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Research Journal of English Language and Literature (RJELAL (RJELAL) Research Journal of English Language and Literature Vol.3.Issue 4.2015 A Peer Reviewed (Refereed) International Journal (Oct-Dec) http://www.rjelal.com RESEARCH ARTICLE EXPERIMENTS IN FORM AND CONTENT: APPROXIMATING INDIAN PROGRESSIVE WRITING IN CONTEMPORARY LITERARY DISCOURSE GHULAM MOHAMMAD KHAN Research Scholar Department of English and Foreign Languages Central University of Haryana ABSTRACT Given the unprecedented intellectual and critical activity in the field of literary and cultural studies, theorists, creative writers and public intellectuals have grown conscious of the arbitrariness and fluidity of the ideological and epistemological structures at work in the theory industry. The form as well content of modern literary texts come under the influence of these structures or thought processes in one way or the other. In these literary and theoretical complexities, there is a possibility of exploring and re-reading the great oeuvre of Progressive Writings. This paper will study, how certain literary and ideological experiments employed by various Progressive writers are still as relevant as they were in late 1930’s and early 1940’s, when the movement was at its peak. Progressive writers’ departure from the ponderous romantic and imaginative ebullience and formal and lexical intricacies of the nineteenth and early twentieth century poets and fiction writers and embracing a new pattern of both form and content are still very relevant and authentic issues in the field of literary studies. Though this writers’ association disintegrated and finally demised after the Independence, the writers of this association had already invested an unparallel effort to turn literature into a vehicle of social realism. Keywords: Progressive Writing, Literature, Movement, Ideology, Criticism, Condition, Form and Content. ©KY PUBLICATIONS INTRODUCTION literature will meet our demand which has thought, In his presidential address to the passion for freedom, beauty, a constructive spirit, Progressive Writers’ Movement’s (PWM) first the light of life’s realities; that moves, creates a congress held in 1936, Munshi Premchand defined turmoil and turbulence, makes us restless, does not the objectives and the whole enterprise of the put us to sleep since it would be akin to death if we Movement as an omnium gatherum of intellectual sleep more (Anwar). The objectives of the efforts set to produce an oeuvre of literature, the Movement, though the political turbulence of the high point of which would be the common man, the time and the gathering storm of public discontent suppressed, or those who have been rendered against the imperial rule intermittently occluded the voiceless by the harsh disciplinary mechanism of the Movement’s march forward, were creatively imperial regime. Premchand maintained that the devised to establish a powerful literary canon that 498 GHULAM MOHAMMAD KHAN (RJELAL) Research Journal of English Language and Literature Vol.3.Issue 4.2015 A Peer Reviewed (Refereed) International Journal (Oct-Dec) http://www.rjelal.com would not only check the hide-bound literary for the ‘reiteration of the values getting lost in conventions that isolated literature from the actual modern commercial age, or distorted under the lived condition of a human society, but also break weight of the decaying social systems” (Jafri). During free from these conventions to formulate a new 1930’s the major problems that degenerated, and in discourse where human life in its varied forms in a way disintegrated Indian society included political various situations should be the centrifugal force subjection, extreme social backwardness, hunger, of the whole intellectual activity. The seeds of illiteracy and poverty. PWM were sown with the publication of Angare It is not that the movement was created by (Burning Embers), a collection of ten short stories by a band of young hot-headed intellectuals who Sajjad Zahir, Rashid Jahan, Ahmed Ali and shared any specific ideology, but it was a spectrum Mahmuduzzafar. Published in Lucknow in of different shades of literary and political December 1932, the book was the “first perspectives. On one side the movement’s iconic ferocious attack on the society in modern and prolific writer Premchand followed Gandhism literature. It was a declaration of war by the youth staunchly, and on the other equally formidable voice of the middle class against the prevailing social, of the Movement, Sajjad Zahir, profoundly political and religious institutions” (Mahmud). The supported the Marxist interpretations of history and stories of Sajjad Zahir and Ahmed Ali criticized the human civilization. In between these two writers enslavement to bogus social and religious practices, emerged various other shades