English Empower, Vol.03 No.02 61

DEVELOPING LOCAL STORIES OF TO BE AN AUTHENTIC ENGLISH READING TEXTS

Nurul Fitriyah Almunawaroh English Lecturer of Faculty of Teacher Training and Education Study Program, Tamansiswa University of Palembang [email protected]

Kuntum Trilestari* English Lecturer of Faculty of Teacher Training and Education Study Program, Tamansiswa University of Palembang [email protected]

Abstract: Many local stories of Palembang are published in the internet and some of them are translated by using google translate which are having lots of errors in grammatical form and the words choice are not suitable. Not only in term of grammar, some of the texts are not valid based on the history part. Unfortunately, when we search some of the history places, culture of even special food of Palembang at the official website of Department of Culture and Tourism Palembang, there only few stories uploaded. The aims of the study are ; 1) to find out the total number of Published local stories of Palembang; 2) to find out the authenticity or originality of local stories of Palembang available on the internet and other media; and 3) to find out the validity of local stories of Palembang available on the Internet or in other media in term of diction, grammar, readability, availability, and accuracy? The findings of the study hopefully can be used as the authentic English reading texts for public and school needs. There are sixteen texts translated in English and the readability also found to give the information of reading level of the texts.

Keywords: Local stories of Palembang, English reading authentics text, readability

