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Kriza, Odgovori, Levica MILOŠ JADŽIĆ, DUŠAN MALJKOVIĆ, ANA VESELINOVIĆ (UR.) KRIZA, ODGOVORI, LEVICA PRILOZI ZA JEDAN KRITIČKI DISKURS MILOŠ JADŽIĆ, DUŠAN MALJKOVIĆ, ANA VESELINOVIĆ (UR.) KRIZA, ODGOVORI, LEVICA PRILOZI ZA JEDAN KRITIČKI DISKURS BEOGRAD, 2012 IMPRESSUM PUBLIKACIJA: KRIZA, ODGOVORI, LEVICA -Prilozi za jedan kritički diskurs- IZDAVAČ: Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung Regionalna kancelarija za jugoistočnu Evropu Gospodar Jevremova 47, Beograd, Srbija UREDNIŠTVO: Miloš Jadžić Dušan Maljković Ana Veselinović UREDNIČKI SAVET: Boris Kanzleiter, Stipe Ćurković AUTORI I AUTORKE TEKSTOVA: Goran Musić, Mislav Žitko, Erik Tusen, Statis Kuvelakis, Joakim Beker i Johanes Jeger, Volfgang Štrek, Ankica Čakardić, Dražen Šimleša, Srećko Horvat i Igor Štiks, Tihana Pupovac, Andreja Živković, Primož Krašovec, Nensi Frejzer, Đurđa Knežević, Frank Depe, Milorad Gačević, Toni Prug, Majk Dejvis, Rastko Močnik PREVOD: Dušan Maljković, Aleksa Golijanin, Darko Vesić, Miloš Jadžić i Tamara Baković, Milica Jeremić FOTOGRAFIJE: Copyright © Ashley Gilbertson/VII Naslovna: Kevin Fitzgerald (21) student istorije na Univerzitetu Fordham i aktivista „Occupy Wall Street“ pokreta, tokom okupacije Times Square-a u New York-u, među 20 000 ljudi drži transparent na kome piše „Revolucija ce biti živa“. LEKTURA I KOREKTURA: Miodrag Kojadinović, Milica Jeremić DIZAJN: Ana Humljan PRIPREMA ZA ŠTAMPU: Dejan Dimitrijević ŠTAMPA: Pekograf, Beograd, april 2012. TIRAŽ: 700 Zahvaljujemo se svim učesnicima i učesnicama Letnje škole „Kriza, odgovori, levica“, održane od 20. do 24. jula 2011. godine na Fruškoj Gori, i koleginicama i kolegama iz Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung Southeast Europe SADRŽAJ 2. PREDGOVOR 7. 1 – KAPITALIZAM ZA XXI VEK 7. A. Istorija i uzroci krize 9 - Goran Musić: Istorija ekonomskih kriza u kapitalizmu 29 - Mislav Žitko: Monetarna teorija proizvodnje i kriza kapitalizma 67. B. Slučaj Evropa 69 - Erik Tusen: Jezgro protiv periferije u Evropskoj uniji 74 - Statis Kuvelakis: Grčki kotao 89 - Joakim Beker i Johanes Jeger: Od ekonomske krize do krize evropskih integracija 107. 2 – I POSLE NEOLIBERALIZMA - NEOLIBERALIZAM 107. A. Kapitalizam, država, ekologija 109 - Volfgang Štrek: Kriza demokratskog kapitalizma 129 - Ankica Čakardić: Minimalna država i neoliberalne strategije kapitalizma 149 - Dražen Šimleša: Ekologizacija kapitalizma – Green New Deal ili samo još jedan uobičajeni deal? 157. B. Slučaj Balkan 159 - Srećko Horvat i Igor Štiks: Dobrodošli u pustinju tranzicije! Postsocijalizam, Evropska unija i nova levica na Balkanu 177 - Tihana Pupovac: Aporije direktne demokracije 188 - Andreja Živković: Povratak u budućnost – tranzicija na Balkanu 221. 3 – LEVI IMPULSI 221. A. Klasa i identiteti 223 - Primož Krašovec: NEVER TRUST A HIPSTER – kritika kreativnog malograđanstva i koncepta nove klase 239 - Nensi Frejzer: Feminizam, kapitalizam i lukavstvo istorije 257 - Đurđa Knežević: Feminizam i ljevica – MAINSTREMOM UDESNO 267. B. Budućnost i perspektive levice 269 - Frank Depe: Socijalizam u XXI veku – više od utopije? 289 - Milorad Gačević: Alterglobalistički pokret i revolucija? 