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Annales du Bureau des longitudes (1877-1949) MARTINA SCHIAVON L.H.S.P. – Archives Henri Poincaré (UMR 7117 – CNRS) Université de Lorraine (France) Circulating Mathematics via Journals: The Rise of Internationalisation 1850-1920 Conference at the Mittag-Leffler Institute, Wednesday, 22 June 2016 Djursholm • Titles : Key elements 1877 : Annales du Bureau des longitudes et de l’observatoire astronomique de Montsouris 1882 Annales du Bureau des longitudes : travaux faits à l’observatoire astronomique de Montsouris (section navale) et mémoires diverses >1911 Annales du Bureau des longitudes 1949 in collaboration with the CNRS • Publisher (and Redaction Schiavon M. committee) : Bureau des longitudes Associated publisher : Ministère de la Marine • Printer : Jean-Albert Gauthier- Villars • Publication : 1877 – 1949 Digitized © Gallica (13th numbers) Plan • Why the Annales ? • Testing a periodization - crossing various elements on the diffusion of the Annales • Why the end ? M. Schiavon Schiavon M. Plan • Why the Annales ? • Testing a periodization - crossing various elements on the diffusion of the Annales • Why the end ? M. Schiavon Schiavon M. Reading the Bureau des longitudes minutes (1877-1878) « Les procès-verbaux du Bureau des longitudes. Un patrimoine numérisé (1795-1932) » http://bdl.ahp-numerique.fr/ • Minute of the 24th Mai 1876: « Il est donné lecture au bureau d'une lettre de monsieur le ministre de la marine accordant une subvention annuelle de deux mille francs pour la publication dans les annales du bureau des observations faites par les officiers de marine attachés à l'observatoire de MontSouris ». (©“Bureau des Longitudes - Séance du mercredi 24 mai 1876”, Les procès-verbaux du Bureau des longitudes , consulté le 13 juin 2016, http://purl.oclc.org/net/bdl/items/show/3269). • Minute of the 31 January 1877: Schiavon M. « Monsieur Yvon Villarceau demande que d'après une décision prise l'année dernière le bureau [barré : de] arrête aujourd'hui les mémoires à insérer dans la Connaissance des Temps pour 1879. Il est répondu que par des décisions ultérieures du bureau il a été convenu que les mémoires et rapports insérés autrefois dans la Connaissance des Temps, sous le titre d'additions, n'y figurerait plus à cause de l'ampleur que cela donnait au volumes ; mais formeraient l'objet d'une publication spéciale appelée Annales du bureau des Longitudes. » (©“Bureau des Longitudes - Séance du mercredi 31 janvier 1877”, Les procès- verbaux du Bureau des longitudes , consulté le 13 juin 2016, http://purl.oclc.org/net/bdl/items/show/3307). On the Bureau des longitudes • From 1795, the Bureau des longitudes is charged of the publication of the Annuaire du Bureau des longitudes and of the Connaissance des temps. • The Annales are published to report on the work of the Montsouris observatory (established from 1877 at Monstouris Park) : the Bureau has a role of « principal publisher » … • The Annales are different from the Annuaire : Annuaire : to be published each year, with a calendar and the Schiavon M. abstract of the events of the precedent year, with various commercial, science, State, etc. information. • There are many Annales published at the middle of the 19th Century : see the minutes : Annales de mathématiques de M. …; Annales hydrographiques; Annales de l’observatoire ...; Annales maritimes et coloniales ; Annales de physique et de météorologie de l’observatoire ...; Annales de la société astronomique … The Ministère de la Marine (principally) defrayed for the Annales • 24/05/1876 : Navy accorded 1000 F to publish the observation made in the practical astronomical school of Montsouris Park • 14/02/1877 : Urgency to make the Connaissance des temps des longitudes the Minutes of the Minutes the lighter : i.e. Laplace, Lagrange, Poisson, Liouville, Poinsot, Le Verrier memories are necessary to celebrate the journal but Bureau Bureau have no direct relation with the practical work on board and From made “heavy the CDT” • 28/03/1877 : to edify the Montsouris observatory Loewy and Mouchez reported that “the Ministère de la Marine provides the Bureau” of 2200 F ; the municipality of Paris an annual grant Schiavon of 