DOCSLIB.ORG

A Complex History of Isolation and Gene Flow

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Complex History of Isolation and Gene Flow PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF BROWN AND RED-FOOTED BOOBIES: A COMPLEX HISTORY OF ISOLATION AND GENE FLOW by James Andrew Morris-Pocock A thesis submitted to the Department of Biology In conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada (April, 2012) Copyright © James Andrew Morris-Pocock, 2012 Abstract Speciation is an important process that is responsible for the generation of biodiversity on Earth. The importance of gene flow during speciation is hotly debated; however, it can be investigated by studying the process of intraspecific population differentiation. Here, I investigate the mechanisms that influence population differentiation and gene flow in brown (Sula leucogaster) and red-footed boobies (S. sula). These species are congeneric, broadly sympatric, and ecologically similar; however, they differ in their marine habitat preference (inshore vs. pelagic). I hypothesized that: (i) gene flow is restricted by major physical barriers in both species, and (ii) gene flow in the absence of physical barriers is more prevalent in red-footed boobies due to their pelagic marine habitat preference. First, I characterized the structure and function of the booby mitochondrial genome. Using extensive DNA sequencing and phylogenetic methods, I found that boobies have tandemly duplicated mitochondrial control regions that evolve in concert. I suggest that concerted evolution of duplicated control region may be common in seabirds. To quantify matrilineal population genetic structure and gene flow, I sequenced one control region in 513 brown and red-footed boobies. Both species exhibited strong population genetic structure that was attributable to continental barriers to gene flow such as the Isthmus of Panama. In the absence of physical barriers, gene flow was more prevalent in red-footed boobies. I also used microsatellite and nuclear intron loci to perform multilocus phylogeographic analyses of brown and red-footed boobies. Individuals of both species could be grouped into four genetic populations that corresponded to oceanographic regions. In red-footed boobies, gene flow following secondary contact of previously isolated lineages was common, perhaps due to a pelagic habitat preference. In brown boobies, major genetic populations apparently diverged in ii the absence of gene flow. Despite this, Isla San Benedicto in the Eastern Pacific is a site of secondary contact between brown booby lineages that diverged approximately one million years ago, and hybrids are apparently fertile. These findings suggest that gene flow following secondary contact may be an important, but overlooked, component of speciation. iii Co-Authorship This thesis has been prepared in Manuscript Form as defined by the Queen’s University School of Graduate Studies. Dr. Vicki Friesen co-authored all manuscripts, was critical in research design, project development, and manuscript preparation, and financially supported much of this research. The second chapter was co-authored by Dr. Scott Taylor and Dr. Tim Birt, who both assisted with conceptual design of the study, laboratory work, and manuscript editing. Chapters three, four, and five were co-authored with Dr. David Anderson, who was instrumental in financing and organizing much of the field work involved in this thesis. Dr. Anderson also contributed conceptualy during the revision of each manuscript. The third chapter is co-authored by Dr. Tammy Steeves who collected many of the samples used for the paper, helped conceive the research, and critically revised the manuscript. The third chapter is also co-authored by Felipe Estela, who helped with sample collection, and laboratory work, and critically revised the manuscript. Publications arising from and included in this thesis: Morris-Pocock JA, Taylor SA, Birt TP, Friesen VL (2010) Concerted evolution of duplicated mitochondrial control regions in three related seabird species. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 10, 14. Morris-Pocock JA, Steeves TE, Estela FA, Anderson DJ, Friesen VL (2010) Comparative phylogeography of brown (Sula leucogaster) and red-footed boobies (S. sula): The influence of physical barriers and habitat preference on gene flow in pelagic seabirds. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 54, 883-896. iv Morris-Pocock JA, Anderson DJ, Friesen VL (2011) Mechanisms of global diversification in the brown booby (Sula leucogaster) revealed by uniting statistical phylogeographic and multilocus phylogenetic methods. Molecular Ecology, 13, 2835-2850. Morris-Pocock JA, Anderson DJ, Friesen VL (in review) Dynamic barriers to gene flow influence population differentiation in a pelagic seabird. Publications arising from, but not included in this thesis: Molecular Ecology Resources Primer Development Consortium (Morris-Pocock JA, Taylor SA, Sun Z, Friesen VL) (2010) Permanent genetic resources added to Molecular Ecology Resources Database 1 October 2009 – 30 November 2009. Molecular Ecology Resources, 10, 404-408. Taylor SA, Morris-Pocock JA, Sun Z, Friesen VL (2010) Isolation and characterization of ten microsatellite loci in blue-footed (Sula nebouxii) and Peruvian boobies (S. variegata). Journal of Ornithology, 151, 252-258. Patterson SA, Morris-Pocock JA, Friesen VL (2011) A multilocus phylogeny of the Sulidae (Aves: Pelecaniformes). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 58, 181-191. Morris-Pocock JA, Hennicke JC, Friesen VL (in review) Effects of long-term isolation on genetic variation and within-island population genetic structure in Christmas Island seabirds. Conservation Genetics. v Acknowledgements This thesis would not have been possible without the assistance, support, and friendship of many people. Foremost among them is Vicki Friesen, my supervisor and mentor. Throughout this PhD, Vicki has been an incredible academic and personal inspiration. She has been instrumental in all parts of this project and has provided me with endless opportunity. I would also like to thank Tim Birt and Zhengxin Sun, who were helpful during all stages of this project and taught me most of what I know about molecular genetic lab work. The manuscripts in this thesis were shaped by the valuable input of my co-authors, and I am indebted to David Anderson, Tim Birt, Felipe Estela, Tammy Steeves, Scott Taylor, and of course, to Vicki. I would also like to thank Brian Cumming, Paul Martin, and Sherry Taylor for their assistance in this project as committee members, and Irby Lovette for serving as an examiner at my defence. This research would never have been possible if it weren’t for the help of seabird biologists from around the world. First, I would like to thank David Anderson for coordinating much of the field effort to collect samples. I participated in two incredible field seasons, and I thank Giacomo Dell’Omo, Janos Hennicke, and Carlos Zavalaga for coordinating logistics and introducing me to seabird field biology. I am also indebted to the many people who helped collect the samples used in this project, including Jill Awkerman, Patricia Baião, Barry Baker, Michael Betts, Lena Braun, Alfredo Castillo, Maryam Chaib, Chris Depkin, Elena Gómez-Díaz, Jacob González-Solís, Lindsay Hayes, Herve Lormee, Martina Müller, Wendy Murray, Donna O’Daniel, Patty Parker, Robert Pitman, Maria Schiffler, Scott Shaffer, Tammy Steeves, Scott Taylor, Bernie Tershy, and Jeisson Zamudio. This field work was partially funded by an National Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) Discovery Grant to Vicki Friesen and a United States National Science Foundation Grant (#DEB9629539) to David Anderson. Logistical vi support in the field was provided by the Charles Darwin Research Station, Christmas Island National Park, Conservación Internacional-Colombia and Fundación Yubarta, the Galápagos National Park Service, Gorgona National Park, the Puerto Rico Department of Natural Resources, the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, TAME airline, the United States Coast Guard, and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. I am grateful to NSERC for supporting me throughout my PhD via CGS-D and Michael Smith Foreign Study Supplement scholarships. I am also grateful to Queen’s University for supporting me through an EG Bauman Fellowship, Queen’s University Graduate Awards, a Queen’s University Travel Grant for Doctoral Field Research, and for providing funding to travel to scientific meetings. Thanks also to the Waterbird Society and Pacific Seabird Group for funding travel to meetings. I would