INTRODUCTION of this capital city fits with its tophography Palembang is one of seventeen regencies which is surrounded or even covered by in Province. Not only water from river, crater, and rain. known as capital city of the province, it is Nowadays, there are 52.24 % places also known as the oldest city in covered by water (Data Statistics, 1990). that has been existed about 1382 years as That is the reason why ancestors named shown in Sriwijaya Inscription known as this city Palembang. Kedukan Bukit Inscription (Palembang , connected the north Government, 2016). On 16th of June 682, river bank (seberang ilir) and south river Wanua is also known as the former name of bank (seberang ulu) of Musi river, is world Palembang given by the ruler. Based on widely known as the landmark of Malay dictionary, “pa” or “pe” means a Palembang. The landmark was first known place and “lembang” or “lembeng” means as Bung Karno Bridge and later was lowland, so Palembang means a swollen renamed as Ampera Bridge. The center root covered by water for a long time. span of the bridge was liftable to allow Meanwhile based on Melayu-Palembang ships of up to 44.5 in height to pass in 1970, language, Palembang means a place but 30 minutes lifting time of the center covered by water derived from “lembang” span of the bridge led to deactivated of the or “lembeng” meaning puddle. The name function. Todays, the bridge, located in the English Empower, 62 Vol.03 No.02 middle of city, is functioned as short route suffering mandate). Why is it named so? It to connect sebrang ilir (north part) and is because it took sorrows of the people in sebrang ulu (south part) of the city. Palembang when the construction was 2011 was the year when Palembang was conducted. Beside Ampera Bridge, there is responsible as one of the host cities of 26th also Kemaro Island. This island is also a Southeast Asian Games. To fulfill the historical place, where a Chinese man and a requirement to be the host of the event, the Moslem woman met and fell in love. government built Jakabaring Sport City Nowadays, it is a place where a famous where almost all the facilities for the event Chinese temple is. There are many more are in, including venues and stadiums. The historical places in Palembang namely, opening ceremony was held on 11 rumah apung (floating/rafting houses in November 2011 and the closing ceremony Musi river bank), Pasar 16 (traditional was held on 22 November 2011. There market), Pasar Cinde (traditional market), were 11 countries and 4965 athletes Monpera (people's suffering monument), participating in this Games (Palembang Al-Qur'an raksasa (the great holly Qur'an), Government, 2016). Indonesia was in the Taman Purbakala, and many others. first place in winning the tally medals In spite of the fact that Palembang is rich followed by Thailand and Vietnam. The with historical places, monuments, and games were considered successful along landmarks, the legality, readability, with the rising standard of competition validity, availability, and accuracy of the amongst the Southeast Asian nations and histories or stories themselves are still the promotion of the endangered Komodo questionable. The government has not yet lizard as the mascot. published the stories or histories legally. Due to the accomplishment of 26th Based on online search engine of the local Southeast Asian Games in Palembang and library (South Sumatra library) there is Jakarta, Palembang along Jakarta are again only one book entitled “Tales from going to be the city hosts of the Asian Indonesian Folklore” written by Zuber Games in 2018. More countries, 45 Usman which is written in English. There countries, are going to join this games is none of the content is a folklore from (Palembang Government, 2016). It means Palembang. Moreover, there are only few more athletes will participate. Many local stories (folklore) of Palembang in components are needed to be considered Indonesian version that has been published for the success of this coming Asian for example folklore written by Koko P. Games. One of them is the knowledge of Bhairawa and Purhendi entitled “Cerita Palembang history. Through the event, rakyat Dari Palembang (Sumatera Palembang will have a chance to show the Selatan)”. There is also one published book world its wonderful land. In that case, the entitled “Rencana induk Taman Purbakala knowledge of Palembang stories, i.e. Sriwijaya di Karanganyar, Palembang” in history of a place, folklore, and landmark which some of the book parts tell about the need to be considered as main weapon to history of the place. Even though there are promote historical tourism places in some published books of Palembang Palembang through Asian Games. stories, but they are not enough to fulfill the There are many historical places or needs of Palembang stories for tourism landmark in Palembang that are potential promotion and education development in to become famous. As explained, one of Palembang, moreover they are not yet them is Ampera Bridge. Ampera Bridge is written or published in English version. not only famous because of its existence In another case, some stories or histories but also the history of that bridge is very of Palembang in English version have been interesting. The word “Ampera” stands for spread on the internet, however they have Amanat Penderitaan Rakyat (people's different versions with those from the Almunawaroh & Trilestari, Developing local stories of Palembang to be an authentic English reading texts 63 original places. The different version spelling. More example is “Kemaro Island disturbs the originality of the stories. For is lies in between the industrial areas of example, the folklore of “Kemaro Island” Sriwijaya