3000 F (more that 10.000 F to establish the Montsouris M. observatory). • 11/04/1877 : Faye “thanks the president of the municipal counsel [Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand, father of his son-in], for his generosity in favor of the observatory of Montsouris Park”… The observatory at Montsouris Park (1875-1914) ) Boistel Observatory Guy see Bureau ( The The BDL wants its astronomical laboratory (after 1854). The Observatory is linked to the Bureau Schiavon from 1874 until 1886. M. Pavillon Bey (Exposition universelle 1876) : from 1871 is Palais du Bardo (meteo) Plan • Why the Annales ? • Testing a periodization - crossing various elements on the diffusion of the Annales • Why the end ? • Some Conclusions M. Schiavon Schiavon M. Source © Gallica M. Schiavon Schiavon M. ANNALES DU BUREAU DES LONGITUDES NUMBERS OF PUBLICATION : 13 (ON 72 YEARS OF EXISTENCE) What about the publisher ? • Jean-Albert Gauthier-Villars (1828-1898), ancient pupil of the Ecole polytechnique, bought in 1864 the editorial house “Bachelier” (then Mallet-Bachelier) founded in 1790 by Jean Marie Courcier. • The publisher has been recognized by the Bureau des longitudes as the official for the Connaissance des temps and of the Annuaire from 1795. Albert-Paul Gauthier-Villars (1861-1918), ancient pupil of the Ecole polytechnique and the son of Jean-Albert, took the succession. • Gauthier-Villars was the official publisher for “French mathematical science” (Annales scientifiques de l’Ecole normale supérieure - since Schiavon M. 1864, Bulletin des sciences mathématiques - since 1870, Bulletin de la Société mathématique de France -since 1873). • The minutes of the Bureau des longitudes reported about the negotiation between Gauthier-Villars and its members (Faye, Loewy, Mouchez, Poincaré, Janssen…) : the discussion about the edition of the CDT, the Annuaire and the Annales or the printer workers strake of July 1878 (work in progress…) 1) Articles are regrouped in “sections” (i.e. Travaux de Making a database l’observatoire, Rapports, Mémoires..). The numeration starts again at each section, adding to the number a letter (i.e. page A.1-A.32; B.1 etc.). There is no sense to use the « Table des matières » to make a database : an Report may be of 270 pages – a whole number (see for instance, the Report on the transit of Venus in front of the Sun or the Report on an international meeting…). In these conditions one may asked “if” and “which” kind of typesetting and layout may do Gauthier-Villars … 2) I take the name of the principal author of the paper (i.e. : during the observation of the transit of Venus in front of the Sun, many people participated to the mission – observers, computers, teachers ... I take the names of the “responsible” (chef) of the expedition and of the principal observers). 3) Many “unknown authors” : i.e. computers and mariners who have no right to enter into the “official” biographical encyclopedias of astronomers…. 4) Typical professions of authors : computer, observer, mathematician-astronomer, churchmen, … 5) I crossed the entries with the “Biographies of astronomers” by Schiavon Philippe Veron, Biographical encyclopedia of astronomers M. (Springer), National archives (i.e. series F 17, “Leonore” - the Légion d’honneur folders, Guy Boistel publications on the Connaissance des temps, other web database such as the Minutes of the Bureau des longitudes, the Annuaire du Bureau des longitudes on Gallica), … The database • ~ 104 authors • A look to theirs formation : • Military (or Navy) : 41 (39%) • Civil engineer : 2 • Ph.D. : 36 (35%) • ENS only : 4 M. Schiavon Schiavon M. • Career of astronomer : 11 (10%) • Jesuit or churchmen : 3 • Unknown … • Fault : astronomer – mathematician or military or “career of astronomer” ? Testing a periodization : 1. 1887-1889 : 35 articles (3 numbers) Principal Content : Computer astronomy (« Réduction des observations des passages », « Détermination d’ascension droite, de latitude » and « Tables de réduction méridienne»); Earth- science (« Différence des longitudes », « magnetic measurement ») ; Travaux l’observatoire 2. 