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History Paper - I 142 M.A. Part - I History Paper - I HISTORY OF MODERN MAHARASHTRA (1818-1920) © UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI Dr. Suhas Pednekar Vice Chancellor University of Mumbai Mumbai Dr. Dhaneswar Harichandan Anil R. Bankar Director Incharge Associate Prof. of History & Asst. Institute of Distance & Open Director & Incharge Study Material Learning, Section, IDOL University of Mumbai, Mumbai University of Mumbai, Mumbai Programme Co-ordinator : Anil R. Bankar Associate Professor of History & Assistant Director IDOL., University of Mumbai. Course Writer : Dr. G. T. Sawant Prof. F. Sequeira Prof. K. S. Gaikwad Edited by : Prof. Afegine Tuscano Re-edited by : Dr. Vincent K. D’mello I/c Principal St. Joseph College, Virar Reprint October 2019, History of Modern Maharashtra (1818-1920) Published by : Incharge Director Institute of Distance and Open Learning, University of Mumbai, Vidyanagari, Mumbai - 400 098. DTP Composed : 7skills Shop No.2, J. M. Nagar Complex Co. Hsg. Soc. Ltd., Pandit Dindayal Road, Anand Nagar, Dombivali (W), Thane - 421 202. Printed by : CONTENT Unit No. Title Page No. 1. MAHARASHTRA ON – THE EVE OF THE BRITISH CONQUEST 1 2 NEW INFLUENCES AND TRANSITION UNDER THE BRITISH RULE- I 16 3 NEW INFLUENCES AND TRANSITION UNDER THE BRITISH RULE - II 27 4 BEGINNING OF REFORM AND RESISTANCE 37 5 RELIGIOUS DISSENT AND SOCIAL PROTEST 49 6 SOCIAL REFORM - I 64 7 SOCIAL REFORM- II 78 8 GROWTH OF LIBERALISM IN MAHARASHTRA-I 92 9 GROWTH OF LIBERALISM IN MAHARASHTRA- II 100 10 INSTITUTIONAL NATIONALISM 112 11 REVIVALISM AND MILITANT NATIONALISM 125 12 RESISTANCE AND INSURRECTION 138 13 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN MAHARASHTRA (1861-1920 ) 154 14 TOWARDS SWARAJYA 169 15 EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT- I 182 16 EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT- II 194 vvvv M.A. PART - I PAPER - I : (OPTION A) HISTORY OF MODERN MAHARASHTRA (1818-1920) Syllabus 1. Maharashtra on the Eve of British Conquest: Political, Economic and Socio cultural conditions. 2. New influences and Transition Under British Rule : (1818-1861) a) Land Tenures, Revenue Settlements. b) Education and Press c) Law and Administration d) Transport and Communication, e) Christian Missions. f) Student’s Literary and Scientific -Society. 3. Beginning of Reform and Resistance a) Bal Shastri Jambhekar: Pioneer of Maharashtra’s Resistance b) Early Intellectual Resistance to British Colonial Rule, and the Rise of Nascent Economic Nationalism, Bhaskar Tarkhadkar, Ramkrishna Vishwanath, Bhau Mahajan. 4. Religious Dissent and Social Protest a. Dadoba Pandurang and the Paramhansa Sabha b. Lokahitwadi Gopal Hari Deshmukh c. Prarthana Samaj. 5. Social Reform a) i) Issues concerning Emancipation of Women and the Efforts made towards it realization ii) Justice M.G. Ranade and the Indian National Social Conference. b) i) Mahatma Joytirao Phule and the Satyashodhak Samaj Universal Humanism ii) Gopalbaba Valankar and Anaryadosh Parihar Mandal. iii) Vitthal Ramaji Shinde and Depressed Classes Mission of the India. iv) Shahu Maharaj and Vedokta Episode. 6. Growth of Liberalism and Nationalism a) Promotion of Economic Nationalism : Dadabhai Naoroji, M.G. Ranade, Ganesh Vyanktesh Joshi. b) Triumvirate of Liberal School : Phirozeshah Mehta, Badruddin Tayabjeee, K.T. Telang. c) Growth of Rationalism Gopal Ganesh Agarkar. 7. Institutionalized Nationalism a) The Bombay Association. b) Poona Sarvajanik Sabha c) Indian National Congress and Maharashtra. d) Servants of India Society. 8. Revivalism and Militant Nationalism. a) Vishnubuva Brahmachari. b) Vishnushastri Chiplunkar. c) Arya Samaj, Theosophical Society, Ganapati and Shivaji Utsav. 9. Resistance and Insurrections a) Ramoshi, Bhil and Koli Uprisings b) 1857 in Maharashtra. c) Revolt of Vasudev Balwant Phadke d) Peasant Unrest. 10. Economic Development (1861-1920) a) Agriculture b) Transport and Communication. c) Industry d) Trade and Commerce. e) Rise of Labour Movements 11. Towards Swarajya a) G. K. Gokhale and Moderates. b) B.G. Tilak and Extremist Politics. c) Revolutionaries. 12. Educational and cultural Developments a) Education and Literature b) Press c) Performing Arts Reference Books 1. Ambedkar B.R. : The Untouchables, Who were they and why they become Untouchables, Balrampur (U.P.) 1969. 2. Balhatichet K.A. : Social Policy and Social change in Western India (1818-1830), Oxford University Press, London, 1961. 3. Charles Worthy Noel : Peasant and Imperial Rule, Agriculture and Agrarian Society in the Bombay Presidency, (1850-1868), Cambridge University Press, 1965. 4. Chokesy R.D. : Economic Life in the Bombay Deccan (1818-1839) Asia Publishing House, Bombay, 1965. 5. Chokesy R.D. : Mountstuart Elphinstone, Popular Publishing House, Bombay, 1971. 