Fertilizer Plant and Pertamina in two different websites. Some parts of the Oil Refinery in Plaju and Gerong River.” story are different and lead to the problem The underlined words indicate the error in in authenticity of the story. On one website grammar, it must be “lies” without “is”. It entitled “Indonesia Folklore”, it is written is a big problem if it is used by students that, “To cover the gold from the thieves, who have not mastered English Grammar the parents put some vegetables on top of yet. the gold”. It is different from the other Offering the authentic text of Palembang website entitled “Tourism”, the same scene stories in English version must be has different point that, “To keep the gold considered to avoid the problems. from pirates, the gold covered jar with Authentic reading is a term which is more pickled mustard greens”. This problem widespread than before in language will lead to reader confusion and the teaching. Based on Callison and Lamb authenticity of the story. (2004) authentic means "genuine, real, and The last crucial problem in Palembang true" (p.34). Berardo (2006) explains stories available on the internet is some authenticity as a communication between stories that have been translated to English the reader and the text. The historical have not yet been validated in case of places, landmarks, monuments, and other readability, grammar, and story accuracy. traditional things can be introduced to the Everyone is offered freedom to write any participants and tourists of Asian Games stories or even only copy and paste the 2018 through authentic texts of the stories. stories on the internet. No one can While visiting the places or before visiting guarantee the validity of the text or the places, they will have had knowledge stories. Problems will appear when tourists about the stories behind those places. are interested in Palembang stories yet they Beside as an important component in have no choice to find the credible source promoting historical tourism places and but only on the internet. They will find traditional things in Palembang in Asian difficulties in understanding the texts in the Games 2018, the authentic text of stories which have not yet been validated. Palembang stories can facilitate students to Translating the original version of a text learn more in which it can be implemented into English version is not an instant as teaching and learning materials in process. It needs skills of comprehending Education in Indonesia. Lestariningsih, the text of both original and target Putri, Darmawijoyo (2012) conducted a language. Furthermore, similar problem study entitled “The Legend of Kemaro will be encountered by the students who Island for Supporting Students in Learning use the stories in their study. Those who Average”. They found out that Indonesian will use the story will have problem in folklore context can support students to realizing the grammatical error, the develop their knowledge in the concept of readability of the text, and the accuracy of average. It can also be used as the reference the story. Here is one example that shows in history, English and tourism subjects. grammatical error and spelling error of Authentic English reading texts of Palembang stories available on the internet Palembang stories is necessary element in one website named “Indonesian- used both in promoting Palembang tourism Tourism.com”. The text is about Kemaro in Asian Games 2018 and boosting Island that is “This island is located in a education development in Palembang. smaal delta of Musi River, about 6km Objectives of the study are: 1) to find out downstream of Ampera Bridge.” The error the total number of Published local stories is underlined and it indicates an error in of Palem b a n g; 2) to find out the English Empower, 64 Vol.03 No.02 authenticity or originality of local stories of a scientist might inspire a young student to Palembang available on the internet and persevere and work diligently for tens of other media; and 3) to find out the validity years in the quest to understand something of local stories of Palembang available on new. the Internet or in other media in term of It is conventionally understood that diction, grammar, readability, availability, history or story gives a group of people and accuracy? By considering the big (e.g., a nation or state) a sense of identity. event, Asian Games 2018, the cultures and For that reason, schools commonly require local stories of Palembang, the problem in that pupils be taught the local national local stories of Palembang original source history. Teaching national history can be a and validity, and the necessity of authentic good idea. The content of national history English reading texts of local stories of textbooks seems to be to glorify the nation, Palembang, the writers are interested in to explain why “we” are better than anyone conducting a qualitative study entitled else, and to justify why we should impose “Developing Local Stories of Palembang our religion, our system of government, to be an Authentic English Reading Texts.” and our values on other people in other parts of the world. In this sense, national LITERATURE REVIEW history is transformed, from an honest The Importance of Palembang History intellectual understanding of both good and Folklore and bad accomplishments, into dogma and History is a chronological record of jingoism. Once a nation believes that they significant events (as affecting a nation or are better than anyone else, they have an institution) often including an explanation easy excuse to invade their neighbors or to of their causes (Meriam-Webster, 2017). smite anyone who irritates them. A more Story is a part of history which can be in