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Prehispanic and Colonial Settlement Patterns of the Sogamoso Valley
PREHISPANIC AND COLONIAL SETTLEMENT PATTERNS OF THE SOGAMOSO VALLEY by Sebastian Fajardo Bernal B.A. (Anthropology), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2006 M.A. (Anthropology), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2009 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2016 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH THE DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Sebastian Fajardo Bernal It was defended on April 12, 2016 and approved by Dr. Marc Bermann, Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh Dr. Olivier de Montmollin, Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh Dr. Lara Putnam, Professor and Chair, Department of History, University of Pittsburgh Dissertation Advisor: Dr. Robert D. Drennan, Distinguished Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh ii Copyright © by Sebastian Fajardo Bernal 2016 iii PREHISPANIC AND COLONIAL SETTLEMENT PATTERNS OF THE SOGAMOSO VALLEY Sebastian Fajardo Bernal, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2016 This research documents the social trajectory developed in the Sogamoso valley with the aim of comparing its nature with other trajectories in the Colombian high plain and exploring whether economic and non-economic attractors produced similarities or dissimilarities in their social outputs. The initial sedentary occupation (400 BC to 800 AD) consisted of few small hamlets as well as a small number of widely dispersed farmsteads. There was no indication that these communities were integrated under any regional-scale sociopolitical authority. The population increased dramatically after 800 AD and it was organized in three supra-local communities. The largest of these regional polities was focused on a central place at Sogamoso that likely included a major temple described in Spanish accounts. -
Evaluation of Nama Opportunities in Colombia's
EVALUATION OF NAMA OPPORTUNITIES IN COLOMBIA’S SOLID WASTE SECTOR WRITTEN BY: Leo Larochelle Michael Turner Michael LaGiglia CCAP RESEARCH SUPPORT: CENTER FOR CLEAN AIR POLICY Hill Consulting (Bogotá) OCTOBER 2012 Dialogue. Insight. Solutions. Acknowledgements This paper is a product of CCAP’s Mitigation Action Implementation Network (MAIN) and was written by Leo Larochelle, Michael Turner, and Michael LaGiglia of CCAP. This project was undertaken with the financial support of the Government of Canada through the Federal Department of the Environment. Special thanks are due to the individuals and organizations in Colombia who offered their time and assistance, through phone interviews or in-person discussions to help inform this work. The support of the Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible was essential to the success of this report as well as help from the Steering Committee (made up of the Ministerio de Ambiente Vivienda Y Desarrollo Territorial, the Departamento Nacional de Planeación, the Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, and the Superintendencia de Servicios Públicos Domiciliarios), representatives from Santiago de Cali (Empresa Pública de Gestión Integral de Residuos Sólidos de Cali, Departamento Administrativo para la Gestión del Medio Ambiente), Medellín (Area Metropolitana del Valle de Aburra Unidad Ambiental), Ibagué (Corporación Autónoma Regional del Tolima-Cortolima and Interaseo) and Sogamoso (Secretario de Desarrollo y Medio Ambiente and Coservicios). The views expressed in this paper represent those -