1890-1910 : 14 articles (3 numbers) Principal content : Astronomy (computation, observation of astronomical events, tables) ; Earth-science (magnetism, meteorology, longitude with telegraph and wireless, technical questions, distribution of hour, seismography) ; Decimalization Schiavon M. of time. 3. 1911-1919 : 40 articles (4 numbers) Principal content : astronomy ; earth-science (+ distribution and international conference on time, magnetism, radio naval equipment) 4. 1920-1949 : 10 articles (3 numbers) Principal content : astronomy ; earth-science (+theory of tides, celestial mechanic) ; paper of Hamy 1882, Yvon-Villarceau Antoine M. Schiavon Schiavon M. 1833, Conservatoire musique de Paris, 1837, pupil of the Ecole centrale, self-educated in mathematic applied to astronomy, enter the Parisian Observatory with Arago in 1846…. 1890, Ossian Bonnet 1838 enters the Ecole Polytechnique, then Ecole des Ponts et Chaussées, Schiavon M. he renounces to teach mathematic ; 1852 Ph.D. at the Sorbonne (Sur le développement des fonctions en séries ordonnées) ; 1871 he is director of studies at X ; 1878 he’s removed from his poste and he succeeded Le Verrier in the chair of physical astronomy (PV). ? 1933, Maurice Hamy, only ‘astronomer’? M. Schiavon Schiavon M. « Licence de mathématiques et de
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  • The Leiden Observatory and the Bureau Des Longitudes, C.1860-1900 Karel Davids

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    The Leiden Observatory and the Bureau des longitudes, c.1860-1900 Karel Davids To cite this version: Karel Davids. The Leiden Observatory and the Bureau des longitudes, c.1860-1900. 2019. hal- 03223961 HAL Id: hal-03223961 https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/hal-03223961 Submitted on 11 May 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike| 4.0 International License The Leiden Observatory and the Bureau des longitudes, c.1860-1900 Karel Davids One of the foreign scientists appointed as correspondant of the Bureau des longitudes at the end of the nineteenth century was the director of the observatory of the University of Leiden in the Netherlands, Hendrik Gerard van de Sande Bakhuyzen (1838-1923). Van de Sande Bakhuyzen’s appointment in 1894 was the climax of growing contacts between Leiden and Paris, which began under Van de Sande’s predecessor, Frederik Kaiser (1808-1872). Figure 1 - "De Sterrewacht" gezien vanaf de Witte Singel. L’Observatoire vu du Witte Singel (Source: Wikipedia) Kaiser
  • Standardisation of Time and Accurate Determination of Exact Time ⑴

    Standardisation of Time and Accurate Determination of Exact Time ⑴

    STANDARDISATION OF TIME AND ACCURATE DETERMINATION OF EXACT TIME ⑴. by Commander H. BENCKER, Technical Assistant I.H.B. U n ific a tio n o f tim e . In the national field, this problem has been exercising the minds of clocK makers especially since 1850. In 1867，the astronomer Leverrier planned a ßystem for the synchronization of various Paris public clocKs by the Observatory. This scheme was put off until 1879. 、 ^ In the International field, following the Metre Convention of May 20, 1875, Sir Sandiord Fleming proposed that time should be unified in 1879. The International Geodetic Congress of Rome in 1883, suggested the adoption of the same fondamental, meridian of origin for all countries. The Washington Meridian Conference, of 1884，advocated the division of the earth into 24 zones or time belts and adopted the Greenwich international fundamental meridian (Prime Meridien) (2). Local mean time, however, continued to be legal in France until March 14 1891, when Paris mean time was adopted as “ legal time ” for the whole territory. The first radio­ télégraphie time signals broadcast by the Eiffel Tower station, at the instigation of Commander Guyou and Hydrographic engineer Bouquet de la Grye, were transmitted from March 23，1910 under this regime, which continued for 20 years, until March 9, 1911, the date of the adoption in France of universal time and international system of 24 time zones centred on Greenwich (following the International Conference on time zones, of 1911), although the question had been referred io the Chamber of Deputies ever since the year 1898 and the Senate had expressed a favorable opinion on the subject in December 1910.