like to acknowledge all of my friends and colleagues in the Biology Department at Queen’s University. I consider myself fortunate to have worked in this academically and socially stimulating department. In particular, I would like to thank Scott Taylor, who has been an incredible friend, scientific collaborator, and lab mate. I can’t think of a better person with whom to share a study system. I would also like to thank the other members of the Friesen Lab for their friendship, scientific discourse, and good spirits. Thanks to Gaby, Petra, Sarah, Anna, Andree, Laura, Sam, Kim, Will, Scott B., Rebecca, Melissa, and Erin. I would like to thank Karen McCoy and everyone at the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement in Montpellier for their hospitality and scientific inspiration during my stay in France. My parents, Gail and Chris, have supported me in every endeavour in life. I’m sure that I’ll never be able to thank them fully, but at this point I would like to thank them for bringing me up with an appreciation of nature and the outdoors.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Status and Conservation of Shearwaters of the North Pacific
    Status and conservation of shearwaters Reprinted from Vermeer, K.; Briggs, K.T.; Morgan, K.H.; Siegel-Causey, D. (eds.). 1993. The status, ecology. and of the North Pacific conservation of marine birds of the North Pacific. Can. Wildl. Sen. Spec. Publ., Ottawa. William T. Everett’ and Robert L. Pitman’ ‘WesreniFoundarion of Vertebrate Zoolog).. 1100 Glendon Avenue, Los Angeies, CA 90024 ’Sowhwesr Fisheries Science Center,P.O. Box 271, La Jolla, CA 92038 Abstract level of effort expended on pelagic studies of many seabirds, including shearwaters, has increased dramatically, yielding Of the shearwaters that breed in the North Pacific, many new facts on behaviour, habitat selection, migratory the species in the most peril at present is Townsend’s routes and timing, feeding habits, and mortality. Shearwater Pufinus ourtcuforis. Feral cats and pigs pose a In this paper we discuss the general biology and status threat on its breeding grounds. More information is needed of each of the shearwater species occurring in the North Pacific, on its current status, and that of the Black-vented Shearwater consider threats and hazards both on land and at sea, and offer P. opisthomefas,most of whose nesting colonies have well- recommendations for future study and conservation efforts. established feral cat populations. Efforts are being made to protect Newell’s Shearwater P. newelli in the Hawaiian Islands. 2. Species accounts The single greatest threat to migrant shearwaters in the North Pacific is drift gillnet fisheries, which kill hundreds of 2.1. Calonectris leuromelas Streaked Shearwater thousands of birds annually. This species breeds in the far-western Pacific at many locations from the Ryukyu and Bonin islands north to Qingdao RhmC Island in the Yellow Sea, islands off northern Honshu, Japan (Melville 1984; Hasegawa 1984), and has nested on Kmamizin De tous les puffins qui se reproduisent dans le Pacifique Island in the former U.S.S.R.(Litvinenko 1976).
    [Show full text]
  • University of California, San Diego
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Petrogenesis of Intraplate Lavas from Isolated Volcanoes in the Pacific: Implications for the Origin of the Enriched Mantle Source of OIB A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Earth Sciences by Liyan Tian Committee in charge: Professor Paterno Castillo, Chair Professor David Hilton Professor James Hawkins Professor Mark Thiemens Professor Peter Lonsdale 2011 Copyright Liyan Tian, 2011 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Liyan Tian is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Chair University of California, San Diego 2011 iii This dissertation is dedicated to my parents, You Tian and Xiufen Jiang, who taught me to value education. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS SIGNATURE PAGE………………………………………………………………….iii DEDICATION………………………………………………………………………...iv TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………...v LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………….vii LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………..viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………..ix VITA AND PUBLICATIONS………………………………………………………..xii ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………….xv CHAPTER 1: Introduction…………………………………………………………….1 1.1. Scientific background and objectives of this dissertation………………………...1 1.2. Contents of the dissertation……………………………………………………….4 1.2.1. Chapter 2………………………………………………………………………..4 1.2.2. Chapter 3 and 4…………………………………………………………………6 1.2.3. Chapter 5………………………………………………………………………..7 1.3. Conclusions……………………………………………………………………….8 References……………………………………………………………………………12
