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Proximate Analysis of Dog Meat in Relation to Nutrition and Public Health Significance Daniel Et Al Proximate Analysis of Dog Meat in Relation to Nutrition and Public Health Significance Daniel et al PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF DOG MEAT IN RELATION TO NUTRITION AND PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE Daniel, L. N.,* Dashe E., Kujul, N. B., Bot, M. H. Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, P. M. B. 1, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria Abstract In Nigeria many people eat dog meat without knowing its nutrient composition. This work evaluated the proximate composition of fresh heart, intestine, kidneys, liver, lungs and muscle of dog meat bought from indigenous dog sellers. One way ANOVA in Paleontological Statistics Software Version 2.17 was used to analyze data. The results revealed moisture content of 80.10% in intestine, lungs 79.35%, muscle 74.38%, heart 72.66%, and kidney 71.31%, liver 70.70%. Crude protein 26.15% in liver, heart 20.21%, muscle 18.42%, lungs 18.05%, intestine 14.54% and 12.84% in kidney. Others include Crude fiber 1.12% in heart, liver 1.05%, intestine 0.79%, muscle 0.70%, kidney 0.58% and lungs 0.49%. Crude fat 12.75% in kidney, muscle 5.69%, heart 5.27%, intestine 2.55%, liver 1.32% and lungs1.20%. Ash 2.49% in kidney, muscle 0.78%, intestine 0.75%, heart 0.71%, lung 0.60% and liver 0.40% . Others include free nitrogen (1.27%), calcium (0.18%) and phosphorus (0.21%) highest in the muscle and lungs. Statistical significant difference existed in the composition of the different parts of the meat (p<0.05). It is concluded that dog meat has the entire vital nutritional components requisition of man and the different parts may have health implications for the aged, children, and diabetic and hepatitis B patients. Key words: Proximate Analysis, Dog Meat, Nutritional, Health Significance Introduction Being the oldest domesticated animal, its Background long association with people has allowed In Nigeria, many people eat dog meat but the dog to be uniquely attuned to human how many know the nutrient composition behavior, as well as thrive on a starch-rich of the dog meat? Many works have been diet which would be inadequate for other done on proximate analysis of beef, canine (Axelsson et al., 2013). chicken, turkey and ostrich meats, but with none on dog meat in Nigeria. Domestic Dogs perform many roles for people, such dogs have been selectively bred for as hunting, herding, pulling millennia for various behaviors, sensory loads, protection, assisting capabilities, and physical police and military, companionship, and, attributes. Modern dog breeds show more more recently, aiding handicapped variation in size, appearance, and behavior individuals. This impact on human society than any other domestic animal. Dogs has given them the nickname "man's best are predators and scavengers, and like friend" in the Western world and in some many other predatory mammals, the dog cultures; however, dogs are a source of has powerful muscles, fused wrist bones, a meat (Wingfield-Hayes, 2002). cardiovascular system that supports both Meat is the fleshy, edible part of the sprinting and endurance, teeth for catching skeletal muscle of animals and it has been and tearing (Dewey and Bhagat, 2002). a major source of protein all over the world, including Nigeria (Holzman, 2003; www.ijsar.org.ng INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND APPLIED RESEARCH, VOL.2, NO. 2 2017 ISSN 2504-9070 Page | 10 Proximate Analysis of Dog Meat in Relation to Nutrition and Public Health Significance Daniel et al Olaoye, 2011). Dog meat has been (Axelsson et al., 2013). According to consumed since ancient times, presently, Seebold, (2002) the dog, gray wolf and the dogs and cats are mainly consumed by extinct taymyr wolf diverged around countries like Cambodia, China, Mexico, 27,000 to 40,000 years ago. However Rome, South Korea, Switzerland, Poland, Archeology about Education (2016) stated Thailand, Vietnam, India, Indonesia, as that wolf and dogs split into different well as in Africa including Cameroon, species around 100,000 years ago. The Ghana and Nigeria (Schwabe, 1979). The domestication of dogs, in addition to the practice of eating dogs and cats in some companionship, might be based on a countries, including United States of human need for help with herding and America and United Kingdom, where the hunting, for an early alarm system, and for animals are mostly kept as pets has been source of food. According to Krishna, reported (Podberseek, 2009). (2014) domestication of dogs has been Historically, human consumption of dog traced to between 9,000 and 34,000 years meat has been recorded in many parts of ago before the advent of agriculture the world, including East and Southeast around 10,000 years ago. Asia, West Africa, Europe, Oceania and Dog trading is a common practice in the Americas (Schwabe, 1979). Today, a Nigeria and has