310 - Toni Prug: Direktna demokracija – od protesta do šire političke borbe 316 - Majk Dejvis: Proleće naspram zime 327 - Razgovor sa Rastkom Močnikom: Bez organizacije nema revolucije 333. ABSTRACTS / BIOGRAFIJE PREDGOVOR „ ... mada nam istorija govori da je, barem u industrijalizovanim zemljama, levica imala više razloga za strah da će desnica srušiti demokratiju u cilju očuvanja kapitalizma, nego što se desnica mogla bojati da će levica ukinuti kapitalizam zarad demokratije.“ (Volfgang Štrek) Kada se pre pola decenije američki fi- stavljaju pohlepu bankarskih elita, osta- nansijski sektor našao na korak od ko- ju pitanja sa kojima se levi ekonomski lapsa, malo je ko mogao pretpostaviti analitičari suočavaju: da li se kriza može da će se spirala nastaviti kroz dužničku opisati klasičnim marksističkim teo- krizu zemalja evropske periferije, preko rijskim aparatom ili je reč o fenomenu krize čitave evrozone, pa sve do dovođe- koji zahteva produkciju novih istraži- nja u pitanje daljih EU integracija, što će vačkih paradigmi kako bi bio adekvatno nam sve, između ostalog, dati za pravo shvaćen? da restauraciju kapitalizma u Istočnoj Evropi napokon počnemo shvatati kao Marksisti navode delove Kapitala koji proces periferizacije, umesto da ga po- gotovo profetski opisuju uzroke aktuel- smatramo kroz dvodecenijski diskurs ne krize, a jedan od simptoma koji im „tranzicije“. daje za pravo jeste i činjenica da sam Kapital ponovo postaje bestseler, što Svakako, danas više nego ikada sve- svedoči o potrebi da se u njemu pronađe dočimo intenzivnom javnom govoru objašnjenje krize, ali i alternativa uzdr- o „globalnoj ekonomskoj krizi“. Pored manom ekonomskom sistemu. Postavlja apstraktne konstatacije da kriza eviden- se pitanje da li je ovo još jedna od „re- tno postoji i da je jedna od najtežih do gularnih“ kriza u kapitalizmu ili je sam sada – oko čega se većina komentatora/ kapitalizam u odlučujućoj krizi? Ima li ki slaže – postoje izvesna interpretativ- smisla govoriti o transformaciji neolibe- na razilaženja u konkretnim pitanjima. ralizma u novonastalim kriznim okol- Ukoliko odbacimo naivne dileme da li nostima – iz kojih se rađa nešto novo uzrok krize leži u „manjku“ ili „višku“ – ili i dalje ostajemo u osnovnim okviri- socijalne intervencije države u navodno ma (neo)liberalne ideologije koja je i do slobodnu tržišnu sferu, i ako izuzme- sada pokazivala sposobnost apsorpcije mo objašnjenja koja u središte problema subverzivnih delovanja, uključujući ih 2 PREDGOVOR u svoju strukturu (koju je posledično korupcijskih skandala, valutne depresi- neznatno menjala, uglavnom u pravnom jacije, hiperinflacije i sl.), koja se samo domenu). jasnije ispoljava kada pređe određenu granicu? Ukoliko se najave o nužnoj smrti kapi- talizma već sutra ne dožive previše oz- Oni koji su neoliberalnim politikama biljno – ostaje problem, u tesnoj vezi sa krizu i izazvali, u početku su na nju uzrokom krize, a to je njena „lokalizaci- reagovali tako da se možda moglo uči- ja“ u obimu i intenzitetu: da li je ona do niti da ćemo prisustvovati kraju neoli- te mere izražena, da nužno vodi rekom- beralizma. Svugde se pričalo o potrebi poziciji temeljnih postavki kapitalizma, obuzdavanja pomahnitalog špekulant- recimo odnosu vlasnika sredstava za skog sektora finansija i „humanizo- proizvodnju