    [Show full text]
  • Special Issue3.7 MB
    Volume Eleven Conservation Science 2016 Western Australia Review and synthesis of knowledge of insular ecology, with emphasis on the islands of Western Australia IAN ABBOTT and ALLAN WILLS i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT 1 INTRODUCTION 2 METHODS 17 Data sources 17 Personal knowledge 17 Assumptions 17 Nomenclatural conventions 17 PRELIMINARY 18 Concepts and definitions 18 Island nomenclature 18 Scope 20 INSULAR FEATURES AND THE ISLAND SYNDROME 20 Physical description 20 Biological description 23 Reduced species richness 23 Occurrence of endemic species or subspecies 23 Occurrence of unique ecosystems 27 Species characteristic of WA islands 27 Hyperabundance 30 Habitat changes 31 Behavioural changes 32 Morphological changes 33 Changes in niches 35 Genetic changes 35 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 36 Degree of exposure to wave action and salt spray 36 Normal exposure 36 Extreme exposure and tidal surge 40 Substrate 41 Topographic variation 42 Maximum elevation 43 Climate 44 Number and extent of vegetation and other types of habitat present 45 Degree of isolation from the nearest source area 49 History: Time since separation (or formation) 52 Planar area 54 Presence of breeding seals, seabirds, and turtles 59 Presence of Indigenous people 60 Activities of Europeans 63 Sampling completeness and comparability 81 Ecological interactions 83 Coups de foudres 94 LINKAGES BETWEEN THE 15 FACTORS 94 ii THE TRANSITION FROM MAINLAND TO ISLAND: KNOWNS; KNOWN UNKNOWNS; AND UNKNOWN UNKNOWNS 96 SPECIES TURNOVER 99 Landbird species 100 Seabird species 108 Waterbird
    [Show full text]
  • Brachyura of the Pacific Coast of America Brachyrhyncha: Portunidae
    n\oo ALLAN HANCOCK MONOGRAPHS IN MARINE BIOLOGY NUMBER 1 BRACHYURA OF THE PACIFIC COAST OF AMERICA BRACHYRHYNCHA: PORTUNIDAE BY JOHN S. GARTH AND W. STEPHENSON LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA PRINTED FOR THE ALLAN HANCOCK FOUNDATION UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 1966 Kff' ALLAN HANCOCK MONOGRAPHS IN MARINE BIOLOGY NUMBER 1 BRACHYURA OF THE PACIFIC COAST OF AMERICA BRACHYRHYNCHA: PORTUNIDAE BY JOHN S. GARTH Allan Hancock Foundation and Department of Biological Sciences University of Southern California Los Angeles, California AND W. STEPHENSON Department of Zoology Ij nivcrsity of Queensland Brisbane, Australia I .OS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA PRINTED FOR THE ALLAN HANCOCK FOUNDATION UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 1966 ALLAN HANCOCK MONOGRAPHS IN MARINE BIOLOGY NUMBER 1 ISSUED: APRIL 29, 1966 PRICE: $4.50 THE ALLAN HANCOCK FOUNDATION UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Los ANGELES, CALIFORNIA TABLE OF CONTENTS General Discussion 1 Introduction 1 Source of Materials 2 Acknowledgment 2 Systematic Discussion 3 Method of Treatment 3 Historical Review 3 Analogous Atlantic Species 4 Explanation of Terms 8 Color Notes 9 Abbreviations 9 Family Portunidae 9 Subfamily Macropipinae 12 Genus Ovalipes 12 Ovalipes punctatus (de Haan) 12 Subfamily Portuninae 14 Genus Portunus 15 Portunus acuminatus (Stimpson) 17 Portunus angustus Rathbun 19 Portunus asper (A. Milne Edwards) 19 Portunus brevimanus (Faxon) 23 Portunus iridescens (Rathbun) 26 Portunus guaymasensis n. sp 29 Portunus stanfordi Rathbun 31 Portunus xantusii (Stimpson) 31 Portunus xantusii xantusii (Stimpson) 32 Portunus xantusii minimus (Rathbun) 35 Portunus xantusii affinis (Faxon) 38 Portunus tuberculatus (Stimpson) 40 Genus Callinectes 42 Callinectes arcuatus Ordway 43 Callinectes bellicosus (Stimpson) 47 Callinectes toxotes Ordway 50 Genus Arenaeus 52 Arenaeus mexicanus (Gerstaecker) 53 Genus Cronius 56 Cronius ruber (Lamarck) 57 Subfamily Podophthalminae 62 Genus Euphylax 63 Euphylax dovii Stimpson 64 Euphylax robustus A.
