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Chloroplast Dna Systematics of Lilioid Monocots: Resources, Feasibility, and an Example from the Orchidaceaei
Amer. J. Bot. 76(12): 1720-1730. 1989. CHLOROPLAST DNA SYSTEMATICS OF LILIOID MONOCOTS: RESOURCES, FEASIBILITY, AND AN EXAMPLE FROM THE ORCHIDACEAEI MARK W. CHASE2 AND JEFFREY D. PALMER3 Department of Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1048 ABSTRACT Although chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) analysis has been widely and successfully applied to systematic and evolutionary problems in a wide variety of dicots, its use in monocots has thus far been limited to the Poaceae. The cpDNAs ofgrasses are significantly altered in arrangement relative to the genomes of most vascular plants, and thus the available clone banks ofgrasses are not particularly useful in studying variation in the cpDNA ofother monocots. In this report, we present mapping studies demonstrating that cpDNAs offour lilioid monocots (Allium cepa, Alliaceae; Asparagus sprengeri, Asparagaceae; Narcissus x hybridus, Amaryllidaceae; and On cidium excavatum, Orchidaceae), which, while varying in size over as much as 18 kilobase pairs, conform to the genome arrangement typical of most vascular plants. A nearly complete (99.2%) clone bank was constructed from restriction fragments of the chloroplast genome of Oncidium excavatum; this bank should be useful in cpDNA analysis among the monocots and is available upon request. As an example of the utility of filter hybridization using this clone bank to detect systematically useful variation, we present a Wagner parsimony analysis of restriction site data from the controversial genus Trichocentrum and several sections of Oncid ium, popularly known as the "mule ear" and "rat tail oncidiums." Because of their vastly different floral morphology, the species of Trichocentrum have never been placed in Oncidium, although several authors have recently suggested a close relationship to this vegetatively modified group. -
Early Flower and Inflorescence Development in Dioscorea Tokoro
ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Wulfenia Jahr/Year: 2010 Band/Volume: 17 Autor(en)/Author(s): Remizowa Margarita V., Sokoloff Dmitry D., Kondo Katsuhiko Artikel/Article: Early flower an inflorescence development in Dioscorea tokoro (Dioscoreales): shoot chirality, handedness of cincinni an common tepal-stamen primordia 77-97 © Landesmuseum für Kärnten; download www.landesmuseum.ktn.gv.at/wulfenia; www.biologiezentrum.at Wulfenia 17 (2010): 77–97 Mitteilungen des Kärntner Botanikzentrums Klagenfurt Early fl ower and infl orescence development in Dioscorea tokoro (Dioscoreales): shoot chirality, handedness of cincinni and common tepal-stamen primordia Margarita V. Remizowa, Dmitry D. Sokoloff & Katsuhiko Kondo Summary: Infl orescence and early fl ower development in the East Asian Dioscorea tokoro were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The synfl orescence is typically a raceme of open thyrses. Lateral units of thyrses are cincinni, which in female plants are often replaced by single fl owers with a bracteole. Phyllotaxy of thyrse axis follows the Fibonacci pattern. There is a correlation between clockwise or anticlockwise direction of phyllotaxy along the thyrse axis and handedness of lateral cincinni. Two types of this correlation are theoretically possible, and both have been recorded in diff erent angiosperms. Flower orientation in Dioscorea is the same as in many other monocots that possess a bracteole, i.e. an outer whorl tepal is inserted opposite the bracteole and an inner whorl tepal is inserted on the same radius as the bracteole. The outer tepal opposite the bracteole is the fi rst fl oral organ to initiate. -
Racemose Inflorescences of Monocots