become a source of number of cultures view the consumption livelihood for some people. Stray and free- of dog meat to be a part of their traditional roaming dogs are usually captured by dog and day-to-day cuisine, while Western charmers and are transported from the culture consider consumption of dog to be northern parts of Nigeria to the southern a taboo, although they have been states. Dog swapping is being done in the consumed in times of war and/or other northern parts of Nigeria; these dogs are hardships. Furthermore, religion and not sold but exchanged by owners for culture plays vital role in the practice of mobile phones, iron, radio sets, cutlasses eating or not eating dog meat. etc. The dogs are then sold by the middle In Nigeria, dogs are kept for several men to the traders, and they are eventually reasons, including hunting, guarding, transported in large overcrowded trucks source of income, as pets, and as a source where they are kept in tight cages to of meat (Aiyedun and Olugasa, 2012). southern Nigeria (Ehimiyein et al., 2014). Dogs are eaten by various groups in some Dog trade and consumption have states of Nigeria, including Akwa Ibom, continued to attract dogs from different Cross River, Plateau, Ondo, Taraba and parts of Nigeria and neighbouring Gombe states of Nigeria. They are countries (Office International des believed to have medicinal powers Epizooties, 2012). The practice of dog (Schwabe, 1979). Of recent, other consumption has been accepted in some Nigerian states including Bauchi, Kaduna, parts of Nigeria as a culture and norms. Federal Capital Territory Abuja, Niger, Eating of dog has strengthened Kebbi, Nasarawa have queued in, in the relationships among dog eaters such that consumption of dog meat. trade by Bata is implored for palm oil is Although initially thought to have given in exchange for dogs in plateau and originated as a manmade variant of an Calabar/Akwa Ibom. Some people eat dog extinct canine (variously supposed as for its medicinal purposes. Conversely, in some states particularly the Muslim being the golden jackal, or gray wolf), dogs diverged from an extinct wolf-like dominated states in the northern part of canid in Eurasia 40,000 years ago Nigeria, dog consumption is forbidden. In www.ijsar.org.ng INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND APPLIED RESEARCH, VOL.2, NO. 2 2017 ISSN 2504-9070 Page | 10 Proximate Analysis of Dog Meat in Relation to Nutrition and Public Health Significance Daniel et al Islam, dogs are viewed as unclean because by road, rail, air to the rest of the country. they are viewed as scavengers. However, It has an altitude of 1,217m (4,062 feet) in Christianity, dogs represent faithfulness. above sea level with an average monthly In Asian countries such as China, Korea, temperatures range from 210C to 250C and Japan, dogs are viewed as kind (Office Internatironal des Epizooties, protectors. The role of the dog in Chinese 2012). mythology includes a position as one of the twelve animals which cyclically Process of Slaughtering Dogs represent years (Sherman, 2008). Nevertheless, some individuals that belong In Nigeria, dogs are either clubbed or to the sect that forbid eating of dog meat strangled to death before the blood is eat dog meat in secret. According Acts properly drained out by cutting the jugular 10:9-15, found in the Holy Bible man is vein while others restrain and slaughter not supposed to condemn any creature of them the normal other animals are God Almighty. slaughtered. Humane Society International (2017), in Yulin dogs are bludgeoned over Nutritional Value of Dog Meat the head and have their throats cut open or Dog meat as a delicacy has been reported beaten to death before they are dressed. to contain about 44.4 mg/100 g of From Process of slaughtering dog?-image cholesterol probably the lowest cholesterol results, (2017) in established abattoir dogs as compared with other animal meat (Lee, are stunned and special machines used to 1578). According to Ehimiyein et al., cut their throats before dressing. (2014) it is nutritious containing the many essential nutrients including Sample Collection and Analysis carbohydrates, fat, protein, vitamins A, Six different parts of fresh dog meat (the B1, B2, B3, C, calcium, iron, phosphorus, heart, intestine, kidney, liver, lung and potassium and sodium; eaten for different muscle) were bought from indigenous dog reasons, including rituals, as a delicacy, sellers. The samples were taken to the source of food in times of war, as well as biochemistry laboratory of the National for its medicinal values with an estimated Veterinary Research Institute, Vom. Each population of 25 million people worldwide meat sample was separately ground into who consume dog meat each year. fine fiber fragments in a meat MATERIALS AND METHODS homogenizer after which they were packaged in cellophane bags, labeled and Jos-South is the second most populated stored in a frostless freezer at about -10C.
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