credible way of studying national history is form of an account of incidents or event, or to read books written by historians who are a fictional narrative shorter than a novel citizens of other countries, who look at a such as short story. nation from outside, which gives those A study of history or story shows that historians more objective. people, both individually and as groups or nations, repeatedly encounter the same The Importance of Readability of kinds of problems. If we understand how Reading Text and why we responded to a particular Readability is what makes some texts problem in the past, and if we also easier to read than others. George Klare understand the results of that past response. (1963) defines readability as “the ease of We can develop a better response when the understanding or comprehension due to the problem occurs again. In this context, style of writing.” This definition focuses on history is useful to predict the results of a writing style as separate from issues such contemplated response to a problem. Take as content, coherence, and organization. Ampera Bridge for example, because of the Similarly, according to Richards, et al. history of the 30 minutes wait of pulling the (1992, p.306), readability means "how middle of the bridge, so in some years later easily written materials can be read and the machine which was so heavy was understood. This depends on several removed to avoid possible accident. factors including the average length of History can be inspirational: reading sentences, the number of new words about the courage of some hero may inspire contained, and the grammatical complexity a reader to be courageous — and probably of the language used in a passage." wind up as a martyr, since people in power McLaghlin (1969), the creator of the resent challenges by courageous or SMOG readability formula, defined principled people. Reading a biography of readability as "the degree to which a given Almunawaroh & Trilestari, Developing local stories of Palembang to be an authentic English reading texts 65 class of people who find certain reading An authentic text is usually taken to matter compelling and comprehensible." mean a text which was not written for the Generally, Dale and Chall's (1949) define it language classroom, and which hasn't been as "The sum total (including all the messed with – it retains its original interactions) of all those elements within a vocabulary and grammar, and bits of the given piece of printed material that affect text have not been cut out (Oxford the success a group of reader have with it. University Press ELT, 2014). Preferably it The success is the extent to which they is unprocessed, i.e. not retyped, so it still understand it, read it at an optimal speed, looks the same as it always did: the same and find it interesting.” font and graphics. In other words, authentic To avoid mismatch, educators need a texts are written for any purpose other than tool to check if a given text would be language learning, and are intact rather readable by its intended audience. than processed, adapted, or simplified. Inventing such tools has been the primary Authentic Reading is reading a variety focus of readability research for the past 90 of text for real purposes. Authentic reading years (Kondru, 2006). Readability is most like that which occurs in everyday formulas were originally created to predict life. Authentic Reading includes (Compre- the reading difficulty associated with text. hensive K-12 Literacy Model): To put it in another way, "a readability a) reading that is meaningful, relevant, formula is an equation that gives an and useful to the reader; estimate of the readability of a text. The b) supporting readers with a print-rich estimate is generally in terms of the environment; number of years of education one needs to c) providing choice within a variety of have to comprehend that text" (Kondru, forms and genres; 2006, p.7). d) having the opportunity to interact with Readability is useful because it helps others in response to the text; educators select appropriate texts for e) focusing on communicating ideas or students and readers. Moreover, as Seaton shared understandings; (1975 as cited in Rezaei, 2000) explains, f) providing authentic meaning-making communication presupposes comprehen- experiences: for pleasure, to be sion, but the increasing variety, volume, informed, or to perform a task. and complexity of written materials make understanding becomes problem. There- The Benefits of Authentic English fore, readability focuses on the linguistic Reading Text toward Teaching and factors such as word length and sentence Learning Process in School and length. University Authentic materials have more natural The Importance of Authenticity of language and reflect real life. Authentic Reading Text materials help students to bridge the gap According to Callison and Lamb between the classroom and the outside (2004) authentic means "genuine, real, world. Many students enroll in school to and true" (p.34). “Reading is considered to learn or improve a language related task, be an ongoing interaction, going such as helping a child with homework or beyond the physical context of the text, speaking English at work. Others enroll looking for meaning as well as because they have personal long-term processing information" (p.63). News- goals, especially in university level that papers, magazines, TV programs, movies, involve education, such as becoming an songs, literature and internet are engineer or business owner. In working considered as some examples of authentic with new students, teachers need to sources (Berardo, 2006). identify why students have come to class. English Empower, 66 Vol.03 No.02

