai ing en of https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton 5/16 4/27/2020 Edith Wharton - Wikipedia ho and of dolla fo he a effo , and opening be c lo i ho pi al . In 1915 Wha on edi ed T e B e H e e , hich incl ded e a , a , poe , and m ical co e b man majo con empo a E opean and Ame ican a i , incl ding Hen Jame , Jo eph Con ad, William Dean Ho ell , Anna de Noaille , Jean Coc ea , and Wal e Ga , among o he . Wha on p opo ed he book o he p bli he , Sc ibne ' . She handled all of he b ine a angemen , lined p con ib o , and an la ed he F ench en ie in o Engli h. Theodo e Roo e el o e a o-page in od c ion in hich he p ai ed Wha on' effo and ged Ame ican o ppo he a .[54] She al o kep p he o n o k d ing he a , con in ing o i e no el , ho o ie , and poem , a ell a epo ing fo T e Ne Y T e and keeping p he eno mo co e pondence.[55] Wha on ged Ame ican o ppo he a effo and enco aged Ame ica o en e he a .[56] She o e he pop la oman ic no el S e in 1916, he a no ella, T e Ma e, in 1918, and A S a e F in 1919, ( ho gh i a no p bli hed n il 1923). When he a ended, he a ched he Vic o Pa ade f om he Champ El ee ' balcon of a f iend' apa men . Af e fo ea of in en e effo , he decided o lea e Pa i in fa o of he peace and q ie of he co n ide. Wha on e led en mile no h of Pa i in Sain -B ice- o - Fo , b ing an 18 h-cen ho e on e en ac e of land hich he called Pa illon Colombe. She li ed he e in mme and a mn fo he e of he life. She pen in e and p ing on he F ench Ri ie a a Sain e Clai e d Vie Cha ea in H e .[57]
Wha on a a commi ed ppo e of F ench impe iali m, de c ibing he elf a a " abid impe iali ", and he a olidified he poli ical ie .[58] Af e he a , he a eled o Mo occo a he g e of Re iden Gene al H be L a e and o e a book, i led I M cc , abo he e pe ience . Wha on' i ing on he Mo occan a el i f ll of p ai e fo he F ench admini a ion and fo L a e and hi ife in pa ic la .
D ing he po - a ea , he di ided he ime be een H e and P o ence, he e he fini hed T e A e I ce ce in 1920. She e ned o he Uni ed S a e onl once af e he a o ecei e an hono a doc o a e f om Yale Uni e i in 1923.
La a
T e A e I ce ce (1920) on he 1921 P li e P i e fo li e a e,[59] making Wha on he fi oman o in he a a d. The h ee fic ion j dge li e a c i ic S a P a She man, li e a e p ofe o Robe Mo Lo e , and no eli Hamlin Ga land o ed o gi e he p i e o Sinclai Le i fo hi a i e Ma S ee , b Col mbia Uni e i ' ad i o boa d, led b con e a i e ni e i p e iden Nichola M a B le , o e ned hei deci ion and a a ded he p i e o T e A e I ce ce.[60] She a al o nomina ed fo he Nobel P i e in Li e a e in 1927, 1928, and 1930.[61]
Wha on a f iend and confidan e o man gif ed in ellec al of he ime: Hen Jame , Sinclai Le i , Jean Coc ea , and And Gide e e all he g e a one ime o ano he . Theodo e Roo e el , Be na d Be en on, and Kenne h Cla k e e al ed f iend a ell. Pa ic la l no able a he mee ing i h F. Sco Fi ge ald, de c ibed b he edi o of he le e a "one of he be e kno n failed enco n e in he Ame ican li e a annal ". She poke fl en F ench, I alian, and Ge man, and man of he book e e p bli hed in bo h F ench and Engli h.