including non- the economic disparities and the shameful conformists like Hasrat Mohani, Abdul Haq, Sarojini acquiescence in the imperial rule. Mahmuduzzafar Naidu, and Dr. Abid Hussain, but all of them and Rashid Jahan boldly talked about the collectively and positively worked for a single cause powerlessness of the women folk in the social of the freedom of our nation and the glory of hierarchy and the religious dogmas that enslaved literature. Some of the prominent writers who them to the demands of the male folk. Though the passionately and zealously worked for the inflammatory and outrageous content of the book Progressive Writer’s Movement include Sajjad Zahir, had to suffer rejections and denunciations Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Sayyid Mutalabbi Faridabadi, everywhere, it still helped the formation of a group Premchand, Saadat Hasan Manto, Ismat Chugtai, Ali of authors, who later established an association in Sardar Jafri, Ahmed Naseem Qasmi, Krishan Chander 1936 known as the All India Progressive Writer’s and Rajender Singh Bedi. Seemingly there was Association (AIPWA). The Association started nothing wrong with the constitution and objectives evolving when the juggernaut of nationalism had of the Movement, but its reception among the social charged the imagination of the masses and elites as well as political circles was not initially all that alike. Slowly and gradually the same imagination good. It had to face the public outrage for being flowed into the realm of literature where it was radically experimental with both style and semantics taken up by Progressive Writers with a more as well the denunciations from the British intense, elaborate and realistic approach. government for generating a strong nationalist Progressive writings, according to a famous narrative. Thought the Movement declined and communist and Urdu scholar Ralph Russell reflected disintegrated slowly after the Independence in 1947, empathy for the poor and the questioning of exiting its different experiments with form and content customs as well as desire for liberation from foreign in literature continue to be apposite and rule and indigenous elites (Russell 70). The stimulating with contemporary writers. Progressive movement did not begin as a violent departure from writers, being well in touch with the recent the tradition or a long cherished history of literary developments in literary criticism and theory and conventions, but aimed at removing certain cultural studies, experimented many new techniques outmoded and obscurantist trends that had in both fiction and poetry. The thematics of wine, distanced realism from these conventions. Since its beloved, landscape and extravagant aesthetics gave inception, the Movement had unflinchingly worked way to some broiling and sensitive political and 499 GHULAM MOHAMMAD KHAN (RJELAL) Research Journal of English Language and Literature Vol.3.Issue 4.2015 A Peer Reviewed (Refereed) International Journal (Oct-Dec) http://www.rjelal.com social issues of the time. Let’s first focus on how imagery structure to the poem; used the progressive writers brought in several innovative rhyme scheme with fresh vigour and changes in poetic form and content and how the introduced and developed new forms like same continues to be relevant today. free verse, dramatic and allegorical Poetry and Progressive Writer’s Movement poems, with experiments in meters; gave It is a fact that the genre of poetry is not it an ideological content and used it as a subject to any system where both form and content weapon in the freedom struggle of India; are permanently fixed for the same. Poetry is a denounced decadence and cynicism, yet language in which the poet can explore any aspect of discovered in this attitude also an element the universe, of human existence, of corporeal, of of protest against existing conditions; celestial, of spiritual or any other aspect. It is in the enriched the treasury of poetic diction by words of Ali Sardar Jafri “an autonomous Republic of using ordinary and common words which Letters within the sovereign State of Human the older classical poets had banished from Civilization, but not a law unto itself” (Jafri). Before the realm of poetry, and thus came closer the dawn of PWM on the literary scene, the to the people. (Jafri) bromidic and extravagant romantic and imaginative With radical experiments in poetic form, verse encased in a ponderous and ornate but progressive poets also modified the content esoteric language had already taken a heavy toll on aspect of poetry. The ecstasy and disillusionment the genre of poetry. Excluding some of the great born out of the socio-political turmoil became the poems of Allama Iqbal and Mirza Galib and some kernel of poetry. Poets altered the connotations sporadic verses,
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