When teachers know learners' motivations, learner participation in learning, enhanced they can target instruction to meet those learner grammar and lexicon knowledge goals. A key way to help learners reach through self-discovery, and the expansion their goals is to use authentic, goal-directed of learner awareness about language and materials. differences between written and spoken Authentic material refers to those taken mediums (Murdoch, 1999, p. 2). Guariento from real life sources and they are not & Morley (2001) also believe that designed for teaching and learning exposing learners to real language and purposes. The most common sources of getting new and real information can authentic materials that can be used in the increase their motivation. classroom are newspaper, magazine, In general, using authentic materials in songs, literature and materials from the the classroom has some advantages internet. Wallace (1998, p.145) defines (Berardo, 2006, p. 64) that are having a authentic texts as “real-life texts, not positive effect on student motivation, written for pedagogic processes”. One of giving authentic cultural information, the main purposes of using authentic exposing students to real language, relating materials in the classroom is to “expose” more closely to students' needs, supporting students to as much real language as a more creative approach to teaching. possible. Therefore, the students can gain real information and know what is going on METHOD in the world around them. Method of the Study Moreover, an advantage of taking a In this study qualitative analysis is used. complete newspaper or magazine into Qualitative data analysis is the process in classroom, instead of photocopies of an which we move from the raw data that have article, is that students can actually choose been collected as part of the research study what they want to read. They are much and use it to provide explanations, more likely to read with enthusiasm if they understanding and interpretation of the have made decision about what they want phenomena, people and situations which to read. Authentic materials are often more we are studying. The aim of analyzing interesting because they reflect real life qualitative data is to examine the phenomena. It is in line with Brown (1999) meaningful and symbolic content of that that the learners are more eager to learn which is found within. when the language is authentic or meaningful. It is supported by Nuttall Operational Definition (1996, p.172) who states that “authentic Local Stories of Palembang texts can be motivating because the Story refers to account of past event or language is used for real life purposes by account of imaginary events (Oxford real people”. Moreover, they have a Dictionary, 2017). Local stories of positive effect on comprehension and Palembang in this study refer to story or learner satisfaction (Berardo, 2006). Thus, history of historical places, monuments, it can be implied that the use of authentic landmark, traditional foods and clothes materials affect the students' reading that Palembang have. Such as the history of comprehension. Ampera Bridge, the story of pempek, the Today it is emphasized that teachers use story of Kemaro Island, the story of Kain authentic texts in the classroom instead of Songket, the history of MONPERA, the simplified ones, because it is believed that story of Rumah Limas, and others. they can expose the students to "real language" (Berardo, 2006, p. 60). It is also English Reading Authentic believed that applying authentic texts in the Authentic material refers to those taken classroom will lead to the increase in from real life sources. The most common Almunawaroh & Trilestari, Developing local stories of Palembang to be an authentic English reading texts 67 sources of authentic materials are 4. Validating the grammatical aspects of newspaper, magazine, songs, literature and the Indonesian version of the stories materials from the internet. Wallace (1998, through validators. p.145) defines authentic texts as real-life 5. Translating the stories into target texts. language, English. English reading authentic text in this 6. Measuring the readability of the texts. study is set of stories of historical places, monuments, landmark, traditional foods In collecting the data the writer used all and clothes that Palembang have taken printed or registered texts, books, or from the internet, magazine, story books, magazine related to Palembang stories and and other media. Those stories will be officially noted at tourism department, validated in term of diction, grammar, language institute, local library, and readability, availability, and accuracy, so Palembang government. later those stories will be transformed into In analyzing the data, the writer used English reading authentic text in a form of content analysis. Content analysis is a a magazine and book. research technique used to make replicable and valid inferences by interpreting and English Reading Authentic Text as coding textual material. By systematically Reference evaluating texts (e.g., documents, oral English reading authentic text as communication, and graphics), qualitative reference refers to the product of this study data can be converted into quantitative which is a magazine and a book about data. To analyse the readability of reading Palembang stories. The magazine can be texts, the researchers use the online reference in developing teaching and aplication of Flash-kincaid readability learning materials especially in history, which can be accesed online at English, tourism, even math and also can http://www.readabilityformulas.com/free- be the information source of Palembang readability-formula-tests.php. stories covering historical places, land- marks, monuments, folklores, traditional RESULTS foods and clothes. Findings The List of Local Stories of Palembang Objects of the Study and Types of the Stories The objects of this study are Palembang In this study there were seventeen (17) local stories of Palembang chosen to be stories covering historical places, land- analyzed ranged from the story about marks, monuments, folklores, traditional culinary, places, histories, and cultural. foods and clothes. After being validated the number of the In the process of the study the writers stories was decreased to sixteen (16) accomplish several steps as follow: stories only in which Punti Kayu, place- 1. Collecting Palembang stories in form typed story, was excluded from the list of texts, books, or magazine from because the story got was not true tourism department, language according to the raters. Table 1 represents institute, local library, and Palembang the named and the types of local stories of government. Palembang. 2. Identifying the type of the stories In order to get good quality of reading (historical places, traditional foods authentic texts, the researchers as and clothes, landmark, or folklore). validators of Bahasa Indonesia Expert 3. Interviewing the humanists regarding from Language Center of South Sumatra to the authenticity or validity of the Province (Balai Bahasa Provinsi Sumatra stories and type of the stories (fiction Selatan). The aim of it is to check the or nonfiction). punctuation, standard words used in the English Empower, 68 Vol.03 No.02