In 1934 Wha on' a obiog aph A Bac a d G a ce a p bli hed. In he ie of J di h E. F n on, i ing on Edi h Wha on in A e ca Na a B a ,
Wha i mo no able abo A Bac a d G a ce, ho e e , i ha i doe no ell: he c i ici m of L c e ia Jone [he mo he ], he diffic l ie i h Tedd , and he affai i h Mo on F lle on, hich did no come o ligh n il he pape , depo i ed in Yale' Beinecke https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton 6/16 4/27/2020 Edith Wharton - Wikipedia Ra e Book Room and Man c ip Lib a , e e opened in 1968.[62]
D a
On J ne 1, 1937, Wha on a a he F ench co n home of Ogden Codman, he e he a a o k on a e i ed edi ion of T e Dec a H e , hen he ffe ed a hea a ack and collap ed.[63]
Edi h Wha on la e died of a oke on A g 11, 1937 a Le Pa C be, he 18 h-cen ho e on R e de Mon mo enc in Sain -B ice- o -Fo . She died a 5:30 p.m., b he dea h a no kno n in Pa i . A he bed ide a he f iend, M . Ro all T le .[64] Wha on a b ied in he Ame ican P o e an ec ion of he Cime i e de Gona d in Ve aille , " i h all he hono o ed a a he o and a che alie of he Legion of Hono ...a g o p of ome one h nd ed f iend ang a e e of he h mn 'O Pa adi e'..."[65]
Writing Wha ' Le Pavilion Colombe, Sai -B ice- -F , F a ce
Ca
De pi e no p bli hing he fi no el n il he a fo , Wha on became an e ao dina il p od c i e i e . In addi ion o he 15 no el , e en no ella , and eigh -fi e ho o ie , he p bli hed poe , book on de ign, a el, li e a and c l al c i ici m, and a memoi .[66]
In 1873, Wha on o e a ho o and ga e i o he mo he o ead. He mo he c i ici ed he o , o Wha on decided o j i e poe . While he con an l o gh he mo he ' app o al and lo e, i a a e ha he ecei ed ei he . F om he a , he ela ion hip i h he mo he a a o bled one.[67] Befo e he a 15, he o e Fa a d L e (1877). In he o h, he o e abo ocie . He cen al heme came f om he e pe ience i h he pa en . She a e c i ical of he o k and o e p blic e ie c i ici ing i . She al o o e abo he o n e pe ience i h life. "In en e Lo e U e ance" i a poem i en abo Hen S e en .[37]
In 1889, he en o h ee poem fo p blica ion. The e e en o Sc b e ' , Ha e and Ce . Ed a d L. B lingame p bli hed "The La Gi iniani" fo Sc b e . I a no n il Wha on a 29 ha he fi ho o a p bli hed. "M . Man e ' Vie " had e li le cce , and i ook he mo e han a ea o p bli h ano he o . She comple ed "The F llne of Life" follo ing he ann al E opean ip i h Tedd . B lingame a c i ical of hi o b Wha on did no an o make edi o i . Thi o , along i h man o he , peak abo he ma iage. She en B e S e o Sc ibne ' in 1892. B lingame o e back ha i a oo long fo Sc ibne ' o p bli h. Thi o i belie ed o be ba ed on an e pe ience he had a a child. I did no ee p blica ion n il 1916 and i incl ded in he collec ion called X . Af e a i i i h he f iend, Pa l Bo ge , he o e "The Good Ma Come" and "The Lamp of P che". "The Lamp of P che" a a comical o i h e bal i and o o . Af e "Some hing E q i i e" a ejec ed b B lingame, he lo confidence in he elf. She a ed " a el i ing" in 1894.[37]
In 1901, Wha on o e a o-ac pla called Ma Ge . Thi pla a abo an Engli h man ho a ha ing an affai i h hi ec e a . The pla a ehea ed b a ne e p od ced. Ano he 1901 pla , T e S ad a D b , hich al o came clo e o being aged b fell h o gh, a ho gh o be https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton 7/16 4/27/2020 Edith Wharton - Wikipedia lo , n il i a di co e ed in 2017. I o ld p emie e a a adio adap a ion b oadca on BBC Radio 3 in 2018.[68] She collabo a ed i h Ma ie Tempe o i e ano he pla , b he o onl comple ed fo ac befo e Ma ie decided he a no longe in e e ed in co me pla . One of he ea lie li e a endea o (1902) a he an la ion of he pla , E Lebe da Lebe ("The Jo of Li ing"), b He mann S de mann. T e J L a c i ici ed fo i name beca e he he oine allo poi on a he end, and a a ho -li ed B oad a p od c ion. I a , ho e e , a cce f l book.[37]
Man of Wha on' no el a e cha ac e i ed b b le e of d ama ic i on . Ha ing g o n p in ppe - cla , la e-19 h-cen ocie , Wha on became one of i mo a e c i ic , in ch o k a T e H e M and T e A e I ce ce.