    [Show full text]
  • Featured Photo: Notes on Plumage Maturation in the Red-Tailed Tropicbird
    FEATURED PHOTO NOTES ON PLUMAGE MATURATION IN THE RED-TAILED TROPICBIRD RON LEVALLEY, Mad River Biologists, 920 Samoa Blvd., Suite 210, Arcata, Cali- fornia 95521; [email protected] PETER PYLE, The Institute for Bird Populations, P. O. Box 1346, Point Reyes Sta- tion, California 94956; [email protected] The Red-tailed Tropicbird (Phaethon rubricauda) is the most pelagic of the three species of tropicbirds. It ranges throughout the tropical Pacific and Indian oceans, nest- ing on islands. Young birds fledge alone, possibly with some postfledging parental care (Ainley et al. 1986), and most do not return to land for at least two years. During that time they wander, usually as single birds, well away from the sight of most observers. Most individuals return to breed at an age of 2–7 years. Although breeding at an age as young as 9 months, in a “near-adult like plumage,” has been reported (Schreiber and Schreiber 1993), we question this and wonder if the bird was older than suspected when banded the year before (see below). The majority of birds return by the age of 4 years, but those that reportedly return to breeding islands at 2 years of age (presumably in second basic plumage) are in almost full adult plumage (Schreiber and Schreiber 1993), and little is known about the species’ predefinitive molts and plumages. This uncertainty is compounded by year-round breeding in many populations, meaning that molts and plumages may not follow regular, season-based cycles at the population level. Individuals may undergo prebasic molts at intervals of less than one year (e.g., if a breeding attempt failed) or more than one year (e.g., if a breeding attempt was prolonged or skipped).
    [Show full text]
  • Ii \ T MEXICAN GRASSES in the UNITED STATES NATIONAL
    ■ . ~+j-,r?7-w- - i i - . \ t MEXICAN GRASSES IN THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL HERBARIUM. By A. S, Hitchcock INTRODUCTION. The following list of grasses, based entirely upon specimens in the United States National Herbarium, is a preliminary paper, in which the scattered data upon Mexican grasses have been brought together and arranged in a convenient form. The species included have been accepted, for the most part, in their traditional sense. It has been impracticable to examine the types of many of the earlier described species since these specimens are located in European herbaria. For this reason the synonymy has been confined mostly to those names that could be fixed by an examination of American types, or concerning the application of which there was little doubt. The largest number of unidentified names are found in Fournier's work on Mexican grasses.1 This results from the incomplete or unsatis- factory descriptions and from the fact that the specimens cited under a given species either may not agree with the diagnosis, or may belong to two or more species, at least in different herbaria. An examination of the original specimens will undoubtedly lead to the identification of the greater part of these names. There are several specimens that have been omitted from the list because they have not been identified and are apparently unde- scribed species. They belong to genera, however, that are much in need of critical revision and further study of them is deferred for the present. In subsequent articles it is hoped to work out the classifi- cation of the tropical American grasses upon a type basis KEY TO THE GENEBA.