Annals of Botany Page 1 of 14 doi:10.1093/aob/mcs246, available online at www.aob.oxfordjournals.org REVIEW: PART OF A SPECIAL ISSUE ON INFLORESCENCES Racemose inflorescences of monocots: structural and morphogenetic interaction at the flower/inflorescence level Margarita V. Remizowa1,*, Paula J. Rudall2, Vladimir V. Choob1 and Dmitry D. Sokoloff1 1Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia and 2Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK * For correspondence. E-mail [email protected] Downloaded from Received: 31 May 2012 Returned for revision: 24 July 2012 Accepted: 1 October 2012 † Background Understanding and modelling early events of floral meristem patterning and floral development requires consideration of positional information regarding the organs surrounding the floral meristem, such as the flower-subtending bracts (FSBs) and floral prophylls (bracteoles). In common with models of regulation of http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/ floral patterning, the simplest models of phyllotaxy consider only unbranched uniaxial systems. Racemose inflor- escences and thyrses offer a useful model system for investigating morphogenetic interactions between organs belonging to different axes. † Scope This review considers (1) racemose inflorescences of early-divergent and lilioid monocots and their pos- sible relationship with other inflorescence types, (2) hypotheses on the morphogenetic significance of phyllomes surrounding developing flowers, (3) patterns of FSB reduction and (4) vascular patterns in the primary inflores- cence axis and lateral pedicels. † Conclusions Racemose (partial) inflorescences represent the plesiomorphic condition in monocots. The pres- ence or absence of a terminal flower or flower-like structure is labile among early-divergent monocots. at Moscow State University, Scientific Library on November 20, 2012 In some Alismatales, a few-flowered racemose inflorescence can be entirely transformed into a terminal ‘flower’. -
Evolutionary History of the Monocot Flower1
618 Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF Margarita V. Remizowa, 2 Dmitry D. Sokoloff, 2 and Hydatellaceae. Indeed, detailed descriptions of TRIMEROUS -PENTACYCLIC FLOWERS the waterlily female gametophyte, which closely 1 and P. J. Rudall 3 THE MONOCOT FLOWER resembles that of Hydatellaceae (Friedman, 2008; The typical monocot groundplan consists of six Rudall et al., 2008), were published relatively tepals in two alternating whorls (generally not recently (Winter & Shamrov, 1991a, b; Williams & differentiated into petals and sepals), six stamens in two alternating whorls, and three carpels (i.e., ABSTRACT Friedman, 2002; Friedman & Williams, 2003), and an earlier report of monocot-type sieve element trimerous-pentacyclic flowers). Sectorial differentia- This paper reviews monocot flower structure and gynoecium development and evaluates these data to clarify the plastids in Hydatellaceae is not supported in a new tion in monocot flowers was discussed in detail by evolutionary history of the monocot flower. Despite some congruence between molecular and morphological data regarding the investigation (Tratt et al., 2009). Endress (1995), who noted that this arrangement is delimitation and phylogenetic relationships of monocots, there is currently no universally accepted view on the morphology of more readily achievable in trimerous than in pentam- the ancestral monocot flower, reflecting a high degree of parallelism in monocot floral evolution. We focus on two character However, despite some congruence between molec- suites that encompass the key features of monocot flowers: (1) the typical monocot groundplan of trimerous-pentacyclic ular and morphological data on the delimitation and erous flowers because the sectors are broader. In flowers, and (2) a character suite related to carpel fusion, including postgenital fusion between carpels and the presence of phylogenetic relationships of monocots, their floral many monocots, tepals and stamens inserted on the septal nectaries. -
Genome-Wide Identification of the YABBY Gene Family in Seven