T
Ve ion of he mo he , L c e ia Jone , of en appea ed in Wha on' fic ion. Biog aphe He mione Lee de c ibed i a "one of he mo le hal ac of e enge e e aken b a i ing da gh e ."[25] In he memoi , A Bac a d G a ce, Wha on de c ibe he mo he a indolen , pend h if , cen o io , di app o ing, pe ficial, ic , d and i onic.[25]
Wha on' i ing of en deal i h heme ch a ocial and indi id al f lfillmen , ep e ed e ali , and he manne of old familie and he ne eli e...".[69] Ma een Ho a d, edi o of Ed W a : C ec ed S e , no e e e al ec ing heme in Wha on' ho o ie , incl ding confinemen and a emp a f eedom, he mo ali of he a ho , c i iq e of in ellec al p e en ion, and he nma king of he h.[70] Wha on' i ing al o e plo ed heme of ocial mo e and ocial efo m a he ela e o he e eme and an ie ie of he Gilded Age .[69]
A ke ec ing heme in Wha on' i ing i he ela ion hip be een he ho e a a ph ical pace and i ela ion hip o i inhabi an ' cha ac e i ic and emo ion . Ma een Ho a d a g e ..Edi h Wha on concei ed of ho e , d elling place , in e ended image of hel e and di po e ion. Ho e hei confinemen and hei hea ical po ibili ie he a e ne e me e e ing .[70]
I
Ame ican child en' o ie con aining lang e e fo bidden in Wha on' childhood home.[71] Thi incl ded ch pop la a ho a Ma k T ain, B e Ha e o "Uncle Rem ." She a allo ed o ead Lo i a Ma Alco b Wha on p efe ed Le i Ca oll' Alice in Wonde land and Cha le King le ' Wa e Babie .[71] Wha on' mo he fo bade he f om eading man no el and Wha on aid he " ead e e hing el e b no el n il he da of m ma iage." [71] In ead Wha on ead he cla ic , philo oph , hi o , and poe in he fa he ' lib a incl ding Daniel Defoe, John Mil on, Thoma Ca l le, Alphon e de Lama ine, Vic o H go, Jean Racine, Thoma Moo e, Lo d B on, William Wo d o h, John R kin, and Wa hing on I ing.[72] Biog aphe He mione Lee de c ibe Wha on a ha ing ead he elf "o of Old Ne Yo k" and he infl ence incl ded He be Spence , Cha le Da in, F ied ich Nie che, T. H. H le , Geo ge Romane , Jame F a e , and Tho ein Veblen.[73] The e infl enced he e hnog aphic le of no eli a ion.[73] Wha on de eloped a pa ion fo Wal Whi man.[74]
Works
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton 8/16 4/27/2020 Edith Wharton - Wikipedia So ce: Campbell, Donna M. "Wo k b Edi h Wha on" (h p ://p blic. .ed / campbelld/ ha on/ ha on o k .h m). Wa hing on S a e Uni e i . Re ie ed 22 Jan a 2018.
N S The Valley of Decision, 1902 The Greater Inclination, 1899, i c de S The House of Mirth, 1905 Be a ed. The Fruit of the Tree, 1907 Crucial Instances, 1901 The Reef, 1912 The Descent of Man and Other Stories, 1904 The Custom of the Country, The Other Two, 1904 1913 The Hermit and the Wild Woman and Other The Triumph of Night, 1916 Stories, 1908 Summer, 1917 Tales of Men and Ghosts, 1910 The Marne, 1918 Xingu and Other Stories, 1916 The Age of Innocence, 1920 Here and Beyond, 1926 (P i e P i e i e ) Certain People, 1930 The Glimpses of the Moon, Human Nature, 1933 1922 The World Over, 1936 A Son at the Front, 1923 Ghosts, 1937 The Mother's Recompense, Roman Fever and Other Stories, 1964 1925 Madame de Treymes and Others: Four Twilight Sleep, 1927 Novelettes, 1970 The Children, 1928 The Ghost Stories of Edith Wharton, 1973 Hudson River Bracketed, The Collected Stories of Edith Wharton, 1998 1929 (Ca & G af P b i he ; a e bac , 640 age ) The Gods Arrive, 1932 The New York Stories of Edith Wharton, 2007 The Buccaneers, 1938 ( i hed) N -