    [Show full text]
  • Bird) Species List
    Aves (Bird) Species List Higher Classification1 Kingdom: Animalia, Phyllum: Chordata, Class: Reptilia, Diapsida, Archosauria, Aves Order (O:) and Family (F:) English Name2 Scientific Name3 O: Tinamiformes (Tinamous) F: Tinamidae (Tinamous) Great Tinamou Tinamus major Highland Tinamou Nothocercus bonapartei O: Galliformes (Turkeys, Pheasants & Quail) F: Cracidae Black Guan Chamaepetes unicolor (Chachalacas, Guans & Curassows) Gray-headed Chachalaca Ortalis cinereiceps F: Odontophoridae (New World Quail) Black-breasted Wood-quail Odontophorus leucolaemus Buffy-crowned Wood-Partridge Dendrortyx leucophrys Marbled Wood-Quail Odontophorus gujanensis Spotted Wood-Quail Odontophorus guttatus O: Suliformes (Cormorants) F: Fregatidae (Frigatebirds) Magnificent Frigatebird Fregata magnificens O: Pelecaniformes (Pelicans, Tropicbirds & Allies) F: Ardeidae (Herons, Egrets & Bitterns) Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis O: Charadriiformes (Sandpipers & Allies) F: Scolopacidae (Sandpipers) Spotted Sandpiper Actitis macularius O: Gruiformes (Cranes & Allies) F: Rallidae (Rails) Gray-Cowled Wood-Rail Aramides cajaneus O: Accipitriformes (Diurnal Birds of Prey) F: Cathartidae (Vultures & Condors) Black Vulture Coragyps atratus Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura F: Pandionidae (Osprey) Osprey Pandion haliaetus F: Accipitridae (Hawks, Eagles & Kites) Barred Hawk Morphnarchus princeps Broad-winged Hawk Buteo platypterus Double-toothed Kite Harpagus bidentatus Gray-headed Kite Leptodon cayanensis Northern Harrier Circus cyaneus Ornate Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus ornatus Red-tailed
    [Show full text]
  • 252 Bird Species
    Appendix 5: Fauna Known to Occur on Fort Drum LIST OF FAUNA KNOWN TO OCCUR ON FORT DRUM as of January 2017. Federally listed species are noted with FT (Federal Threatened) and FE (Federal Endangered); state listed species are noted with SSC (Species of Special Concern), ST (State Threatened, and SE (State Endangered); introduced species are noted with I (Introduced). BIRD SPECIES (Taxonomy based on The American Ornithologists’ Union’s 7th Edition Checklist of North American birds.) ORDER ANSERIFORMES ORDER CUCULIFORMES FAMILY ANATIDAE - Ducks & Geese FAMILY CUCULIDAE - Cuckoos Anser albifrons Greater White-fronted Goose Coccyzus americanus Yellow-billed Cuckoo Chen caerulescens Snow Goose Coccyzus erthropthalmusBlack-billed Cuckoo Chen rossii Ross’s Goose Branta bernicla Brant Branta hutchinsii Cackling Goose ORDER CAPRIMULGIFORMES Branta canadensis Canada Goose FAMILY CARPIMULGIDAE - Nightjars Cygnus columbianus Tundra Swan Chordeiles minor Common Nighthawk (SSC) Aix sponsa Wood Duck Antrostomus carolinensis Eastern Whip-poor-will Anas strepera Gadwall (SSC) Anas americana American Wigeon Anas rubripes American Black Duck ORDER APODIFORMES Anas platyrhynchos Mallard FAMILY APODIDAE – Swifts Anas discors Blue-winged Teal Chaetura pelagica Chimney Swift Anas clypeata Northern Shoveler Anas acuta Northern Pintail FAMILY TROCHILIDAE – Hummingbirds Anas crecca Green-winged Teal Archilochus colubris Ruby-throated Hummingbird Aythya valisineria Canvasback Aythya americana Redhead ORDER GRUIFORMES Aythya collaris Ring-necked Duck FAMILY RALLIDAE
    [Show full text]
  • I POPULATION SIZE of BLUE-FOOTED BOOBIES IN