plants Article Genome-Wide Identification of the YABBY Gene Family in Seven Species of Magnoliids and Expression Analysis in Litsea Xuedie Liu 1,2, Xing-Yu Liao 1,2, Yu Zheng 1,2, Meng-Jia Zhu 1,2, Xia Yu 2, Yu-Ting Jiang 1,2, Di-Yang Zhang 2, Liang Ma 2, Xin-Yu Xu 2, Zhong-Jian Liu 2 and Siren Lan 1,2,* 1 College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; [email protected] (X.L.); [email protected] (X.-Y.L.); [email protected] (Y.Z.); [email protected] (M.-J.Z.); [email protected] (Y.-T.J.) 2 Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at Colleage of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; [email protected] (X.Y.); [email protected] (D.-Y.Z.); [email protected] (L.M.); [email protected] (X.-Y.X.); [email protected] (Z.-J.L.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The YABBY gene family, specific to seed plants, encodes a class of transcription factors in the lamina maintenance and development of lateral organs. Magnoliids are sisters to the clade-containing eudicots and monocots, which have rapidly diversified among the common ancestors of these three lineages. However, prior to this study, information on the function of the YABBY genes in magnoliids was extremely limited to the third major clades and the early diverging lineage of Mesangiospermae. In this study, the sum of 55 YABBY genes including five genes in INO, six in CRC, eight in YAB2, 22 in YAB5, and 14 in FIL clade were identified from seven magnoliid plants. -
Taxonomic Revision of the Genus Crinum L. (Liliaceae) of Bangladesh
Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 25(2): 257–271, 2018 (December) © 2018 Bangladesh Association of Plant Taxonomists TAXONOMIC REVISION OF THE GENUS CRINUM L. (LILIACEAE) OF BANGLADESH 1 SUMONA AFROZ, M. OLIUR RAHMAN AND MD. ABUL HASSAN Department of Botany, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh Keywords: Crinum L.; Taxonomy; Revision; Amaryllidaceae; Bangladesh. Abstract The genus Crinum L. represented by eight species in Bangladesh is revised. The species occurring in Bangladesh are Crinum amabile Donn, C. amoenum Roxb., C. asiaticum L., C. defixum Ker-Gawl., C. jagus (Thomps.) Dandy, C. latifolium L., C. pratense Herb. and C. stenophyllum Baker. Each species is described with updated nomenclature, important synonyms, English and Bangla names, phenology, specimens examined, chromosome number, habitat, distribution, economic value and mode of propagation. A dichotomous bracketed key to the species and illustrations are also provided. Introduction The classification of the lilioid monocots has long been problematic (Chase et al., 2009). Some authors treated all lilioid monocots including the genus Crinum L. in one family, Liliaceae s.l. (Cronquist, 1981). Though the genus Crinum L. was formerly included in the family Liliaceae, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) reevaluated the taxonomic position of this genus and placed it in the family Amaryllidaceae (APG III, 2009). Linnaeus established the genus Crinum in 1737 recognising four species, viz. Crinum latifolium, C. asiaticum, C. americanum and C. africanum (Nordal, 1977). The pantropical genus Crinum L. consists of about 112 species distributed in tropical Africa, America, Asia and Australia (Govaerts et al., 2012). The genus is most diverse in Africa, particularly sub-Saharan Africa. Biogeographical analyses place the origin of Crinum in southern Africa (Meerow et al., 2003; Kwembeya et al., 2007). -
Diversity and Evolution of Monocots
Lilioids - petaloid monocots 4 main groups: Diversity and Evolution • Acorales - sister to all monocots • Alismatids of Monocots – inc. Aroids - jack in the pulpit • Lilioids (lilies, orchids, yams) – grade, non-monophyletic . petaloid monocots . – petaloid • Commelinids – Arecales – palms – Commelinales – spiderwort – Zingiberales –banana – Poales – pineapple – grasses & sedges Lilioids - petaloid monocots Lilioids - petaloid monocots The lilioid monocots represent five The lilioid monocots represent five orders and contain most of the orders and contain most of the showy monocots such as lilies, showy monocots such as lilies, tulips, blue flags, and orchids tulips, blue flags, and orchids Majority are defined by 6 features: Majority are defined by 6 features: 1. Terrestrial/epiphytes: plants 2. Geophytes: herbaceous above typically not aquatic ground with below ground modified perennial stems: bulbs, corms, rhizomes, tubers 1 Lilioids - petaloid monocots Lilioids - petaloid monocots The lilioid monocots represent five orders and contain most of the showy monocots such as lilies, tulips, blue flags, and orchids Majority are defined by 6 features: 3. Leaves without petiole: leaf . thus common in two biomes blade typically broader and • temperate forest understory attached directly to stem without (low light, over-winter) petiole • Mediterranean (arid summer, cool wet winter) Lilioids - petaloid monocots Lilioids - petaloid monocots The lilioid monocots represent five The lilioid monocots represent five orders and contain most of the orders and contain most of the showy monocots such as lilies, showy monocots such as lilies, tulips, blue flags, and orchids tulips, blue flags, and orchids Majority are defined by 6 features: Majority are defined by 6 features: 4. Tepals: showy perianth in 2 5. -