N a a The Decoration of Houses, 1897 Italian Villas and Their Gardens, 1904 The Touchstone, 1900 Italian Backgrounds, 1905 Sanctuary, 1903 A Motor-Flight Through France, 1908 ( a e ) Madame de Treymes, 1907 Fighting France: From Dunkerque to Belfort, Ethan Frome, 1911 1915 ( a ) Bunner Sisters, 1916 French Ways and Their Meaning, 1919 Old New York, 1924 In Morocco, 1920 ( a e ) 1. Fa e Da ; 2. The O d https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton 9/16 4/27/2020 Edith Wharton - Wikipedia Maid; 3. The S a ; 4. Ne The Writing of Fiction, 1925 (e a Yea ' Da i i g) Fast and Loose: A Novelette, A Backward Glance, 1934 (a bi g a h ) 1938 ( i e i 1876 1877) Edith Wharton: The Uncollected Critical Writings, Edi ed b F ede ic Wege e , 1996 P Edith Wharton Abroad: Selected Travel Writings, 1888–1920, 1995, Edi ed b Sa ah Verses, 1878 Bi d W igh Artemis to Actaeon and Other Verse, 1909 A Twelve Poems, 1926 The Book of the Homeless, 1916
Adaptations
So ce: Ma hall, Sco (1996). "Edi h Wha on on Film and Tele i ion" (h p ://p blic. .ed / camp belld/ ha on/ma hall .pdf) (PDF). Ed W a Re e : 21 25. ISSN 2330-3964 (h p :// . o ldca .o g/i n/2330-3964). Re ie ed 22 Jan a 2018.
F
The House of Mirth, a 1918 i e ada a i (6 ee ) ( f he 1905 e ) di ec ed b F e ch di ec A be Ca e a i, a i g Ka he i e Ha i Ba e a Li Ba . I i c ide ed be a . The Glimpses Of The Moon, a 1923 i e ada a i (7 ee ) ( f he 1922 e ) di ec ed f Pa a S di b A a D a , a i g Bebe Da ie , Da id P e , Ni a Na di a d Ma ice C e . I i c ide ed be a . The Age of Innocence, a 1924 i e ada a i (7 ee ) ( f he 1920 e ) di ec ed f Wa e B he b We e R gg e , a i g Be e Ba e a d E i De e . I i c ide ed be a . The Marriage Playground, a 1929 a i g ada a i (70 i e ) ( f he 1928 e The Children) di ec ed f Pa a S di b L ha Me de , a i g i i g a F ed ic Ma ch i eadi g e (a Ma i B e), Ma B ia (a J di h Whea e ), a d Ka F a ci (a Lad W e ch). The Age of Innocence, a 1934 ada a i (9 ee / ci ca 80 90 i e ) ( f he 1920 e ) di ec ed f RKO S di b Phi i M e e , a i g I e e D e a d J h B e . Strange Wives, a 1934 ada a i (8 ee / 75 i e ) ( f he 1934 h Bread Upon the Waters) di ec ed f U i e a b Richa d Th e, a i g R ge P (a Ji Ki g), J e C a h (a Nad a), a d E he Ra (a O ga). I i c ide ed be a . The Old Maid, a 1939 ada a i (95 i e ) ( f he 1924 h e a) di ec ed b Ed d G di g a i g Be e Da i . A 1944 e i f he 1911 e Ethan Frome a i g J a C a f d a ed, b e e ca e f i i .[75] The Children (115 i e ) di ec ed b T Pa e a d e ea ed i 1990, a i g Be Ki g e a d Ki N a . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton 10/16 4/27/2020 Edith Wharton - Wikipedia Ethan Frome (99 i e ) di ec ed b J h Madde a d e ea ed i 1993, a i g Lia Nee a d Pa icia A e e. The Age of Innocence (138 i e ) di ec ed b Ma i Sc e e a d e ea ed i 1993, a i g Da ie Da Le i , Wi a R de a d Miche e Pfeiffe . The Reef (88 i e ) di ec ed b R be A a Ac e a a d e ea ed i 1999. The House of Mirth (140 i e ) di ec ed b Te e ce Da ie a d e ea ed i 2000, a i g Gi ia A de a Li Ba .
