eISSN : 2654-4687 ; pISSN : 2654-3894 https://doi.org/10.17509/jithor.v3i2.28577 [email protected] http://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/Jithor Volume 3, No. 2, October 2020

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN SPORTS TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AS INCLUSIVE ECONOMIC DRIVER IN SOUTH SUMATERA

Zulkifli Harahap(1), Titing Kartika(2)*

(1) Politeknik Pariwisata (2) Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi Pariwisata YAPARI [email protected], [email protected]

Submitted: 30 September 2020 Revised: 5 October 2020 Accepted: 15 October 2020

ABSTRACT The development of the concept of Sports Tourism in Palembang in South has been a government program; in this case, the Ministry of Tourism, Republic of . The concept was developed to see the potential that exists among , an integrated Smart Sports Eco Green Complex. The presence of community empowerment in this concept's development includes three aspects: enabling, empowering, and protecting. Meanwhile, Sports Tourism drives the economy inclusive due to it has associated benefits that can be perceived by the public either directly or indirectly. Such benefits include transform and boost economic growth, income generation, poverty reduction, and expanding access and opportunity. The study used a qualitative descriptive approach that is to carry out observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of this study indicate that the development of Sport Tourism has a positive impact on the empowerment of local communities.

Keywords: Community Empowerment, Sport Tourism, Inclusive Economy, South Sumatera

INTRODUCTION range of sporting activities, both national and Tourism is now an essential part of international sports events in Palembang and Indonesia's national development, even equipped with facilities. Palembang will be considered as a leading sector. Indonesia has the Center of Excellence (COE) Sport a diversity of tourism potential in several in the future (Revindo, regions and provinces. At the implementation et.al, 2019). Nevertheless, the concept of stage of tourism development should be based sports tourism development must be on locally owned making potential of the harmonized with the community's regions (Jamal & Stronza, 2009). This involvement that positively impacts both ownership will strengthen the local brand that economically and socially and culturally. This has a characteristic and a different character to study further sees how the community other regions. Palembang, , empowerment in developing sports tourism as besides, has the potential for nature-based an inclusive economic driver. tourism, culture, history, and cuisine. Another potential that can be developed is a sports- LITERATURE REVIEW based tourism development (Sports Tourism). The Concept of Sport Tourism Sports tourism has been developed in the Ottevanger (2007) in Lupikawaty and region of Jakabaring Sport City. With their Wilianto (2013) stated that Sports Tourism is

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Zulkifli Harahap and Titing Kartika: Community Development in Sports Tourism Development as Inclusive Economic Driver in South Sumatera an individual and/or group of people who Table 1. Number of Poor People in South participate actively or passively in the Sumatra per September 2017 competition or recreational sports. Thus, sport Urban 2016 12.73% becomes the primary motivation for 2017 12.36% travelling, although the trip elements can Rural 2016 13.77% strengthen the overall experience. 2017 13.54% Furthermore, in the articles, it was found that Source: BPS, 2019 the primary motive why people want to visit a significant sporting event is the only motive of c. Expanding access and opportunity pleasure, followed by the entertainment factor According to Ferrand and McCarthy and the organized destination event. (2009), sports tourism became a popular Agreed about sports tourism, Ritchie activity in the last decade and not separated and Adair (2004) in Ward and Sanawiri from public life and the environment (natural (2018) believed that sport-competition environment and the socio-cultural typically associated with tourist behaviour is environment). It becomes the main thing to active (participating in sports), while sports consider the environment in sports tourism. In competition usually associated with sport-as- the neighbourhood, there are sports tourism play (witness Sports). Ritchie and Adair main activities, namely the practice of sports (2004) concluded that sports-competition and and event organizers and recreation. sport-as-play are a legitimate way of conceptualizing the physical activity that we Development and Empowerment usually think of as sport. It is like saying that In the era industry, people do not just sport as a tourism product. use natural resources, but also have the awareness and ability to take care of natural Inclusive Economic Development resources. In this context, sports tourism Indicators became one of the commodities that can be a. Economic growth processed and used as a form of industry. Ivanov and Ivanova in Lupikawaty and Human behaviour in sports is not just a Wilianto (2013) discussed the advantages and physical activity or is not just a pastime, but leisure travel costs from three different already serves as a valuable tourist economy. perspectives: economic, social, and Along with its development, the concept environment of the event. They also said that of sport tourism developed in the region many of the early research was analyzed from Jakabaring Sports City is an integrated the economic perspective only. According to concept between smart sport and eco-green. the paper's findings, many positive economic Through this approach, the concept of sports benefits may outweigh the negative activities was seen as a routine physical environmental or social impacts. Moreover, movement and became part of the more residents consider the event as a benefit environment's awareness. event overall. Hardinata (2010) in Sholeh (2014) b. Income distribution and poverty reduction stated that community empowerment puts BPS (2018) stated that the poor number people as the centre of attention and is in South Sumatra per September 2017 perceived and positioned as a subject in the amounted to 1086.76 thousand people or development process. 13.10 per cent of the population. The data As quoted by Ife, empowerment should showed the decline in poverty of South be aimed at three things, namely: Sumatera in 2017. a. Enabling: help people to recognize their potential and capabilities, unwilling to properly formulate the problems that they face, as well as encourage them to have the 198 – JITHOR Vol.3, No.2, October 2020 – eISSN : 2654-4687 pISSN : 2654-3894