    POPULATION SIZE OF BLUE-FOOTED BOOBIES IN GALÁPAGOS: EVALUATION OF INDICATIONS OF POPULATION DECLINE BY DAVID ANCHUNDIA A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Biology May 2013 Winston-Salem, North Carolina Approved By: David J. Anderson, Ph.D., Advisor Miles R. Silman, Ph.D., Chair Todd M. Anderson, Ph.D. i DEDICATION This work is dedicated to the memory of my loving mother Juana Isabel Gonzalez. I thank her for all the support and the encouragement she gave me to study sciences. Also I thank my father Oswaldo Anchundia for his constant support during all this time. I will always appreciate all that they have done for me; this degree is dedicated to them. David J. Anchundia Gonzalez ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I want to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Prof. David John Anderson for all the advice, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge that he shared with me during my M. S. study and research. Also I thank my lab mates Jacquelyn Grace, Felipe Estela, Emily Tompkins, and Terri Mannes for the help and guidance in my research. I want to thank the Prof. Miles Silman and Prof. Michael Anderson, who were part of my thesis committee, and the Professors of the Biology Department from Wake Forest University who shared their knowledge with me. I would like to express my gratitude to: Prof. Kathryn Huyvaert from Colorado State University, who helped me in parts of the analysis and modeling parts of the project; Kyle Anderson from Idaho State University, who helped with part of the GIS analysis; Professors Peter and Rosemary Grant from Princeton University, who provided unpublished breeding and attendance data from Daphne Island; and Lisa Balance and Robert Pitman from the National Marine Fisheries Service (La Jolla) for sharing unpublished at-sea distribution data.
    [Show full text]
  • ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 251 BIOGEOGRAPHY of the PUERTO RICAN BANK by Harold Heatwole, Richard Levins and Michael D. Byer
    ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 251 BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE PUERTO RICAN BANK by Harold Heatwole, Richard Levins and Michael D. Byer Issued by THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Washington, D. C., U.S.A. July 1981 VIRGIN ISLANDS CULEBRA PUERTO RlCO Fig. 1. Map of the Puerto Rican Island Shelf. Rectangles A - E indicate boundaries of maps presented in more detail in Appendix I. 1. Cayo Santiago, 2. Cayo Batata, 3. Cayo de Afuera, 4. Cayo de Tierra, 5. Cardona Key, 6. Protestant Key, 7. Green Key (st. ~roix), 8. Caiia Azul ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN 251 ERRATUM The following caption should be inserted for figure 7: Fig. 7. Temperature in and near a small clump of vegetation on Cayo Ahogado. Dots: 5 cm deep in soil under clump. Circles: 1 cm deep in soil under clump. Triangles: Soil surface under clump. Squares: Surface of vegetation. X's: Air at center of clump. Broken line indicates intervals of more than one hour between measurements. BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE PUERTO RICAN BANK by Harold Heatwolel, Richard Levins2 and Michael D. Byer3 INTRODUCTION There has been a recent surge of interest in the biogeography of archipelagoes owing to a reinterpretation of classical concepts of evolution of insular populations, factors controlling numbers of species on islands, and the dynamics of inter-island dispersal. The literature on these subjects is rapidly accumulating; general reviews are presented by Mayr (1963) , and Baker and Stebbins (1965) . Carlquist (1965, 1974), Preston (1962 a, b), ~ac~rthurand Wilson (1963, 1967) , MacArthur et al. (1973) , Hamilton and Rubinoff (1963, 1967), Hamilton et al. (1963) , Crowell (19641, Johnson (1975) , Whitehead and Jones (1969), Simberloff (1969, 19701, Simberloff and Wilson (1969), Wilson and Taylor (19671, Carson (1970), Heatwole and Levins (1973) , Abbott (1974) , Johnson and Raven (1973) and Lynch and Johnson (1974), have provided major impetuses through theoretical and/ or general papers on numbers of species on islands and the dynamics of insular biogeography and evolution.