T
Ethan Frome, a 1960 (CBS) TV US ada a i , di ec ed b A e Sega , a i g S e i g Ha de a E ha F e, J ie Ha i a Ma ie Si e a d C a ice B ac b a Ze bia F e. Fi Wha ada a i e e i i . Looking Back, a 1981 TV US e ada a i f bi g a hie f Edi h Wha : A Backward Glance, Wha ' 1934 a bi g a h & Edith Wharton, a 1975 bi g a h b R.W.B. Le i (1976 Ba c f P i e- i e ). The House of Mirth, a 1981 TV US ada a i , di ec ed b Ad ia Ha , a i g Wi ia A he , Ge a di e Cha i a d Ba ba a B The Buccaneers, a 1995 BBC i i- e ie , a i g Ca a G gi a d G eg Wi e
T a
The House of Mirth a ada ed a a a i 1906 b Edi h Wha a d C de Fi ch[76][77] The Age of Innocence a ada ed a a a i 1928. Ka ha i e C e a ed he e f E e O e a.
In popular culture
I The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, Edi h Wha (C a e Higgi ) a e ac N h Af ica i h I dia a J e i Cha e 16, Tales of Innocence. Edi h Wha i e i ed i he HBO e e i i e ie Entourage i he hi d ea ' 13 h e i de: Vi ce i ha ded a c ee a f Wha ' The Glimpses of the Moon b A a da, hi e age , f a be di ec ed b Sa Me de . I he a e e i de, e i d f Wha ' a e a ed b age A i G d, h a ha a he ie a e "ab a g h i e a gi , b he ca ' ha e e i h he f e ea , beca e h e e e he i e !" Ca a G gi , h a A a da, a he ag i f he BBC-PBS ada a i f The B cca ee (1995), e f he ea b . "Edi h Wha ' J e " i a adi ada a i , f he NPR e ie Radio Tales, f he h "A J e " f Edi h Wha ' c ec i The Greater Inclination. The A e ica i ge a d g i e S a e Vega aid h age Edi h Wha i he g "Edi h Wha ' Fig i e " he di a b Beauty & Crime.
References
C a 1. Na i a W e ' Ha f Fa e, Edi h Wha (h :// . e f heha . g/i d c ee/edi h- ha https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton 11/16 4/27/2020 Edith Wharton - Wikipedia /) 2. Lee 2008, . 16. 3. D igh 1994, . 12-13. 4. Mi e 2012. 5. Lee 2008, . 21. 6. Lee 2008, . 22. 7. Be c 1994, . 216. 8. Lee 2008, . 34. 9. Lee 2008, . 18. 10. Lee 2008, . 7-8. 11. "Ch g " (h :// .edi h ha . g/edi h- ha /ch g /). The Mount: Edith Wharton's Home. 12. Ba , Ni a. The Norton Anthology of American Literature (Eigh h ed.). W. W. N & C a , I c. ISBN 978-0-393-91885-4. 13. Lee 2008. 14. Lee 2008, . 13-14. 15. Lee 2008, . 36. 16. Be c 1994, . 35. 17. Lee 2008, . 43. 18. Lee 2008, . 44. 19. Be c 1994, . 38. 20. Be c 1994, . 40. 21. Lee 2008, . 47. 22. Lee 2008, . 58. 23. Lee 2008, . 60. 24. Lee 2008, . 61. 25. Lee 2008, . 35. 26. Le i 1975, . 44-47. 27. Lee 2008, . 81. 28. Ne Y , Ne Y , Ma iage I de 1866-1937 29. Lee 2008, . 74-75. 30. U.S., Ne a e E ac i f he N hea , 1704 1930 31. Lee 2008, . 82. 32. Da i 2007 33. Lee 2008, . 78-81. 34. "Edi h Wha ' W d, P ai f Pe e a d P ace " (h :// . g. i.ed /e h/ ha / ha 3.h ). US: Na i a P ai Ga e . Re ie ed 23 Dec 2009. 35. W igh , Sa ah Bi d, Edi (1995). Edith Wharton Abroad: Selected Travel Writings, 1888–1920, . ii iii. Ne Y , S . Ma i ' G if . 36. W igh , Sa ah Bi d, Edi (1995). Edith Wharton Abroad: Selected Travel Writings, 1888–1920, .3. Ne Y , S . Ma i ' G if . 