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Vehicle Recovery Operations MHI DEP,·IFM 20-22 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY FIELD MANUAL VEHICLE RECOVERY OPERATIONS HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY JULY 1970 IC 04 *3 3 3n I _ _ :C H C 0 a:C V0l0V o o C0 M 1o t w C0 0 )0 -V X r -, a 1 :C= I a,-MCl Mo : CMCI 5 0 0MD Z )CD 5 0CD 0 0 0 I' C O < O O CD U :D m I R r t < ; HCDCD ~0 I I I r 0> 0M' O e* ~ o t: HI : ID ,xr 5 0 0 M C oH 1- 00 M I 3 · 3 r o Ia ^ 3 r 0 -_mr r. I a x5 o.1-0111 Pr -. 1 PCn : o o 5s C,: CD _ M I I 3 DI'0 M o 0 O I 3 Dz I0. I-£ I I C.c.o | | - ~ ~ r 3 I I a0.50I I III a II ur~X - C0.Ot O CD 5.t >= T D)am J 1 C M. Z CD< 'Aii 3 a) < o M 03 * M O1- M o O F H.< 5 H. O _ CW N a)D z < 5CD CMD ( M1 ,_ yt 10| 5 O e: t eD ctH. C1- '~ ' P topi. .= 0e00 J05o lCDO 1-Eaa) M OCD (b - _ .. OD OI UC y OnD_ .. M 3 ' = ' Ea V4 S o. wS0 o 5: 3Do _ e0.0 exu M CD'I '' H 3 HO C E D CD 0 CO< OC - : 0 M 3 - Z · OC ? 0 & I 0 1t'I-' Q0 1 - O'W - O: .CL1 . "D I. -' 0 .. H Z Zs la V1 ' H :.. 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O. 0 -4o .W A 0 0w 0 iL* J n o c Wi C Uw 0 0 . 0 t Oc - 0 o ="0 = - - ,, , 0 -. .4 o' SwD ~ ~ ~ c HO t/4 En 4)to w - o Z- 00J0 Z 4 . 0 4 CC 4: E4 . co H4. 4 5 D~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~uO C)/-C, H-T _ a~~~ 4 o · o .M 0 4 ) Hco)4 0 H . 0 H.) -o 0_j0 w Co 0 0 Z r H h4 I- ~o wo H 4 £4H Q ~>-) g d H 4 (d C) Q) '-0 N 00'402 ('4 02 C0 0 0'0 02 N 0 0 C4 H( .-C'J 44410C N-H -nIC') *14 *FM 20-22 FIELD MANUAL HEADQUARTERS IDEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY No. 20-22) WASHINGTON, D.C., 80 July 1970 VEHOCLEA RECOVERY OPERATIONS ParagraphPage CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1-2 3 2. ORGANIZATIONAL METHODS AND LEVELS OF RE: COVERY --.----. 3-4 5 3. RECOVERY FUNDA- MENTALS Section I. Resistance .... 5-7 7 II. Sources of Effort ...- 8-9 12 III. Basic Principles -------- 10-12 17 IV. Application of Basic Principles . 13-15 20 CHAPTER 4. RIGGING FOR RECOV- ERY Section I. Rigging Fundamentals'_ 16-21 27 II. Strength of Equipment_ 22-25 31 III. Anchors ......26-28 36 IV. Rigging Techniques -.-. 29-30 42 V. Safety 31-44 48 CHAPTER 5. RECOVERY PRO- CEDURE 45-53 58 6. VEIICLE RECOVERY OPER \TIONS Section I. Similar Vehicles ------- 54-58 63 II. Recovery Expedients --- 56-69 72 III. Expedient Repairs --.--- 70-85 92 *This manual supersedes FM 20-22, 31 October 1962. TAGO 3059C Paragraph Page IV. Special Purpose Ve- hicles _.-.--.-.... 86-94 108 CHAPTER 7. UNDERWATER VE- HICLE RECOVERY __ 95-100 122 APPENDIX A. REFERENCES -------- 130 2 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION i. PurpUoe To provide information and guidance for person- nel of all branches of the Army which will enable them to recover vehicles disabled due to terrain conditions, enemy action, or mechanical malfunc- tions. 2. Scope a. This manual contains formulas and rules for use in vehicle recovery operations. It covers meth- ods of determining resistances of vehicles dis- abled by terrain, and application of riggings and equipment to overcome these resistances. It covers expedient repairs, recovery expedients, and safety precautions to be observed in vehicle recovery op- erations. The fundamentals are applicable with- out modification to both nuclear and nonnuclear warfare. b. Users of this manual are encouraged to sub- mit suggestions, changes, or comments to im- prove this manual. Comments should be keyed to the specific page, paragraph, and line of the text. Reasons should be provided for each comment to 3 insure understanding and complete evaluation. Comments should be prepared using DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications) and forwarded direct to U.S. Army Armor School, ATTN: ATSAR-DMP, Fort Knox, Kentucky 40121. CHAPTER 2 