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ability to formulate a vital agenda and Olympic sports or cross country sports implement it in order to develop potential competence, is a simple form of and cope with the problems they face. government sports activities. b. Private sports sector (the commercial b. Empowering: strengthens and power sector or corporate sports sector) possessed by the villager's premises with These types of the sports sector could be different inputs, and the opening of the called as professional or profit sport. The access leads to various opportunities. organizers of this event and even the athlete Strengthening includes human capital, itself has the goal of financial gains. The natural capital, financial capital, physical commercial sports market is much broader capital, and social capital. than the public sector, for example, in c. Protecting: encourages the establishment developing the sports business such as Inter of the structural arrangements that protect Milan from Italy, Real Madrid and Barcelona from Spain, or Manchester and prevent the weak from being United from England. They expanded their weakened. Protecting does not mean business to Asian countries, including isolating and covering interaction because Indonesia. It illustrates that the sports it will dwarf the small and weaken the market wing commercial event reach the weak. Protecting should be seen as an whole community to the country. attempt to prevent the unbalanced c. Non-profit sports sector or voluntary sector competition and the exploitation of the Non-profit sports intends to provide public strong over the weak. servants rather than for material profit. For example, the emergence of community In connection with the industry point of sports clubs intended to raise funds for views, are supposed to utilize the approach humanity's benefits, and the other developed by Smith and Cadwick in examples are educational sports activities. Mohammed (2016: 76-78), there are three groups in the sports sector as follows: Sports Tourism and Inclusive Economy a. Governmental sports sector Anton and Camarero (2017) stated that Smith's perspective has become a social "Attracting tourist to a specific destination for fact that sport is a public activity that has great potential and advantages related to normally Relatively short periods with 'sport' economic, social, and political interests. as the motivation for reviews their visit," Moreover, a sports event likely to evolve which means attracting tourists to a particular during the development of civilization has destination for a period of relatively short time reached its peak. Although it is hard to with the aim of sports as motivation for their understand the ultimate meaning of visit. That definition can be seen as a civilization, we can interpret the market memorable trip outside the usual environment sports event that is an area of concern for the government in developing the sports for passive or active involvement in sporting event. Governmental sports sectors or events where sports are the main reason or sectors of public sports have a limited motivation for the trip. It is confirmed that the market area and government policy areas' number of tourists who will visit a sports administrative area. Taking Cadwick's tourism destination number is not small, but in phrase, the government promotes and a relatively short time, but with varying markets the sports to the public and forms frequency. This economic turnaround results a timeline for national sports events. The birth of national teams representing the in many foreign tourists using rupiah or country, particularly for the benefit of the JITHOR Vol.3, No.2, April 2020 – eISSN : 2654-4687 pISSN : 2654-3894 –199