Sogamoso, Tunja, Boyacá
Resultados Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2018 Sogamoso, Tunja, Boyacá Julio 26 de 2019 Colombia. Distribución de la población por sexo y edad en los Población censada por sexo y edad censos históricos Avance en el proceso de transición demográfica asociado con el marcado cambio en la fecundidad, el descenso de la mortalidad, la acelerada urbanización y el crecimiento económico. 80 a 84 80 a 84 70 a 74 70 a 74 60 a 64 60 a 64 50 a 54 50 a 54 40 a 44 40 a 44 30 a 34 30 a 34 20 a 24 20 a 24 10 a 14 10 a 14 0 a 4 0 a 4 10% 5% 0% 5% 10% 10% 5% 0% 5% 10% 1964 1973 80 a 84 80 a 84 70 a 74 70 a 74 60 a 64 60 a 64 50 a 54 50 a 54 40 a 44 40 a 44 30 a 34 30 a 34 20 a 24 20 a 24 10 a 14 10 a 14 0 a 4 0 a 4 10% 5% 0% 5% 10% 10% 5% 0% 5% 10% 1985 1993 Fuente: DANE – CNPV 2018, I N F O R M A C I Ó N P A R A T O D O S Nacional. Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2018 Nacional. Proyecciones de población 2018 derivadas del Censo 99 General 2005 96 93 mujeres mujeres 90 87 84 81 ? 78 78 75 75 72 72 69 69 66 66 63 63 60 60 57 57 54 54 51 51 48 48 45 45 42 42 39 39 36 36 33 33 30 30 27 27 24 24 21 21 18 18 15 15 12 12 9 09 6 06 3 03 0 00 1,0% 0,8% 0,6% 0,4% 0,2% 0,0% 0,2% 0,4% 0,6% 0,8% 1,0% 1,0% 0,8% 0,6% 0,4% 0,2% 0,0% 0,2% 0,4% 0,6% 0,8% 1,0% CNPV Proyecciones Fuente: DANE 44.164.417 = personas efectivamente censadas 43.835.324 personas censadas Estimación provisional de en hogares particulares + = 48.258.494 + personas 329.093 4.094.077 Total personas en personas omitidas Lugares Especiales 8,5% del total de personas de Alojamiento (LEA) 8,5% en hogares particulares 13.480.729 14.243.223 viviendas hogares con hogares particulares particulares Fuente: DANE – CNPV 2018, I N F O R M A C I Ó N P A R A T O D O S Colombia. -
Documento FINAL Nota Tecnica Heladas
ACTUALIZACION NOTA TECNICA HELADAS 2012 REALIZADO POR Olga Cecilia González Gómez Carlos Felipe Torres Triana. Contrato N° 201/2012 Subdirección de Meteorología TABLA DE CONTENIDO 1. MARCO TEÓRICO …………………………………………………………….……………………………….4 1.1 Definición del fenómeno de heladas ………………………………...............……………………………4 1.2 Clasificación de heladas ……………………………………………………………………………………..4 1.2.1 Helada por advección ………………………………………………………………………………………...4 1.2.2 Helada por evaporación ……………………………………………………………………………………...4 1.2.3 Helada por radiación ………………………………………………………………………………………….4 1.3 Aspectos físicos ………………………………………………………………………………………………5 1.3.1 Balance radiativo ……………………………………………………………………………………………...5 1.3.2 Transmisión de calor …………………………………………………………………………………………6 1.3.3 Variación de la temperatura …………………………………………………………………………………7 1.4. Factores que favorecen las heladas ……………………………………………………………………….8 1.4.1 El vapor de agua ………………………………………………………………………………………………8 1.4.2 El suelo y la vegetación ……………………………………………………………………………………...8 1.4.3 El Viento ………………………………………………………………………………………………………...8 1.4.4 Topografía ………………………………………………………………………………………………………8 1.4.5 Nubosidad y la temperatura vespertina …………………………………………………………………..8 2. COMPORTAMIENTO DE LAS HELADAS EN COLOMBIA ………………………………………………9 2.1 Distribución espacial de las heladas ………………………………………………………………………9 2.2 Distribución temporal de las heladas ……………………………………...…………………….………11 3. REGISTROS HISTÓRICOS O ESTADÍSTICAS ……………………………………………………..…….11 3.1 Promedios de temperatura mínima y temperaturas mínimas absolutas -