A Synopsis of Melanthiaceae (Liliales) with Focus on Character Evolution in Tribe Melanthieae Wendy B
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Volume 22 | Issue 1 Article 44 2006 A Synopsis of Melanthiaceae (Liliales) with Focus on Character Evolution in Tribe Melanthieae Wendy B. Zomlefer University of Georgia Walter S. Judd University of Florida W. Mark Whitten University of Florida Norris H. Williams University of Florida Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Zomlefer, Wendy B.; Judd, Walter S.; Whitten, W. Mark; and Williams, Norris H. (2006) "A Synopsis of Melanthiaceae (Liliales) with Focus on Character Evolution in Tribe Melanthieae," Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: Vol. 22: Iss. 1, Article 44. Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol22/iss1/44 Aliso 22, pp. 566-578 © 2006, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden A SYNOPSIS OF MELANTHIACEAE (LILIALES) WITH FOCUS ON CHARACTER EVOLUTION IN TRIBE MELANTHIEAE WENDY B. ZOMLEFER, 1.4 WALTERS. JUDD,2 W. MARK WHITTEN, 3 AND NORRIS H. WILLIAMS3 1Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, 2502 Miller Plant Sciences, Athens, Georgia 30602-7271, USA; 2Department of Botany, University of Florida, PO Box 118526, Gainesville, Florida 32611-8526, USA ([email protected]); 3Department of Natural Sciences, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, PO Box 117800, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7800, USA ([email protected]), ([email protected]) 4 Corresponding author ([email protected]) ABSTRACT Melanthiaceae s.l. comprises five tribes: Chionographideae, Heloniadeae, Melanthieae, Parideae, and Xerophylleae--each defined by distinctive autapomorphies. The most morphologically diverse tribe Melanthieae, now with seven genera, had not been subject to rigorous phylogenetic character study prior to the current series of investigations that also include an overview of the family. -
Molecular Basis of Development in Petaloid Monocot Flowers Bo Johansen University of Copenhagen
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Volume 22 | Issue 1 Article 12 2006 Molecular Basis of Development in Petaloid Monocot Flowers Bo Johansen University of Copenhagen Signe Frederikson University of Copenhagen Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Johansen, Bo and Frederikson, Signe (2006) "Molecular Basis of Development in Petaloid Monocot Flowers," Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: Vol. 22: Iss. 1, Article 12. Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol22/iss1/12 Floral Evolution MONOCOTS and Development Comparative Biology and Evolution Excluding Poales Aliso 22, pp. 151-158 © 2006, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden MOLECULAR BASIS OF DEVELOPMENT IN PETALOID MONOCOT FLOWERS Bo JOHANSEN, 1 SIGNE FREDERIKSEN, AND MARTIN SKIPPER Biological Institute, University of Copenhagen, Gothersgade 140, DK-1123 Copenhagen K, Denmark 1Corresponding author ([email protected]) ABSTRACT The molecular background of flower development has been intensively studied within core eudicots, and several studies have confirmed the extended ABC model as the molecular background of flower development in this plant group. The core eudicots are characterized as having one copy of each of the B-class genes and at least two copies of A-class genes: one is expressed in floral meristems, the other in inflorescence meristems. In monocots and non-core eudicots the validity of the ABC model is under discussion. Generally, more than one functional copy is found of at least one of the B-class genes. The A-class genes apparently are expressed in meristems of both flower and inflorescence. -
Diversity and Floristics of Monocots!