Zulkifli Harahap and Titing Kartika: Community Development in Sports Tourism Development as Inclusive Economic Driver in South Sumatera exchanging their dollar currency for shopping only objects related to sports but rupiah in a destination. also were not linked directly— examples: sports shoes, sports Hind (2018), as President of team shirts, and more. Pacific Institute for Events Management, 2. Sporting A very lucrative business, which Events is to be the organization of the stated that the various product segments such activities competition. Sports as Sports Tourism: competitions are ranging from a. Luxury sports such as golf and yachting youth sports level in the village, district, provincial (PORDA), b. Access to all sports - Paralympic games national (PON), c. Water sports - surfing, diving, canoeing, (SEA GAMES), and world sailing events (World Cup or the Olympics). d. Mountain adventure sports - rock climbing Brad R. Humphreys and Jane E. e. Master event - for professionals who are Ruseski (2008) says that sports play an essential role in society. mature and elite Start of the Olympic Games in f. Professional sports - baseball, football, Ancient Greece, Colosseum in boxing, FI Rome, until the Olympic Games in medieval , to sports g. Sports participation by many times - a leagues in various foreign pleasant walk and marathon countries. These activities provide mass entertainment to h. Elite sport - events for professional athletes the community and a business - World Traithlon and tourism promotion event for i. Major sporting events-Soccer World Cup, each place of the organizers— the sports event not just rely on World Athletics Championships Sports ticket sales but also the domino Great Events - Olympic Games and Asian effect of these activities. Games. Economic sectors such as hotels, culinary, attributes, tours, and Some sports can be implemented in impromptu workers could several districts/cities in South Sumatra with benefit from such activities. adequate international standard facilities. One 3. Persons It is most prominent in the sports of them is the city of Palembang has event is talking about athletes, for example, football. Both in Jakabaring Sport City (JSC) is called a sports Indonesia and Europe, the tourism destination. transfer market has become an Organizing a sports event is not an easy annual agenda. Practical lobbies and inexpensive activity, for there must be an can be done in such a way to buy, effort that could be developed by building sell, exchange, or loan players. These lobbies are prestige and cooperation or collaboration with other parties generate billions of rupiah as an with interest in the business of sports. To economic opportunity. facilitate our understanding of aspects of the 4. Service In some communities with a industry, the view of Kotler and Keller (2016) sports culture, it is essential to regarding the existing economic commodities confirm sport as a local cultural identity, for instance, the martial in the form of goods and services: arts training centre in , Table 2. The Economy Commodity in Korea, and Japan. The sport is as Sports Event popular as football in Indonesia. The culture can not be ignored in Economy Information any way to support the Commodities organization of sports events, in the Sports provoke growth and Business development of services such as 1. Objects In the first type, many items can transportation, aviation services, be produced. The objects are not security services, banking