37. Le i , R.W.B. (1975). Edith Wharton: A Biography (h ://a chi e. g/de ai /edi h ha bi g00 e i) (1 ed.). Ha e & R . ISBN 0-06-012603-5. 38. W igh , Sa ah Bi d, Edi (1995). Edith Wharton Abroad: Selected Travel Writings, 1888–1920, .17. Ne Y , S . Ma i ' G if https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton 12/16 4/27/2020 Edith Wharton - Wikipedia 39. Be c 1994, . 129-130. 40. Le i , R.W.B. (1975). Edith Wharton: A Biography (h ://a chi e. g/de ai /edi h ha bi g00 e i). Ha e & R , P b i he . ISBN 9780060126032. 41. Be c 1994, . 143. 42. Si g e , Ca J. (2003). A Historical Guide to Edith Wharton (h ://b .g g e.c /?id=JYK 6 JG678C& g=PA238& g=PA238). O f d U i e i P e . . 238. ISBN 0-19-513591-1. "Ph g a h f Edi h Wha , Tedd Wha , He Ja e a d Cha ffe Cha e C " 43. D igh , E ea (1994). Edith Wharton: An Extraordinary Life, An Illustrated Biography, .183. Ne Y : Ha N. Ab a . ISBN 0-8109-3971-1 44. Edith Wharton: An Extraordinary Life, An Illustrated Biography, .183-184. Ne Y : Ha N. Ab a . ISBN 0-8109-3971-1 45. Edith Wharton: An Extraordinary Life, An Illustrated Biography, .188-189. Ne Y : Ha N. Ab a . ISBN 0-8109-3971-1 46. W ff, C hia G if (1995) A Feast of Words: The Triumph of Edith Wharton, Second Edition, .253. Readi g, Ma ach e : Addi -We e . ISBN 0-201-40918-6. 47. Edith Wharton: An Extraordinary Life, An Illustrated Biography, .190. Ne Y : Ha . Ab a . ISBN 0-8109-3971-1 48. Lee 2008, . 486. 49. Edith Wharton . 486. Ne Y : A f ed A. K f. ISBN 978-0-375-40004-9 50. "I A g e", Cha e 2 f Fighting France: From Dunkerque to Belfort, b i hed i Edith Wharton Abroad: Selected Travel Writings, 1888–1920, . 150. Ne Y : S . Ma i ' G if . ISBN 0-312- 16120-4 51. Lee 2008, . 454. 52. W ff, C hia G if (1995) A Feast of Words: The Triumph of Edith Wharton, Second Edition, .253. Readi g, Ma ach e : Addi -We e . ISBN 0-201-40918-6. 53. Lee 2008, . 9. 54. Edith Wharton: An Extraordinary Life, An Illustrated Biography, .202 203. Ne Y : Ha . Ab a . ISBN 0-8109-3971-1 55. Lee 2008, . 450. 56. Edith Wharton: An Extraordinary Life, An Illustrated Biography, .201. Ne Y : Ha . Ab a . ISBN 0-8109-3971-1 57. Edith Wharton: An Extraordinary Life, An Illustrated Biography, .210. Ne Y : Ha N. Ab a . ISBN 0-8109-3971-1 58. Wege e , F ed ic (Dece be 2000). " "Rabid I e ia i "': Edi h Wha a d he Ob iga i f E i e i M de A e ica Fic i ". American Literature. 72 (4): 783 812. d i:10.1215/00029831- 72-4-783 (h ://d i. g/10.1215%2F00029831-72-4-783). 59. Ne , Ra d F. (1981). The Almanac of American Letters (h ://a chi e. g/de ai /a a ac fa e ica00 e / age/9). L A , Ca if ia: Wi ia Ka f a , I c. . 9 (h ://a chi e. g/de ai /a a ac fa e ica00 e / age/9). ISBN 0-86576-008-X. 60. "Reade ' A a ac: A C e ia P i e P i e B i g Edi h Wha a d Si c ai Le i T ge he ." Reade ' A a ac: A C e ia P i e P i e B i g Edi h Wha a d Si c ai Le i T ge he . Lib a f A e ica, 28 J e 2011. Web. 11 Ma . 2015. 