Keiferia Lycopersicella
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EUROPEAN AND MEDITERRANEAN PLANT PROTECTION ORGANIZATION ORGANISATION EUROPEENNE ET MEDITERRANEENNE POUR LA PROTECTION DES PLANTES 12-17836 Pest Risk Analysis for Keiferia lycopersicella September 2012 EPPO 21 Boulevard Richard Lenoir 75011 Paris www.eppo.int [email protected] This risk assessment follows the EPPO Standard PM 5/3(5) Decision-support scheme for quarantine pests (available at http://archives.eppo.int/EPPOStandards/pra.htm) and uses the terminology defined in ISPM 5 Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms (available at https://www.ippc.int/index.php). This document was first elaborated by an Expert Working Group and then reviewed by core members and by the Panel on Phytosanitary Measures and if relevant other EPPO bodies. It was finally approved by the Council in September 2012. Cite this document as: EPPO (2012) Final pest risk analysis for Keiferia lycopersicella. EPPO, Paris. EUROPEAN AND MEDITERRANEAN PLANT PROTECTION ORGANIZATION ORGANISATION EUROPEENNE ET MEDITERRANEENNE POUR LA PROTECTION DES PLANTES 12-17836 (12-17584, 11-17314) Pest Risk Analysis for Keiferia lycopersicella This PRA follows the EPPO Decision-support scheme for quarantine pests PM 5/3 (5). A preliminary draft has been prepared by the EPPO Secretariat. This document has been reviewed by an Expert Working Group that met in the EPPO Headquarters in Paris on 2011-09-19/22. This EWG was composed of: Ad hoc members Mr John TRUMBLE, University of California – Riverside (US) Mr Brahim CHERMITI, Institut Supérieur Agronomique - Chott-Mériem (TN) Ms Tülin KILIÇ, Plant Protection Research Institute (TR) Mr Antonio MONSERRAT, Servicio de Sanidad Vegetal. La Alberca-Murcia (ES) Mr Roel POTTING, Plant Protection Service- Wageningen (NL) Core members Mr Jose Maria GUITIAN CASTRILLON, TRAGSATEC - Madrid (ES) Ms Claire SANSFORD - Food and Environment Research Agency- York (GB) Secretariat Ms Muriel Suffert – EPPO Secretariat Ms Fabienne Grousset – Consultant for EPPO who has prepared the draft PRA. The PRA was further reviewed by the core members (Robert Steffek, Philippe Reynaud, Leif Sundheim, Dirk Jan Van der Gaag, Gritta Schrader, Alan MacLeod, Nursen Ustun, Lucio Montecchio, Françoise Petter) between 2011-12-05 and 2012-02-15. The risk management part was reviewed by the Panel on Phytosanitary Measures on 2012-03. Content (you may click on the title to reach the selected section) Initiation .......................................................................................................................................... 1 Pest categorization ......................................................................................................................... 6 Probability of entry of a pest ............................................................................................................ 8 Pathway 1: Fruits of tomato and eggplant from areas where K. lycopersicella occurs ............................... 10 Pathway 2: Packaging (i.e. crates or boxes used for picking and packing tomato and eggplant fruits) from areas where K. lycopersicella occurs .......................................................................................................... 16 Pathway 3: Plants for planting (except seeds) of tomato and eggplant from areas where K. lycopersicella occurs .......................................................................................................................................................... 18 Overall probability of entry ........................................................................................................................... 22 Probability of establishment .......................................................................................................... 23 Conclusion of introduction ............................................................................................................. 30 Probability of spread ..................................................................................................................... 31 Eradication, containment of the pest and transient populations ..................................................... 33 Assessment of potential economic consequences ........................................................................ 35 Degree of uncertainty and Conclusion of the pest risk assessment ............................................... 46 Pest Risk Management ................................................................................................................. 48 Pathway 1: Fruits of tomato and eggplant from where K. lycopersicella occurs ......................................... 48 Pathway 3: Plants for planting (except seeds) of tomato and eggplant from where K. lycopersicella occurs 54 7.45 - Conclusions of the Pest Risk Management stage............................................................................. 