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services, and health services. All RESEARCH METHOD of this indicates that sports This study used a qualitative approach. tourism is a powerful magnet to provoke economic activities. Bungin (2013) said that qualitative research is 5. Location Some areas could be developed a series of limited targets and depth of data for Indonesia as a tourist without limits. We used this approach so that attraction, such as Jakabaring the community empowerment in the Sport City (JSC) in Palembang development of Sports Tourism can be that having several sports venues explored deeply, especially from an inclusive in the region. 6. Experience Great football clubs often economic perspective. provide rest to breaks visit or To strengthen the results, we added visiting fans in another observation and documentation study while hemisphere. It was made for the also conducted interviews with the spare time activities of Club community to determine the extent of members' and strengthened the relationship with the fans' empowerment and its impact on their lives emotions. Thus, fans could feel from the development of Sports Tourism in the sensation of sports activities Palembang in South Sumatra. Moreover, the directly. data's technical analysis included several 7. Properties In this section, tools and sports stages, such as initial data collection, data equipment is a core business in the modern era. In addition to the processing, discussion, and conclusions of tools or equipment, another research results. aspect is no less interesting to be an economic commodity that is RESULTS AND DISCUSSION the utilization of information and Sports Tourism in South Sumatra communication technology to develop the business of sports. a. History of Sports Tourism in South Sumatra 8. Organizations Organizing Committee formed South Sumatra is one of the provinces in the Sports Event organizer has that has a lot of tourism potential. Based on a vital role. Data from the South Sumatra Culture and 9. Information The mass media is one of the Tourism Office in 2019, South Sumatra leading pioneers or pillars that ODTW Number: 762 DTW, natural utilize business information. The mass media, both printed and attractions: 383 DTW (50.26% of total DTW), electronic, develop information Cultural tourism: DTW 284 (37.27% of total optimally. News related to the DTW), artificial Travel/Special Interest: 95 sports event, competitions, or DTW (12.47% of total DTW). The average any other aspect, is packaged and growth of DTW in South Sumatra Province becomes a new business in the sports industry. during the period 2009-2018 by 11.14%. The 10. The notion A coach, CEO, educational development of tourism in South Sumatra is institution, or researchers are supported by various supporting facilities actors who develop business such as hotels, travel agents, restaurants, ideas in the services field. They tourist attractions with diverse attractive come with the strength of their intellectual creations and tourist attractions. Administratively consists innovations. If in the Middle of 17 districts/cities. Ages, the industry refers to Regional autonomy gave authority to natural resources, then in the the respective district/city, but on the other information age, more industrial hand, it raises competition specialized product superiority rests on the power of human creativity and intellect. mix. One of them is Palembang, as regions Source: Researcher, 2019 with rapid growth and developments of sport tourism, culture, and have too many places to visit. As time goes by, It has now

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Zulkifli Harahap and Titing Kartika: Community Development in Sports Tourism Development as Inclusive Economic Driver in South Sumatera changed to travel with more specific desire or 3. Facilitator Government helps to often called special interest tours. provide insight to Wardana and Sanawiri (2018) said that stakeholders and one of the special interest that has garnered helps to create a plan particular attention is travel related to sports to achieve those goals together. tourism. Sports tourism is one of the recreational experiences that positively impact economic terms in different countries. c. Sports facilities and supporting The contribution of sport to the gross infrastructure of sports tourism domestic product of industrialized countries is Facilities and infrastructure in between 1-2%, while tourism contributes supporting sports tourism consists of; between 4-6%. UNWTO (2015 indicated that 1. Transportation and Tourism the fastest development of sports tourism in 2. Travel Agent and Tour Operators in the Indonesia is 6% per year or about $600 billion Tourism Industry annually. Also, it is recorded that for 25% of 3. Tourism accommodation the total receipts travel and tourism industry. 4. Tourism Catering Industry The tourism industry is regarded as the 5. Supporting Infrastructure of Tourism fastest growing industry. The tourism sector's - General Infrastructures) development is expected to benefit the community because the tourism sector is one - Basic Need of Civilized Life economic development sector. Efforts to - Tourism Infrastructures develop Indonesian tourism is supported by d. Sports Tourism Event had been held in Law No. 10 of 2009 on tourism. The law South Sumatra mentions that tourism in the region will Palembang community has a new pride, significantly benefit in some ways, such as so it has been logical that Jakabaring Sports increase revenue, improve people's lives, City (JSC) made a new icon of Palembang are expand employment opportunities, increase on a massive magnet for local and foreign the awareness of the environment, and tourists. The local government is always preserve nature & culture. trying to make Palembang the host venue for b. Government policy (priorities) field of major events nationwide and even Sports tourism internationally to attract more tourists. The Table 3. Government Policy (priorities) events that have been organized are: field of Sports tourism Table 4. Multi Sports Event/Single Event Role of Information has been held in South Sumatra Government District/ Central Event 1. Regulator The government has City Gov the authority to Four Tebing Musi Triboatton develop policies, Lawang Tinggi regulations, and South Ulu Muaradua Tour de Ranau decisions regarding Komering the consequences and Ogan barriers to the Musi Sekayu Musi Triboatton delivery of Sports Banyuasin Tourism. Lubuk - Lubuk Linggau 2. Dynamist Government raises the Linggau MTB National dynamics in the Championships & implementation of a International Race, sustainable Sports 150 participants event. from 7 countries.