6. Dobbin Christine : Urban Leadership un Western India, Oxford University Press, London, 1972. 7. Dongarkerey S. R. : History of the University of Bombay, (1857-1957), University of Bombay, Bombay, 1957. 8. Ghugare S. : Renaissance in Western India, Karamveer V.R. Shinde, Himalaya Publishing House, Bombay, 1983. 9. Grant Duff : History of the Marathas, VOl. I &II , Associated Press, New Delhi, 1971. 10. Keer Dhananjay : Mahatma Jyotirao Phule, Father of the Social Reform, Popular Prakashan, Bombay, 1964. 11. Kumar R. : Western India in the 19th Century, Ranfield and Kegal Paul, London, 1968. 12. Lederle M. : Philisophical Trends in Modern Maharashtra, Popular Prakashan, Bombay, 1976. 13. Masani R.P. : Dadabhai Naoroji, George Allon and Unwin Ltd., London, 1939. 14. Moore R.J. : Liberalism in Indian Politics, (1872- 1922), Edwin Arnold Ltd., London, 1966. 15. Padhye Tikekar : Aajkalcha Maharashtra (Marathi) 16. Phadke Y. D. : Social Reforms of Maharashtra, M.I.C. New Delhi, 1975. 17. Phadke Y.D. : Shau Chhatrapati and Lokmanya (Marathi), Shree Vidya Prakashan Poona, 1986. 18. Sahastrabuddhe P.G. : Maharashtra Sanskriti (Marathi), Continental Prakashan, Poona, 1979. 19. Tilak B.G. : Tilakanche Kesaritil Lekh ( Marathi), Part III, Rajkiya Khanda III, Kesari Maratha Sanstha Poona, 1926 20. Varma S. J. : Mountstuart Elphinstone in Maharashtra (1801-1827), Territories conquered from the Peshwas, K.P. Bagehi Co. Calcutta, 1981. 21. Walport S.A. : Tilak and Gokhale, Revolution and Reform in the making of Modern India, University of Columbia Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1962. 1 MAHARASHTRA ON – THE EVE OF BRITISH CONQUEST UNIT STRUCTURE 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Political conditions before the British conquest 1.3 Economic Conditions in Maharashtra before the British Conquest. 1.4 Social Conditions before the British Conquest. 1.5 Summary 1.6 Questions 1.0 OBJECTIVES : 1 To understand Political conditions before the British Conquest. 2 To know armed resistance to the British occupation. 3 To evaluate Economic conditions before British Conquest. 4 To analyse Social conditions before the British Conquest. 5 To examine Cultural conditions before the British Conquest. 1.1 INTRODUCTION : With the discovery of the Sea-routes in the 15th Century the Europeans discovered Sea routes to reach the east. The Portuguese, Dutch, French and the English came to India to promote trade and commerce. The English who established the East-India Co. in 1600, gradually consolidated their hold in different parts of India. They had very capable men like Sir Thomas Roe, Colonel Close, General Smith, Elphinstone, Grant Duff etc . The English shrewdly exploited the disunity among the Indian rulers. They were very diplomatic in their approach. Due to their far sighted policies, the English were able to expand and consolidate their rule in Maharashtra. The Company’s government had trapped most of the Maratha rulers in Subsidiary Alliances and fought three important wars with Marathas over a period of 43 years (1775 -1818). 2 1.2 POLITICAL CONDITIONS BEFORE THE BRITISH CONQUEST : The Company’s Directors sent Lord Wellesley as the Governor- General of the Company’s territories in India, in 1798. He was destined to transform the British Empire in India into British Empire of India before he was recalled in 1805 for, charges of ‘rapacity, Oppression, cruelty and fraud’ and also overstepping the legal limits of the powers delegated to him. He used to system of subsidiary alliances to trap and isolate the powerful Maratha Chiefs. The beginning of the nineteenth century opened a new chapter in the history of Maharashtra and for that matter consequently of India. The Company’s new Governor General Lord Wellesley’s arrival in India when the Company owed a debt of seventeen millions to the British Government. Napoleonic wars were being fought in Europe and the Egyptian expedition of Napoleon had created panic in the British dominion in India, Lord Wellesly was however fortunate to find that the Maratha Country was passing through a difficult period. The death of Peshwa Madhavrao II (Madhavrao Narayan) in October 1795 without a child had led to the civil war in Maharashtra in 1797. The succession claims to Peshwaship between the adopted son of Raghunathrao (the grandfather of the deceased Peshwa) and Reghunathrao’s own son involved the Maratha Sardars-Shindes and Holkar in the dispute. The two families of Shinde and Holkar were traditional enemies of each other. Shinde supported Bajirao, son of Raghunathrao and Holkar supported adopted son of Raghunathrao named Amritrao. The illustrious head of the rival families of Shinde and Holkar namely Mahadji Shinde and Ahilyabai Holkar (Daughter in law of Malharrao Holkar) were dead and succeeded by Daultrao Shinde and Yeshwantrao Holkar who were in their twenties. Yeshwantrao Holkar attacked
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