    [Show full text]
  • AOU Classification Committee – North and Middle America
    AOU Classification Committee – North and Middle America Proposal Set 2016-C No. Page Title 01 02 Change the English name of Alauda arvensis to Eurasian Skylark 02 06 Recognize Lilian’s Meadowlark Sturnella lilianae as a separate species from S. magna 03 20 Change the English name of Euplectes franciscanus to Northern Red Bishop 04 25 Transfer Sandhill Crane Grus canadensis to Antigone 05 29 Add Rufous-necked Wood-Rail Aramides axillaris to the U.S. list 06 31 Revise our higher-level linear sequence as follows: (a) Move Strigiformes to precede Trogoniformes; (b) Move Accipitriformes to precede Strigiformes; (c) Move Gaviiformes to precede Procellariiformes; (d) Move Eurypygiformes and Phaethontiformes to precede Gaviiformes; (e) Reverse the linear sequence of Podicipediformes and Phoenicopteriformes; (f) Move Pterocliformes and Columbiformes to follow Podicipediformes; (g) Move Cuculiformes, Caprimulgiformes, and Apodiformes to follow Columbiformes; and (h) Move Charadriiformes and Gruiformes to precede Eurypygiformes 07 45 Transfer Neocrex to Mustelirallus 08 48 (a) Split Ardenna from Puffinus, and (b) Revise the linear sequence of species of Ardenna 09 51 Separate Cathartiformes from Accipitriformes 10 58 Recognize Colibri cyanotus as a separate species from C. thalassinus 11 61 Change the English name “Brush-Finch” to “Brushfinch” 12 62 Change the English name of Ramphastos ambiguus 13 63 Split Plain Wren Cantorchilus modestus into three species 14 71 Recognize the genus Cercomacroides (Thamnophilidae) 15 74 Split Oceanodroma cheimomnestes and O. socorroensis from Leach’s Storm- Petrel O. leucorhoa 2016-C-1 N&MA Classification Committee p. 453 Change the English name of Alauda arvensis to Eurasian Skylark There are a dizzying number of larks (Alaudidae) worldwide and a first-time visitor to Africa or Mongolia might confront 10 or more species across several genera.
    [Show full text]
  • Special Paper 470 3300 Penrose Place, P.O
    What Is a Volcano? edited by Edgardo Cañón-Tapia Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educacíon Superior de Ensenada Department of Geology Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918 Fraccionamiento Zona Playitas Ensenada Baja California Mexico C.P. 22860 Alexandru Szakács Sapientia University Department of Environmental Sciences Cluj-Napoca, Romania and Romanian Academy Institute of Geodynamics Bucharest, Romania Special Paper 470 3300 Penrose Place, P.O. Box 9140 Boulder, Colorado 80301-9140, USA 2010 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/960985/front_matter.pdf by guest on 27 September 2021 Copyright © 2010, The Geological Society of America (GSA), Inc. All rights reserved. GSA grants permission to individual scientists to make unlimited photocopies of one or more items from this volume for noncommercial purposes advancing science or education, including classroom use. For permission to make photocopies of any item in this volume for other noncommercial, nonprofit purposes, contact The Geological Society of America. Written permission is required from GSA for all other forms of capture or reproduction of any item in the volume including, but not limited to, all types of electronic or digital scanning or other digital or manual transformation of articles or any portion thereof, such as abstracts, into computer-readable and/or transmittable form for personal or corporate use, either noncommercial or commercial, for-profit or otherwise. Send permission requests to GSA Copyright Permissions, 3300 Penrose Place, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, Colorado 80301-9140, USA. GSA provides this and other forums for the presentation of diverse opinions and positions by scientists worldwide, regardless of their race, citizenship, gender, religion, or political viewpoint.
    [Show full text]