Table 1. Names and Types of Palembang S tories

No. Name of Stor y Type of Stor y 1. Pempek 2. Tekwan, Celimpungan, Lak san Culinary 3. Tempoya k 4. M usi Rive r 5. Kuto Besa k 6. Palembang Agun Mg osque s 7. Pasar 16 Ilir Palemba ng Place 8. Kemaro Islan d 9. The Sriwijaya Kingdom Tourism Park 10. Al-Qur’an Al Akbar M use um 11. M onper a 12. Balaputra Dewa M use um History 13. Sriwijaya Footprint in Bukit Sigun tang 14. Palembang’s Traditional dWdieng Clothe s 15. Songke t Cultura l 16. Limas Hous e

Table 2. The Sources of the Texts . No Reading Text Sources 1 Pempek Artikel Yudhy Syarofie; Pempek, Merunut Sagu Talang Tuo dan Kekayaan Mus i 2 Tekwan, Celimpungan, Artikel Yudhy Syarofie; Pempek, Merunut Sagu Laksan Talang Tuwo dan Kekayaan Mus i 3 Tempoyak Sripoku.com 4 Musi River Department of Tourism and Culture 5 Kuto Besak Department of Tourism and Culture 6 Palembang Agung Buku Masjid Kuno di Sumatera Selatan. 2011. Mosques Yudhy Syarofie 7 Pasar 16 Ilir Palembang Department of Tourism and Culture 8 Kemaro Island Department of Tourism and Culture 9 The Sriwijaya Kingdom Department of Tourism and Culture Tourism Park 10 Al-Qur’an Al Akbar Tribun Sumsel Museum 11 Monpera Sriwijaya Post 12 Balaputra Dewa Museum Tribunnews.com 13 Sriwijaya Footprint in Tribunnews.com Bukit Siguntang 14 Palembang’s Traditional Yudhy Syarofie. 2013. Pakaian Adat Pengantin Wedding Clothes di Sumatera Selatan 15 Songket Tribunnews.com 16 Limas House Yudhy Syarofie. 2012. Rumah Limas dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Arsitektur Indies di Sumatera Selatan.

6

Almunawaroh & Trilestari, Developing local stories of Palembang to be an authentic English reading texts 69 text, words choice and errors in typing an and laksan, and tempoyak are good to be based on based on the prevailing language the authentic reading text. rules. This is also to help the researchers to translate the authentic reading texts into The Validity of Place-typed Story Reading English. Texts Palembang riches with its tourism The Authenticity of the Reading Texts places which is the reason why there were Cultural, culinary, historical, and Place seven (7) places involving in this study. – typed local stories of Palembang were The following Table 4 shows the data taken from various resources to be represents the validity of the eight stories. convinced that texts picked were authentic. The data of place-typed reading text The following Table 2 depicts information depicted that reading texts of Al-Qur'an Al the sources and types of the sources of the Akbar museum and Palembang Agung texts. Mosque got 4.6 points for the story originality. There are also 4 reading texts The Validity of the Reading Texts which got 4.5 points for story originality The Validity of Culinary-typed Story they are Musi River, Kuto Besak, Pasar 16 Reading Texts Ilir Palembang and The Sriwijaya There were three (3) reading texts taken Kingdom Tourism Park. Kemaro Island got from culinary-typed Palembang stories 4.3 point for the story of originality. It can that have medium to high level of validity be seen that all reading texts in Table 4 got 4 after revision. The following Table 3 points in hosroty originality. It can be depicts the validity of culinary-typed concluded that all reading texts are good to Palembang story. be the authentic reading text. Based on the data on Table 3 reading text regarding Pempek had 4.3 point for story originality and 4 point for history The Validity of Historical-typed Story originality. Tekwan, celimpungan and Reading Texts laksan had 4.1 point for story originality The three selected historical place texts and 4 point for history originality. For of Palembang were analyzed for its validity tempoyak, story originality got 4.6 point ranging from medium high to high level of while history originality got 4 point. It validity. The following Table 5 shows the means the reading texts of Pempek, content validity of the historical places Palembang culinary: Tekwan, celimpung- selected.

Table 3. The Validity of Culinar-ytyped Story Reading Text s

Culinary-typed Sub-components Score Scale Description Story Story Originality 4.3 4 Good Pempek History Originality 4 4 Good Tekwan, Celim- Story Originality 4.1 4 Good pungan, Laksan History Originality 4 4 Good Story Originality 4.6 4 Good Tempoyak History Originality 4 4 Good