59 References ................................................................................................................................... 61 Annex 1 – Tomato, eggplant, potato. Data on production and area in the PRA area ..................... 66 Annex 2 – World Map of Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification .................................................... 72 Annex 3 - Climatic suitability of the PRA area for establishment of Keiferia lycopersicella ........... 73 Annex 4 - Natural enemies of Keiferia lycopersicella ..................................................................... 79 Initiation Stage 1: Initiation 1.01 - Give the reason for performing the PRA Identification of a single pest 1.02a - Name of the pest Keiferia lycopersicella (Walsingham) 1.02b - Indicate the type of the pest arthropod 1.02d - Indicate the taxonomic position Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Metazoa Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Lepidoptera Family: Gelechiidae Genus: Keiferia Species: lycopersicella (Walsingham) 1.03 - Clearly define the PRA area The PRA area is the EPPO region (see www.eppo.org for map and list of member countries). 1.04 - Does a relevant earlier PRA exist? yes A short PRA was prepared by the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality of the Netherlands in 2009, with the Netherlands as the PRA area (Potting, 2009). Shutova (2004 - article in Russian, only abstract consulted) estimated that the pest presented a risk of establishment in tomato fields in Moldova, Central Asian countries belonging to the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), and the South of Ukraine and Russia, and in tomato glasshouses in Ukraine, Bielorussia, Baltic countries and the central region of Russia. The PRA on Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (tomato leafminer) (Potting et al., 2010) was also used as both pests are Gelechiidae and have a similar biology and niche. 1.05 - Is the earlier PRA still entirely valid, or only partly valid (out of date, applied in different circumstances, for a similar but distinct pest, for another area with similar conditions)? not entirely valid The earlier PRA is a short PRA limited to the Netherlands. It needed to be extended to a full PRA for the whole EPPO region. 1.06 - Specify all host plant species. Indicate the ones which are present in the PRA area. All known hosts belong to the family Solanaceae. 1 Initiation 1. Cultivated hosts Tomato Tomato is the main host of K. lycopersicella according to most (Solanum esculentum Mill.) publications cited in this PRA. L. esculentum var. cerasieforme (cherry tomato) is also a host (e.g. Schuster, 1989). In laboratory trials, Batiste & Olson (1973) demonstrated that K. lycopersicella preferred tomato for oviposition over 12 other solanaceous plant species. Larvae feed on foliage and fruit. Eggplant The pest is occasionally reported eggplant (e.g. Henry & Rudert, 1975; (Solanum melongena L.) Poe, 1973). Thomas (1936, cited in Keifer, 1937) noted that damage on eggplant crops occurred when these were adjacent to infested tomato crops. Three recent publications refer to K. lycopersicella as a significant pest of eggplant: USDA (2010) lists it among major pests of eggplant in Florida; in Guyana, the Farmers Manual on eggplant (Ministry of Agriculture of Guyana, undated) reports it as a common pest of eggplant (feeding on leaves and sometimes attacking flowers and fruits), while the corresponding manual for tomato does not mention the pest; Sparks & Riley (2011) recommend plant protection products for control on eggplant in Georgia (USA). Potato The pest is occasionally reported on potato (e.g. Saunders et al., 1998; (Solanum tuberosum L.) Henry & Rudert, 1975; Poe, 1973). From the publications available, potato seems less commonly attacked than eggplant. Elmore & Howland (1943) mention that damage on potato (larvae feeding on foliage) is not common but sometimes reported. Solanum torvum Sw. This tropical weed, also cultivated for its fruits in tropical regions (and (Susumber, gully bean) apparently used as rootstock for eggplant), is reported as being infested by K. lycopersicella in Jamaica (Henry & Rudert, 1975). This is the only mention of this plant as a host. 2. Wild hosts No consolidated list of wild hosts of K. lycopersicella was found, but the following Solanum spp. are mentioned as hosts in the literature: S. americanum var. nodiflorum (Henry & Rudert, 1975, but see uncertainties under point 5 below), S. bahamese L. (Poe, 1973); S. carolinense L. (Poe, 1973, Thomas, 1936, cited in Keifer, 1937; Ferguson & Shipp, 2009), S. puberolum (Ramirez et al., 1989), S. viarum Dunal (tropical soda apple, weed and invasive; Cuda et al., 2002, reporting that it sustains