GÜETTA: El Plan Del Resurgimiento
PLAN DE VIDA de la Comunidad Mhuysqa de Sesquilé GÜETTA: El plan del resurgimiento Haciendo realidad el sueño de Carlos Mamanché Tabaco Hayo Poporo Abuela Mamanché Agua Lagunas Sagradas Kusmuy Niños Alimento Medicina Oska Observatorio Cosmos Educación Tejidos Creadora Bagué Territorio Ancestral Sierra Nevada Mujer Agricultura Bacatá Lugares Sagrados Pagamentos Medicina Temazcal Mamos El Camino de los Mohanes Laguna de Guatavita Bochica Cuca No-Daño Chiminigagua Chía Bachué Goranchacha Chibchacum El Dios de la Naturaleza Tijiki ÍNDICE 1 PRESENTACIÓN pp.06 6.2.2 Conservar las fuentes hídricas pp.46 2 INTRODUCCIÓN pp.08 6.2.3 Generar más espacios de interacción entre los niños y los jóvenes y 2.1 El Plan de Vida es el Proceso del Resurgimiento pp.08 poder contar con una educación propia pp.46 2.2 Somos las semillas del Plan de Vida pp.09 6.2.4 Fortalecer el gobierno comunitario para la protección del territorio y la generación de oportunidades pp.47 3 DESCRIPCIÓN GENERAL DE LA CULTURA MHUYSQA Y EL MUNICIPIO DE SESQUILÉ pp.10 6.2.5 Fortalecer el camino de la medicina tradicional pp.48 3.1 El Pueblo Mhuywsqa pp.10 6.2.6 Generar oportunidades económicas a partir de la implementación de proyectos productivos que les permitan a las madres no alejarse 3.2 El Municipio de Sesquilé pp.13 de sus hijos pp.48 4 EL TERRITORIO CÍRCULO DE VIDA DE LA COMUNIDAD MHUYSQA 6.2.7 Fomentar la agricultura y la recuperación de semillas originarias pp.48 DE SESQUILÉ pp.22 6.3 Estrategias para lograrlo - Propuestas pp.49 4.1 La visión de Territorio de la Comunidad -
Interpretación De Transcurrencia De Las Fallas Soapaga Y Boyacá a Partir De Imágenes Landsat Tm
Boletín de Geología Vol. 27, No. 1, Enero-Junio de 2005 INTERPRETACIÓN DE TRANSCURRENCIA DE LAS FALLAS SOAPAGA Y BOYACÁ A PARTIR DE IMÁGENES LANDSAT TM Velandia, F.1 RESUMEN La visión regional que ofrecen las imágenes del satélite Landsat TM5 en la interpretación tectónica de las fallas Soapaga y Boyacá, permite la identificación de estructuras indicadoras de fallamiento de rumbo, que sumado a la componente vertical, usualmente reconocida para estas fallas, sugiere una tectónica transpresiva para la zona axial de la Cordillera Oriental de Colombia. La disposición de segmentos de las fallas Soapaga, Chaguacá y Boyacá, y la conformación de un bloque con fallamiento interno en una estructura duplex, indican que el desplazamiento lateral izquierdo característico de la Falla Bucaramanga, continúa hasta una latitud aproximada de 5º50’. Hacia el sur de esta latitud se identifican rasgos regionales de transcurrencia dextral asociado a los cabalgamientos de las fallas Soapaga, Boyacá y otras relacionadas con esta última como resultado de la propagación de su cabalgamiento hacia el SE. Se sugiere la continuidad de las principales fallas longitudinales hacia la Sabana de Bogotá y la existencia de fallas de basamento relacionadas con lineamientos transversales que con un posible carácter distensivo tendrían influencia en la manifestación de fluidos hidrotermales. Palabras clave: Tectónica, transcurrencia, neotectónica, Cordillera Oriental, Colombia. WRENCHING INTERPRETATION ALONG THE BOYACA AND SOAPAGA FAULTS FROM LANDSAT TM IMAGES ABSTRACT Identification of strike-slip faulting indicators, along the trace of the Soapaga and Boyacá faults from Landsat TM5 images, suggest a transpressive tectonic regime in the axial zone of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia. -