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Table 4. The Validity of Plac-etyped Story Reading Tex ts Place-typed Sub- components Score Scale Description Story Story Originality 4.5 4 Good Musi Rive r History Originalit y 4 4 Good Story Originality 4.5 4 Good Kuto Besak History Originalit y 4 4 Good Palembang Story Originality 4.6 4 Good Agung Mosqu e History Originalit y 4 4 Good Pasar 16 Ilir Story Originality 4.5 4 Good Palembang History Originalit y 4 4 Good Story Originality 4.3 4 Good Kemaro Island History Originalit y 4 4 Good The Sriwijaya Story Originality 4.5 4 Good Kingdom Tourism Park History Originalit y 4 4 Good Al-Qur’an Al Story Originality 4.6 4 Good Akbar Museum History Originalit y 4 4 Good

Table 5. The Validity of Historica-ltyped Story Reading Texts

Sub- compo- Descrip- Historical-typed Story Score Scale nents tion Story 4.5 4 Good Originality Monpera History 4 4 Good Originality Story 4.5 4 Good Originality Balaputra Dewa Museum History 4 4 Good Originality Story 4.6 4 Good Sriwijaya Footprint in Bukit Originality Siguntang History 4 4 Good Originality

Table 6. The Validity of Cultural-typed Story Reading Texts

Sub- compo- Descrip- Cultural-typed Story Score Scale nents tion Palembang’s Traditional Wedding Story Originality 4.3 4 Good Clothes History Originality 3.75 3 Average Story Originality 4.3 4 Good Songket History Originality 3.75 3 Average Story Originality 4.5 4 Good Limas House History Originality 4 4 Good

Almunawaroh & Trilestari, Developing local stories of Palembang to be an authentic English reading texts 71

Reading text concerning Monpera and The Readability of Reading Texts Balaputra Dewa Museum got 4.5 point in The sixteen (16) Palembang-based story originality while Sriwijaya Footprint stories have different level of readability in Bukit Siguntang got 4.6 for story that can be applied in variety levels of originality. It is also concluded based on student. The following table portrays the Table 4 that all reading texts got 4 point for readability of each text. history originality. It means Monpera, The data of Table 7 represents that the Balaputra Dewa Museum and Sriwijaya lowest readability of the reading texs are Footprint in Bukit Siguntang reading texts grade 8 while the highest is for college are good to be the authentic reading texts. level. There are 3 reading texts in the level of 8 which are Tekwan, Celimpungan, The Validity of Cultural-typed Story Laksan, Kemaro Island, and Songket. In Reading Texts the level 9 of readability, there are Limas There were three (3) reading texts House, Palembang's Traditional Wedding depicting the cultural-typed story chosen in Clothes, Al-Qur'an Al Akbar Museum, this study. The table 6 below represents the Kuto Besak, and Tempoyak. The next level validity of both of the texts. which is level 10 is detected in two reading The two cultural-typed reading texts texts, they are Pasar 16 Ilir Palembang and had 4.3 point for story originality they are Monpera. Balaputra Dewa Museum and Palembang's Traditional Wedding Clothes Palembang Agung Mosques are and Songket reading texts while Limas considered at level 11 while The Sriwijaya House got 4.5 point for story originality. Kingdom Tourism Park, Musi River, and For history originality, only Limas House Pempek are in the level of 12. The highest which got 4 point while Palembang's readability reading level is detected in Traditional Wedding Clothes and Songket Sriwijaya Footprint in Bukit Siguntang are in the average level with score of 3.75 reading which in the level of college. point.

Table7 . Readability of the Te xts

Readabilit y No Reading Texst Levels 1 Pempek 12th Grad e 2 Tekwan, CelimpungaLna, ksan 8th Grad e 3 Tempoyak 9th Grad e 4 Musi Rive r 12th Grad e 5 Kuto Besa k 9th Grad e 6 Palembang Agung Mosqu es 11th Grad e 7 Pasar 16 Ilir Palemba ng 10th Grad e 8 Kemaro Islan d 8th Grad e 9 The Sriwijaya Kingdom Tourism P ark 12th Grad e 10 Al-Qur’an Al Akbar Museu m 9th Grad e 11 Monpera 10th Grad e 12 Balaputra Dewa Museu m 11th Grad e 13 Sriwijaya Footprint in Bukit Sigun tang College 14 Palembang’s Traditional W edding 9th Grade Clothes 15 Songke t 8th Grad e 16 Limas Hous e 9th Grad e