Diversity and Floristics of Monocots! . aquatics, aroids, lilies . ! The Monocots! We will finish our survey of angiosperms by going back to the basal angiosperms and take a look at the monocotyledons - those possessing one seed leaf. The other main features of the monocots separating them from all other flowering plants are: 1. 3 merous flowers The Monocots! We will finish our survey of angiosperms by going back to the basal angiosperms and take a look at the monocotyledons - those possessing one seed leaf. The other main features of the monocots separating them from all other flowering plants are: 1. 3 merous flowers 2. Parallel-veined leaves The Monocots! We will finish our survey of angiosperms by going back to the basal angiosperms and take a look at the monocotyledons - those possessing one seed leaf. The other main features of the monocots separating them from all other flowering plants are: 1. 3 merous flowers 2. Parallel-veined leaves 3. Absence of woody tissue The Aquatic Monocots! emergent Emergent, floating, or submerged aquatic group of monocots These are the first diverging monocots submerged floating The Aquatic Monocots! Associated with the aquatic habit is the trend from insect-pollinated, showy flowers to water-pollinated, reduced flowers The group shows increasing effort to vegetative reproduction over sexual reproduction Showy flowers, insect-pollinated Reduced unisexual flowers, water-pollinated Butomaceae - flowering rush family! Emergent aquatic family Leaves show no obvious blade and petiole differentiation CA 3 CO 3 A 9 G 6 Flowers -
PHYLOGENY of AGAVACEAE BASED on Ndhf, Rbcl, and ITS SEQUENCES: IMPLICATIONS of MOLECULAR DATA for CLASSIFICATION
Allen Press x DTPro System GALLEY 311 File # 25ee Name /alis/22_125 12/16/2005 01:25PM Plate # 0-Composite pg 311 # 1 Aliso, 22(1), pp. 311±326 q 2005, by The Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, CA 91711-3157 PHYLOGENY OF AGAVACEAE BASED ON ndhF, rbcL, AND ITS SEQUENCES: IMPLICATIONS OF MOLECULAR DATA FOR CLASSIFICATION DAVID J. BOGLER,1,4 J. CHRIS PIRES,2,5 AND JAVIER FRANCISCO-ORTEGA3 1Missouri Botanical Garden, Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri 63166, USA; 2Department of Agronomy, 1575 Linden Drive, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA; 3Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, University Park, Miami, Florida 33199, and Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, 11935 Old Cutler Road, Coral Gables, Florida 33156, USA 4Corresponding author ([email protected]) ABSTRACT Great advances have been made in our understanding of the phylogeny and classi®cation of Aga- vaceae in the last 20 years. In older systems Agavaceae were paraphyletic due to overemphasis of ovary position or habit. Discovery of a unique bimodal karyotype in Agave and Yucca eventually led to a reexamination of concepts and relationships in all the lilioid monocots, which continues to the present day. Developments in cytogenetics, microscopy, phylogenetic systematics, and most recently DNA tech- nology have led to remarkable new insights. Large-scale rbcL sequence studies placed Agavaceae with the core Asparagales and identi®ed closely related taxa. Analysis of cpDNA restriction sites, rbcL, and ITS nrDNA sequences all supported removal of Dracaenaceae, Nolinaceae, and clari®ed relationships. Agavaceae s.s. presently consists of Agave, Beschorneria, Furcraea, Hesperaloe, Hes- peroyucca, Manfreda, Polianthes, Prochnyanthes, and Yucca. -
Fleshy Fruits in Liliflorous Monocots Finn N
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Volume 22 | Issue 1 Article 11 2006 Fleshy Fruits in Liliflorous Monocots Finn N. Rasmussen University of Copenhagen Signe Frederikson University of Copenhagen Bo Johansen University of Copenhagen Lise Bolt Jørgenson University of Copenhagen Gitte Peterson University of Copenhagen; Natural History Musem of Denmark Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Rasmussen, Finn N.; Frederikson, Signe; Johansen, Bo; Jørgenson, Lise Bolt; and Peterson, Gitte (2006) "Fleshy Fruits in Liliflorous Monocots," Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: Vol. 22: Iss. 1, Article 11. Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol22/iss1/11 Aliso 22, pp. 135-147 © 2006, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden FLESHY FRUITS IN LILIIFLOROUS MONOCOTS FINN N. RASMUSSEN, 1 SIGNE FREDERIKSEN, Bo JOHANSEN, LISE BOLT J0RGENSEN, GITTE PETERSEN,2 AND OLE SEBERG2 Biological Institute, University of Copenhagen, Gothersgade 140, DK-1 /23 Copenhagen K, Denmark 1Corresponding author ([email protected]) ABSTRACT Fleshy fruits occur in several monocot orders and families, and it is generally assumed that they have been derived from capsular fruits many times during the evolution of monocot lineages. Huber hypothesized in 1969 that most capsules in Asparagales are derived secondarily from berries and that this transformation was correlated with the evolution of phytomelan-coated seeds, a pivotal character in his circumscription of Asparagales as part of reclassifying Liliaceae s.l. Dahlgren and co-workers suggested several parallel derivations and "reversals" in this character, e.g., the transformation se quence trifollicular fruits __..