i radnika, ili je to jedna od vanju liberalnog kapitalizma“; vodeće najtežih, ali kriza u koje kapitalizam re- kapitalističke države „nacionalizovale“ dovno upada i, kako smo do sada videli, su velike banke i osiguravajuća društva još redovnije izlazi? Ili, ukoliko bismo i pomagale opstanak posrnulih indu- pokušali da problemu pristupimo „di- strijskih preduzeća. Ipak, nakon mera jalektički“ – nije li kapitalizam, nema- spašavanja bankarsko-finansijskog sek- jući stabilno stanje (setimo se njegovog tora novcem poreskih obveznika, kao opisa iz Komunističkog manifesta kao i nametanja radikalnih mera štednje dinamičkog sistema u stalnoj ekspan- kako bi se društvenim sredstvima najši- ziji i revoluciji sopstvenih mehanizama rih slojeva stanovništva sanirali privatni reprodukcije)1 de facto u permanetnoj gubici krupnog kapitala – jednom rečju: krizi (setimo se stalnih lokalnih i regio- prebacivanjem tereta krize na one koje nalnih privrednih neprilika: bankrota, je kriza najviše i pogodila – postalo je jasno da je ideja vladajuće elite da se sve 1 „Buržoazija ne može da postoji, a da neprekid- promeni kako se ništa ne bi promenilo. no ne revolucioniše oruđa za proizvodnju, dakle odnose proizvodnje, pa dakle i celokupne društve- Naravno, sve navedeno je moralo da ne odnose. A svim ranijim industrijskim klasama izazove reakciju globalnog naroda. Osim bio je naprotiv prvi uslov opstanka nepromenjeno zadržavanje starog načina proizvodnje. Neprekidni retkih akademskih glasova sa levice, ko- prevrati u proizvodnji, neprekidno potresanje svih jima je i dalje teško da se probiju u me- društvenih odnosa, večna nesigurnost i kretanje dijski mainstream, otpori su uglavnom izdvajaju buržoasku epohu prema svima drugima. dolazili sa ulica i trgova: od evropskih Ona rastvara sve čvrste, zarđale odnose sa svima starinskim predstavama i shvatanjima koji ih prate; masovnih socijalnih protesta, preko svi novi odnosi zastarevaju pre no što mogu da očvr- Arapskog proleća, do pokreta „Okupi- snu. Sve što je čvrsto i ustaljeno pretvara se u dim, rajmo Wall Street“ koji se širio svetom sve što je sveto skrnavi se, i ljudi najzad bivaju prisi- ljeni da na svoj životni položaj, na svoje međusobne prerastajući u globalni „Occupy pokret“. odnose pogledaju trezvenim očima.“ Karl Marks & Ipak, ako izuzmemo izvesne eksperi- Fridrih Engels Komunistički manifest, Liber – CLS, mente sa novim oblicima socijalizma u Beograd, 2005. 3 PREDGOVOR Južnoj Americi, evidentno je da se na politike, kao i na različite socijalne po- globalnom nivou nastavljaju „antisoci- krete. Ovakva edukacija, uz (re)mapira- jalne“ politike. U razvijenim zapadnim nje glavnih polja kojima se savremena zemljama sve je očigledniji deficit demo- levica bavi, trebalo je da pomogne pove- kratskog odlučivanja, dok u nekim člani- zivanje i umrežavanje regionalnih levih cama EU prisustvujemo tehnokratskim političko-aktivističkih i teorijsko-istra- pučevima. Levici danas svakako manje živačkih inicijativa. nedostaju kritičke analize, pa čak i pred- lozi alternativa dominantnom modelu Specifična važnost održavanja letnje kapitalističke strukture, negoli praktične škole sa ovim temama leži u činjenici politike stvarne promene
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