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Palembang - National Sports Table 5. Community Empowerment in Week (PON) XVI, Development of Sports tourism concrete participants 33 examples of the period 2016-2019 provinces (Sep, Implementation 2004). AFC Asian of Sports Event Information Cup co-hosts Tourism , London- The event presented more and Vietnam, (Jul, England than 40K runners who run 2007). SEA -London the historical sidewalks. GAMES, Marathon Many of them wear unique participants 11 clothes made by local ASEAN countries, artisans (source: (Nov, 2011). The www.visitlondon.com) Islamic Solidarity Banyuwangi, Games, participants East - 44 countries of the Indonesia: -held in March in the village Islamic world (July, -Chocolate of Cocoa- Glenmore 2013). ASIAN Cycling managed by local farmers. GAMES - Challenge -Passing local trees’ Palembang (CHC) farmers around the participants 45 -Durian Happy subdistrict Songgon. Asian countries Cycling -The cycling community (Aug, 2018). accommodate both national Pagaralam - Nature Heritage -Cycling and international female Trail, Pagar Woman participants by wearing Competition local clothing of Community Empowerment in the (WCC) Banyuwangi. Development of Sport Tourism as an -Exchanging the culture of Inclusive Economy Driver in South -International the community Sumatera Tour de Ijen consolidation up to the a. Elaboration form of empowerment in the (ITdBI) lowest level. development of sports tourism in the (Source: the magazine of concrete example of Sumatera and other Garuda colors Indonesia- areas www.garuda- Community empowerment is taking indonesia.com) , West sides, preparing, and protecting people. Sumatra- Empowered people mean people who can Indonesia -A sports event with the fulfil their own needs, can produce and enjoy -Tour de world's fifth-highest the products they made. In the economic Singkarak (TDS) number of visitors, context, enjoy means consumption, while provided 7 etapes and producing means production. Empowered 818.5 km distances. people mean the people who can survive Involved 14 of the 19 independently, follow market mechanisms, districts/cities in West and exchange their products as income Sumatra. sources. Saving some money for the future is South OKU- the most basic stage of empowerment. Those Palembang- South who can save are identified as independent Sumatera - A pride sports events of human beings that fulfilled their current life -Tour de Ranau South OKU, offering needs and future needs or broader investment. natural scenery is the -Musi Triboatton largest lake after Lake Toba in Sumatra. JITHOR Vol.3, No.2, April 2020 – eISSN : 2654-4687 pISSN : 2654-3894 –203

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- A Water Sports event that focus on business opportunities and is consistently carried out community economic empowerment. The to raise the culture of the impact of tourism on the economic conditions river banks of Musi, with a of the local community can be categorized distance of 500 KM. into the top eight groups of Pitana (2005) in the Akpar journal, namely: The impact Optimizing the development of local on foreign exchange earnings; initiatives to increase income, self- 1. The impact on public revenue; sufficiency, and well-being will be easily 2. The impact on employment; achieved if developed regional cooperation between local societies. This cooperation is 3. The impact on prices; important because the obstacles and potential 4. The impact on the distribution of of human resources, natural resources, and benefits/gains; region characteristics are not in the same 5. The impact on ownership and control; conditions. Cooperation between local 6. The impact on development in agencies will foster the development of a general; synergistic approach. Second, as a forum for 7. The impact on government revenue. coordination of regional development planning to run without harming public access and other areas. In Act No. 32 of 2004 on b. The impact of Sports tourism towards the Regional Government, establishing the inclusive economy on three main pillars: regional authorities is that each autonomous 1. Economic growth, region has the authority to regulate and Collaboration among Sports manage their domestic affairs within the businesses encourages a shift in values framework of the Unitary State of the and human perception of the Sports. The Republic of Indonesia. With autonomy, sports event is no longer a physical regional governments will be able to activity of human activity and implement community development and entertainment but becomes part of the empowerment programs to the region's real economic commodity. One of the most conditions. Besides, with autonomy, important aspects of developing the accelerating regional development can be creative economy in Indonesia is creating implemented because autonomy provides creative entrepreneurs that will play an better financial opportunities, which will important role in developing the creative create prosperity for the community if used to economy. Currently, Indonesia has not the maximum. entered into the group of industrialized Each region has a different geographical countries because there are many aspects situation. The conditions and situations in the of the problem in developing a national region need to be controlled by each leader to industrial sector. One of them is the lack make it easier to make decisions and actions of business people or entrepreneurs in the to develop economic potential. We realize that economic sector, especially the creative each region in Indonesia has different economy. Indonesia has only 440 economic potential. In this context, thousand entrepreneurs or around 0.2% of Palembang has the nickname sports tourism the total population. because it has exclusive sports venues that are Creating entrepreneurs in the of international standard. So that every creative economy sector are not easy national and international sporting events are because of many influencer aspects. From often held in Palembang, this can provide several problems faced in the excellent opportunities for business people in development of entrepreneurship in the city of Palembang. However, the extent to Indonesia, here are some important issues which communities and local governments that have occurred to result in the 204 – JITHOR Vol.3, No.2, October 2020 – eISSN : 2654-4687 pISSN : 2654-3894