ORGANIZATIONAL METHODS AND LEVELS OF RECOVERY 3. Methods of Recovery There are four methods of recovery that are per- formed using organizational personnel and equip- ment. a. Winching. Operations performed using winches on special purpose vehicles or cargo type vehicles. b. Towing. Operations performed using towing capabilities of similar or special purpose vehicles. This is the quickest recovery method. c. Lifting. Operations performed using special purpose vehicles. d. Expedients. Used when other methods are not adaptable to the situation or when additional vehicles and equipment 'are not readily available. 4. Levels of Recovery Recovery operations performed within an orga- nization are divided into levels. Levels are based s on personnel who perform the operations and equipment available to them. a. Platoon Level. Recovery performed by ve- hicle drivers and crews, under supervision of squad, section, or platoon leader. At this level, winching, towing, and expedient methods of recovery are employed, using platoon vehicles and equipment. b. Company and Battalion Levels. Recovery performed by general vehicle repairmen or re- covery specialists under the supervision of the recovery chief, using winching, towing, and lift- ing methods of recovery with special purpose ve- hicles. Because of the increased number of special purpose vehicles at battalion level, a greater re- covery capability exists than at company level. 6 Seedon D. RESUSUAMCO S. 'ypose R@seziance in Recovery Opwraieonz Resistance is any opposing force that tends to pre- · vent movement. Resistances that cause the most concern in recovery situations are the resistances created by vehicles disabled by terrain. The three types of resistance created by vehicles disabled by terrain conditions are: grade, overturning, and mire. Grade resistance is created when-a vehicle is moved up a slope, and is caused by the weight of the vehicle affected by gravity. Oyerturning resistance is that part of the weight of the ve- hicle that acts against the force exerted to bring it back on its wheels or tracks. Mire resistance is created due to contact of mud between various components of vehicles, such as wheels, tracks, axle or gear housings, or hull. 6. Estimating Resistance of Vehicles Disabled by Terrain Recovery operations should be accomplished as quickly as possible within the limitation of safety. 7 Figure 1. Grade resistance. EFFORT 1/2 VEHICLE WEIGHT I t 1/2 VEHICLE WEIGHT Figure 2. Overturning resistance. It is time-consuming and difficult to use a mathe- matical formula to determine a precise amount of 8 resistance for a recovery operation, therefore a fast estimate of the resistance will be accurate enough in most instances. a. Grade Resistance. The maximum resistance that may be encountered on a grade, even if the grade is vertical, is the disabled vehicle's weight. Grade resistance should be estimated as equal to the vehicle weight (fig 1). b. Overturning Resistance. Half the vehicle weight is the maximum that will ever be beyond the center of gravity relative to the point where the force will be exerted to upright the vehicle. Overturned resistance should be estimated as equal to one-half the vehicle weight (fig 2). c. Mire Resistance. A vehicle is mired when it is in mud and can no longer propel itself. Resist- ance is estimated depending on the depth to which vehicle is mired (fig 3). (1) Wheel depth. When a vehicle is mired at a depth up to the top of the road wheels (tracked vehicle) or wheels (wheeled vehicle), resistance should be estimated as equal to the vehicle's weight. (2) Fender depth. When a vehicle is mired at a depth above the top of the wheels up to but not over the fenders, the resistance should be esti- mated as twice the vehicle's weight.
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