Codificación De Municipios Por Departamento
Código Código Municipio Departamento Departamento Municipio 05 001 MEDELLIN Antioquia 05 002 ABEJORRAL Antioquia 05 004 ABRIAQUI Antioquia 05 021 ALEJANDRIA Antioquia 05 030 AMAGA Antioquia 05 031 AMALFI Antioquia 05 034 ANDES Antioquia 05 036 ANGELOPOLIS Antioquia 05 038 ANGOSTURA Antioquia 05 040 ANORI Antioquia 05 042 ANTIOQUIA Antioquia 05 044 ANZA Antioquia 05 045 APARTADO Antioquia 05 051 ARBOLETES Antioquia 05 055 ARGELIA Antioquia 05 059 ARMENIA Antioquia 05 079 BARBOSA Antioquia 05 086 BELMIRA Antioquia 05 088 BELLO Antioquia 05 091 BETANIA Antioquia 05 093 BETULIA Antioquia 05 101 BOLIVAR Antioquia 05 107 BRICEÑO Antioquia 05 113 BURITICA Antioquia 05 120 CACERES Antioquia 05 125 CAICEDO Antioquia 05 129 CALDAS Antioquia 05 134 CAMPAMENTO Antioquia 05 138 CAÑASGORDAS Antioquia 05 142 CARACOLI Antioquia 05 145 CARAMANTA Antioquia 05 147 CAREPA Antioquia 05 148 CARMEN DE VIBORAL Antioquia 05 150 CAROLINA Antioquia 05 154 CAUCASIA Antioquia 05 172 CHIGORODO Antioquia 05 190 CISNEROS Antioquia 05 197 COCORNA Antioquia 05 206 CONCEPCION Antioquia 05 209 CONCORDIA Antioquia 05 212 COPACABANA Antioquia 05 234 DABEIBA Antioquia 05 237 DON MATIAS Antioquia 05 240 EBEJICO Antioquia 05 250 EL BAGRE Antioquia 05 264 ENTRERRIOS Antioquia 05 266 ENVIGADO Antioquia 05 282 FREDONIA Antioquia 05 284 FRONTINO Antioquia 05 306 GIRALDO Antioquia 05 308 GIRARDOTA Antioquia 05 310 GOMEZ PLATA Antioquia 05 313 GRANADA Antioquia 05 315 GUADALUPE Antioquia 05 318 GUARNE Antioquia 05 321 GUATAPE Antioquia 05 347 HELICONIA Antioquia 05 353 HISPANIA Antioquia -
23 RST Acacias Meta Cll 14 # 19
Actualizaba abril 2020 CORRESPONSALES BANCARIOS Tipo de transacción RC: Recaudo RT: Retiro con Tarjeta RST:Retiro sin Tarjeta PTC:Pago de tarjetas y Créditos BBVA CS : Consulta de saldo DP: Depósito Departamento Ciudad Dirección Tipo de transacción Acacias Meta Cra 35 # 14 - 23 RST Acacias Meta Cll 14 # 19 - 52 RST Agua de Dios Cundinamarca Cra 9 # 11 - 17 RST Aguachica Cesar Cll 5 # 23 - 73 RST,PTC,DP Aguazul Casanare Marginal De La Selva Frente ,Av Luis María Jiménez RC,RT,RST,PTC,CS,DP Agustín Codazzi Cesar Cra 18 # 20 - 35 RST,PTC,DP Alcalá Valle Del Cauca Cll 5 # 7 - 21 RST Amaga Antioquia Cra 51 Cll 45 RC,RT,RST,PTC,CS,DP Anapoima Cundinamarca Cll 4 # 2 - 24 LC 2 RC,RT,RST,PTC,CS,DP Anapoima Cundinamarca Cra 2 # 5 - 35 RST Anapoima Cundinamarca Cll 12 # 5 - 14 RST Ancuya Nariño Cll 2 #3 - 39 RC,RST Andalucía Valle Del Cauca Cra 5 # 13 - 06 RST Anolaima Cundinamarca Cll 4 # 3 - 05 RST Anserma Caldas Cra 4 # 10 - 30 RST Anserma Nuevo Valle Del Cauca Cra 4 Cll 5 Y 6 RST Apartado Antioquia Cra 100 # 101 - 39 CCO PLAZA DEL RIO RST,PTC,DP Apartado Antioquia Cra 100 # 100-43 RST Apia Risaralda Cll 8 # 8 - 19 RST Apulo Cundinamarca Cra 9 # 4 - 74 RC,RT,RST,PTC,CS,DP Apulo Cundinamarca Cll 9 # 4 - 30 RST Aracataca Magdalena Cll 8 # 5A - 41 RST,PTC,DP Aracataca Magdalena Cra 4 # 8 - 10 RST Aránzazu Caldas Cra 5 # 6 - 12 RST Arbeláez Cundinamarca Cll 5 # 11 - 20 RC,RT,RST,PTC,CS,DP Arboletes Antioquia Entrada Principal RC,RT,RST,PTC,CS,DP Arboletes Antioquia Cll 30 # 30 - 11 RST Argelia Cauca Cra 3 #2 - 47 RC,RST Arjona Bolívar Cra 50 # 49 - 45 RST Arjona Bolívar Cll 50 # 38 - 50 RST Arjona Bolívar Cra 14 # 49- 35 RST,PTC,DP Armenia Quindío Cra 14 # 10 - 21 RST,PTC,DP Armenia Quindío Cll 19 # 17 - 27 RST,PTC,DP Armenia Quindío Cra 14 # 14 - 27 RST,PTC,DP Armenia Quindío Cra 22 # 22 - 65 RST,PTC,DP Armenia Quindío Cra 14 # 8 NORTE - 13 RST,PTC,DP Armenia Quindío Cll 19 Nte # 13 - 09 RST,PTC,DP Armenia Quindío Cll 30 # 40 - 80 RST,PTC,DP Armenia Quindío CC. -