Zulkifli Harahap and Titing Kartika: Community Development in Sports Tourism Development as Inclusive Economic Driver in South Sumatera development of an entrepreneurial spirit in modern society, and also because there is Indonesian society: cultural factors. a change in people's understanding of the Related to Indonesia's historical status of sport as a strategic position and background that was experiencing the growth and development of a sports colonialism, the Indonesian people are business that benefits society, the nation more worker-minded and 'not and the state. entrepreneurial. This complicated national problem leads to a weak educational CONCLUSION system that fosters an entrepreneurial The governments set several cities in attitude in Indonesian society. South Sumatra as Sports Tourism - Government policies to encourage the Destinations. They support the regulation by creation of creative entrepreneurship providing international standard sports are still relatively small. The direction facilities and areas such as Jakabaring Sport City. Unfortunately, the support is not given of national policy prioritizes the in maximum synergy and marketing strategies interests of large-scale industry. due to the absence of Brand Awareness from - The potential of natural resources the community and local government (SDA) in Indonesia is still very large regarding Sport Tourism in South Sumatra. as an input of the craft industry, This is what underlies researchers to be able cultural wealth, mineral wealth and to analyze and provide conclusions and local wealth that has not been tilled. suggestions regarding the above topics, namely: designation as a Sport Tourism - Indonesia is in the stage of economic Destination must be supported by local development leading to developed government and local communities; local industrial countries in the Asian region governments must play an active role in if government policies are in a good maximizing the use and visit of sports tourism corridor and macroeconomic stability areas in order to become (State Budget) can be well maintained then Indonesia APBD; and digital media which is currently a has the potential to be the main driver hot topic in Indonesia can be used as a reference and background for marketing of the regional economy. digital or technology-based tourism products. - The mobilization and development of science, technology and information REFERENCES in Indonesia are getting better, even Antón, C., Camarero, C., & Laguna-García, though the utilization aspect of the M. (2017). Towards a new approach of industrial sector is not yet large. destination loyalty drivers: Satisfaction, 2. Income distribution and poverty visit intensity and tourist motivations. reduction Current Issues in Tourism, 20(3), 238- The sports event is as the business 260. media. The sports industry is not solely Bungin, B. 2013. Penelitian Kualitatif: related to the marketing of products from Komunikasi, Ekonomi, Kebijakan a variety of Sports elements. Publik dan Ilmu Sosial Lainnya. 3. Expanding access and opportunity Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group The phenomenon of sport tourism, the symptoms of commercialization, and Jamal, T., & Stronza, A. (2009). Collaboration industrialization of a sustainable sports theory and tourism practice in protected event. This is not only a proof of the areas: Stakeholders, structuring and interaction between sports and the life of JITHOR Vol.3, No.2, April 2020 – eISSN : 2654-4687 pISSN : 2654-3894 –205

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