61. "N i a i Da aba e Li e a e" (h :// . be i e. g/ i a i / i e a e/ i a i . h ? i g= ha &ac i = i e ea ch& b i . =7& b i . =1& b i = b i ). www.nobelprize.org. Re ie ed 14 Se e be 2017. 62. J di h E. F , "Edi h Wha ", i American National Biography; Ne Y : O f d U i e i P e , 1999; V . 23, . 111 112. ISBN 0-19-512802-8. 63. Be c 1994, . 86. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton 13/16 4/27/2020 Edith Wharton - Wikipedia 64. "Edi h Wha , 75, I Dead i F a ce." W . i e .c . The Ne Y Ti e , 13 A g. 1937. Web. 11 Ma . 2015. 65. Be c 1994, . 456. 66. Be c 1994. 67. , A i age, R be . "Edi h Wha , A W i i g Life: Chi dh d." Edi h Wha , A W i i g Life: Chi dh d. Ne Y P b ic Lib a , 6 Ma 2013. Web. 11 Ma . 2015. 68. D a a 3 The Shadow of a Doubt (https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0000x ). BBC Radi 3 69. M a ic, A a a (2012). "Ma e ia De ai i Edi h Wha ' W i i g " (h :// . e ea chga e. e / b ica i /301944958). Epiphany: Journal of Transdisciplinary Studies. 5: 95 107 ia Re ea chGa e. 70. H a d, Ma ee (2001). "Re a Edi h Wha ' C ec ed S ie b edi Ma ee H a d" (h :// . a. g/ e -a d- ie /141- e a - -edi h- ha -_c ec ed- ie _-b -edi - a ee -h a d). Library of America. 71. Lee 2008, . 31. 72. Lee 2008, . 31-34. 73. Lee 2008, . 23. 74. Lee 2008, . 32. 75. Wi i edia e g i h / J a _C a f d / M e Wa e B . 76. Wha , Edi h; L e , G e ; Fi ch, C de. "The h e f i h : he a f he e / d a a i ed b Edi h Wha a d C de Fi ch, 1906 ; edi ed, i h a i d., e , a d a e di e b G e L e " (h ://ca a g e. a.g .a /Rec d/2897041). Fai eigh Dic i U i e i P e ; A cia ed U i e i P e e . Re ie ed 14 Se e be 2017 ia Na i a Lib a f A a ia. 77. Wha , Edi h (14 Se e be 1980). "The a f he e The h e f i h: he a f he e " (h :// e ib a . g/ /OL15000223W/The_ a _ f_ he_ e _The_h e_ f_ i h). Fai eigh Dic i U i e i P e . Re ie ed 14 Se e be 2017 ia The O e Lib a .
B a
Be c , Sha i (1994). No Gifts from Chance: A Biography of Edith Wharton. Ne Y : Pe g i . ISBN 9780140172836. OCLC 40336475 (h :// . dca . g/ c c/40336475). Da i , Ma Vi gi ia (2007). "Edi h Wha ". Magills Survey of American Literature. Sa e P e . D igh , E ea (1994). Edith Wharton: an extraordinary life (h ://a chi e. g/de ai /edi h ha e 0000d ig). Ne Y : Ha N. Ab a . ISBN 978-0-8109-3971-4. OCLC 28709502 (h :// . dca . g/ c c/28709502). Lee, He i e (2008). Edith Wharton (1 ed.). L d : Vi age. ISBN 9780099763512. OCLC 254767936 (h :// . dca . g/ c c/254767936). Le i , R. W. B. (1975). Edith Wharton: A Biography (1 ed.). Ne Y : Ha e & R . ISBN 9780099358916. OCLC 476620731 (h :// . dca . g/ c c/476620731). Mi e , Edi h (9 Feb a 2012). "N b d Li e Edi h Wha " (h :// . e e .c /b / d b e- a e/ b d - i e -edi h- ha ). The New Yorker. Re ie ed 25 Se e be 2018. Ma ha , Sc (1996). "Edi h Wha Fi a d Te e i i : A Hi a d Fi g a h " (h :// . .ed / ca be d/ ha / a ha . df) (PDF). Edith Wharton Review. Wa hi g S a e U i e i . 13 (2): 15 25. Re ie ed Ja a 15, 2009.