Contemporary Muisca Indigenous Sounds in the Colombian Andes
Nymsuque: Contemporary Muisca Indigenous Sounds in the Colombian Andes Beatriz Goubert Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2019 © 2019 Beatriz Goubert All rights reserved ABSTRACT Nymsuque: Contemporary Muisca Indigenous Sounds in the Colombian Andes Beatriz Goubert Muiscas figure prominently in Colombian national historical accounts as a worthy and valuable indigenous culture, comparable to the Incas and Aztecs, but without their architectural grandeur. The magnificent goldsmith’s art locates them on a transnational level as part of the legend of El Dorado. Today, though the population is small, Muiscas are committed to cultural revitalization. The 19th century project of constructing the Colombian nation split the official Muisca history in two. A radical division was established between the illustrious indigenous past exemplified through Muisca culture as an advanced, but extinct civilization, and the assimilation politics established for the indigenous survivors, who were considered degraded subjects to be incorporated into the national project as regular citizens (mestizos). More than a century later, and supported in the 1991’s multicultural Colombian Constitution, the nation-state recognized the existence of five Muisca cabildos (indigenous governments) in the Bogotá Plateau, two in the capital city and three in nearby towns. As part of their legal battle for achieving recognition and maintaining it, these Muisca communities started a process of cultural revitalization focused on language, musical traditions, and healing practices. Today’s Muiscas incorporate references from the colonial archive, archeological collections, and scholars’ interpretations of these sources into their contemporary cultural practices. -
The Decline and Probable Extinction of the Colombian Grebe Podiceps Andinus
Bird Conservation International (1993) 3:221-234 The decline and probable extinction of the Colombian Grebe Podiceps andinus J. FJELDSA Summary Searches were made for the Colombian Grebe Podiceps andinus in 1981 in the wetlands in the Eastern Andes of Colombia. The studies also included surveys of other waterbirds and recorded the general conditions of these wetlands, once the stronghold for waterbirds in the northern Andes. The Colombian Grebe was apparently last seen in 1977 in Lake Tota, and is probably extinct, although a flock may have been moving around outside Lake Tota and could have settled outside the former breeding area. The primary reason for the decline must be draining of wetlands and eutrophication and siltation which destroyed the open submergent Potamogeton vegetation, where this grebe may have been feeding on a large diversity of arthropods. Introduction of exotic fish and hunting may also have played a role. Durante 1981 se han realizado varias expedidones en busca de Podiceps andinus en las zonas hiimedas de los Andes Orientales de Colombia. Durante estos estudios tambien se censaron otras aves acuaticas y se tomaron notas sobre el estado general de estas zonas humedas, que en el pasado