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The Outcome of the Study Suggestions Authentic reading texts that are Students as well as teachers are advised purposed to be the ASIAN Games to use this highlight in teaching and reference as well as teaching and learning learning English since the reading texts materials were collected, analyzed, available in the highlight are authentic revised, and translated into English and reading texts. For teachers, they are compiled to become a highlight. The encouraged to check the readability of the reference consists of sixteen (16) stories reading text that suits his or her students regarding culinary, place, history, and learning level as well as to develop culture of Palembang. Each type of reading teaching materials from this highlight. text was delivered with picture(s) related to Moreover, it is suggested for the reporters the topic that characterize the culture, to have original report of news regarding story, history, and culinary Palembang has. story or history of places, culinary, and There were 100 copied of the highlights culture and to make sure to use correct that were distributed to some schools, language rules in writing the report. Ministry of Research, Technology, and Finally, for the future researchers , they are Higher Education, INASGOG office, advised and encouraged to include more Tamansiswa University, KOPERTIS of II cultural aspects that can be the cultural- based authentic reading texts, which not Region, and the researchers. only inform readers but also empower the readers with culture and custom that Palembang have. Additionally, in English CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION teaching and learning class it is very useful Conclusion to develop students' cultural awareness as Based on the results of the current study, well as to improve their skills in reading several conclusions are acquired. First, the comprehension. original sources of authentic reading texts in form of news are required to be revised REFERENCES in term of language and the originality of Berardo, S. A. (2006).The use of authentic story and history. More than 75 % of the materials in the teaching of reading. The reading texts of this study were revised Reading Matrix, 6(2), 60 –69. based on the rubric of the originality of Brown, H. D. (1994). Principles of story and history, and language aspects. Language Learning and Teaching. Second, authenticity of the Palembang Prentice Hall Regents. Stories and histories are in the levels of 3 Callison, D. & Lamb, A.(2004, until 4. It points out that in term of December). Authentic learning. School authenticity these reading texts are a Library Media Activites Monthly, 21(4), medium-high to high authentic text that are 34 –39. very useful as English teaching and Dale, E., and Chall, J. S. (1949). The learning materials. Third, the readability of concept of readability. Elementary the reading texts of this study are varied English, 26. ranging from 8th – 12th Graders, even 1 Guariento, W. & J. Morley. (2001). Text level for college. It indicates that the and task authenticity in the EFL outcome of this study can be used as classroom. ELT Journal. 55(4), teaching and learning materials in teaching 347–353. English in different levels of Education. Klare, G. R. (1963). The measurement of Finally, the highlight is very useful not only readability. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State as a teaching material but also as guidance University Press. for tourists to visit some places of extends Kondur, J. (2006). Using part of speech their knowledge about Palembang's structure of text in the prediction of its cultures. readability. (Unpublished master's Almunawaroh & Trilestari, Developing local stories of Palembang to be an authentic English reading texts 73 thesis), University of Texas, Arlington, Rezaei, A. A. (2000). The validity of the U.S. Retrieved June 9, 2017, from "Fog-index of readability". Journal of http://proquest.umi.com/pdqweb?did= Humanities of Islamic Republic of 1216761731&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientld Iran,7(4), 17-27. =46449&PQT=309&VName=PQD. Richards, B. (1984). Availability of prior Lestariningsih, Putri, and Darmawijoyo. knowledge and its effects on transfer (2012). The legend of kemaro island of learning. Proceedings of the Annual for supporting students in learning Meeting of the Association for average. Indo MS-JME.3(2), 1-9. Education Communications and McLaughlin, G. H. (1969). SMOG Technology, Dallas, TX, Jan. 20-24. grading -a new readability formula. Wallace, M.J. (1998). Action research for Journal of reading, 22, 639-646. language teachers. Cambridge: Murdoch, Y. (1999). Using authentic texts Cambridge University press. in the language classroom module 2 Oxford University Press ELT. (2014). assignment for: MA TEFL / TESL Authentic text. Retrieved from (ODL) (Centre for English Language (https://oupeltglobalblog.com/tag/authenti Studies Report). University of c-texts/) Birmingham. Nuttal, C. (1996). Teaching reading skills in foreign language (New ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.