Further reading
A b e , E if S. (2011) "D e ic Bi g a hie : S e, H e , Ja e , a d Wha a H e." Ne Y : Pe e La g (ISBN 978-1433112492) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton 14/16 4/27/2020 Edith Wharton - Wikipedia Be c , Sha i (1994) No Gifts From Chance: a biography of Edith Wharton. Ne Y : Cha e Sc ib e ' S . C a , Phi i e a d E ic Vi eda , Edith Wharton's French Riviera (2002) Pa i , Ne Y : F a a i /Ri i (ISBN 2-84110-161-4) D i , M , ed. Critical Insights: Edith Wharton (https://www.salempress.com/Critical-Insights-Edit h-Wharton) (2018) Sa e P e . D igh , E ea . (1994) Edith Wharton: An Extraordinary Life, An Illustrated Biography Ne Y : Ha N. Ab a . F a e , J a ha (Feb a 13 20, 2012). "A C i ic a La ge: A R i g I e e " (h :// . e e .c / aga i e/2012/02/13/a- i g-i e e ). The New Yorker. 88 (1): 60 65. Re ie ed 2014-11-13. H chi , Ha e (2015). The War That Used Up Words: American Writers and the First World War. Ne Ha e , CT: Ya e U i e i P e . Lee, He i e (2007) Edith Wharton. L d : Cha & Wi d ; Ne Y : K f. Le i , R. W. B. (1975) Edith Wharton: a biography Ne Y : Ha e & R ISBN 0-06-012603-5 L , E i abe h (Dece be 9, 2011). "Wha Edi h K e : F eei g Wha f he Ma e ' Shad ". Harper's Magazine. 317 (1903): 96 100, 102. M g e , Ma ee E. (1998) Displaying Women: Spectacles of Leisure in Edith Wharton's New York Ne Y : R edge. ISBN 0-415-90566-4 Novellas and Other Writings (C hia G if W ff, ed.) (The Lib a f A e ica (h :// . a. g), 1990) ISBN 978-0-940450-53-0, hich c ai he a bi g a h , A Backward Glance. The Letters of Edith Wharton (R. W. B. Le i a d Na c Le i , ed .) ISBN 0-02-034400-7, a ic a he edi ia i d c i he ch gica ec i , e ecia f 1902 07, 1911 14, 1919 27, a d 1928 37, a d he edi ia f e he e e F. Sc Fi ge a d (8 J e 1925) Twilight Sleep (R. F. G df e , ed.) ISBN 0-684-83964-4 W ff, C hia G if (1977) A Feast of Words: The Triumph of Edith Wharton O f d. ISBN 0-19- 502117-7 W ff, C hia G if (1995) A Feast of Words: The Triumph of Edith Wharton, Second Edition. Readi g, Ma ach e : Addi -We e . ISBN 0-201-40918-6
External links
Edi h Wha C ec i Bei ec e Ra e B a d Ma c i Lib a a Ya e U i e i (h :// e b.a chi e. g/ eb/20120217010403/h ://bei ec e. ib a . a e.ed /digi a ib a / ha .h ) The Edi h Wha Pa e (h :// .i dia a.ed / ib i / i / /h / ha .h # cid247773 9) a he Li Lib a , I dia a U i e i Edi h Wha S cie (h :// .edi h ha cie . g) The M : E a e a d ga de de ig ed b Edi h Wha (h :// .edi h ha . g/) "W i i g f Edi h Wha " (h :// .c- a . g/ ide /?165364-1/ i i g -edi h- ha ) f C- SPAN' American Writers: A Journey Through History Edi h Wha (h :// cc . c.g / 79151500) a Lib a f C g e A h i ie , i h 345 ca a g ec d
O
W b Edi h Wha (h :// .g e be g. g/eb /a h /104) a P ec G e be g W b Edi h Wha (h ://faded age.c /c ea ch. h ?a h =Wha %2C%20Edi h) a Faded Page (Ca ada) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton 15/16 4/27/2020 Edith Wharton - Wikipedia W b ab Edi h Wha (h ://a chi e. g/ ea ch. h ? e =%28%28 b ec %3A%22W ha %2C%20Edi h%22%20OR%20 b ec %3A%22Edi h%20Wha %22%20OR%20c ea %3 A%22Wha %2C%20Edi h%22%20OR%20c ea %3A%22Edi h%20Wha %22%20OR%20c ea %3A%22Wha %2C%20E%2E%22%20OR%20 i e%3A%22Edi h%20Wha %22%20O R%20de c i i %3A%22Wha %2C%20Edi h%22%20OR%20de c i i %3A%22Edi h%20Wh a %22%29%20OR%20%28%221862-1937%22%20AND%20Wha %29%29%20AND%20%2 8- edia e: f a e%29) a I e e A chi e W b Edi h Wha (h :// ib i . g/a h /514) a Lib iV ( b ic d ai a di b )
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Te i a ai ab e de he C ea i e C A ib i -Sha eA i e Lice e; addi i a e a a . B i g hi i e, ag ee he Te f U e a d P i ac P ic . Wi i edia i a egi e ed ade a f he Wi i edia F da i , I c., a - ga i a i .
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