fueron el principal enclave para las aves acuaticas en los Andes del Norte. Aparentemente Podiceps andinus fue visto por ultima vez en 1977 en el Lago Tota, y esta probablemente extinguido, aunque podrfa haber un bando en las inmediaciones de dicho lago que se hay a establecido fuera de la antigua area de cria. La razon fundamental del declive debe ser el drenaje de las zonas humedas y la eutrofiz- acion y salinizacion que ha destruido la vegetation sumergida de Potamogeton, donde esta especie se alimentaba de una gran variedad de artropodos. -
Re-Meaning the Indigenous Muisca Cemetery of Usme, Colombia: Ethnography of Collaborative Project and Patrimonial Debate
RE-MEANING THE INDIGENOUS MUISCA CEMETERY OF USME, COLOMBIA: ETHNOGRAPHY OF COLLABORATIVE PROJECT AND PATRIMONIAL DEBATE Pablo F. Gómez-Montañez Candidate to PhD in Anthropology of Universidad de los Andes, Colombia Researcher of Group of Memory, Universidad Santo Tomás, Colombia E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The paper exposes an ethnographic view of a collaborative field work, made in Hacienda El Carmen in Usme, Colombia, a terrain where an indigenous muisca cemetery was found. The analysis focuses on the struggles between the named “authorized patrimonial discourse” and the “cultural process of patrimony”. In the first part, I want to expose the processes that led us to purpose a current collaborative research project implemented by the Universidad Santo Tomás’ Group of Memory and the Indigenous Muisca Community of Bosa. Based on a situational analysis methodology, this part is the result of an ethnographic field work of some spaces of dialogue and encounter among different logics to understand the patrimony and the heritage. In middle of struggles with the public institutions, the academy and other social groups, the muisca people build and negotiate their ethnic identity as part of their cultural and political project. In the second part, the situational analysis will be applied in scenarios where the muisca people began to interpret the archaeological territory of Hacienda El Carmen. In this part, I will try to expose some epistemological reflections about alternative and inclusive ways of knowledge and remembering. The new senses and narratives, produced as a result of this exercise, let us thinking about the symbolic strategies used by the muisca people to occupy an important place in the present and the possibility of understanding and purposing current citizen visions from creative and original ways of incorporate ancestral memories. -
The Long-Run E Ects of Encomienda on Development in Colombia
Is Extraction Bad? The Long-Run Eects of Encomienda on Development in Colombia Jean-Paul Faguet Camilo A. Matajira Fabio Sánchez ∗ PRELIMINARY AND INCOMPLETE PLEASE DO NOT CITE WITHOUT PERMISSION March 9, 2017 Abstract This paper evaluates the long term impact of the Encomienda a forced labor institution applied by Spaniards throughout Latin America during the XVI, XVII, and XVIII centuries- in Colombia. Our results show that municipalities that had Encomienda in 1560 are better o today than its neighbors. Despite being an extractive institution, the encomenderos started the colonial local state in those territories. Hence, we provide evidence that the Encomienda had a long term impact on Colombian municipalities through the persistence of the State. Finally, the results are not driven either by precolonial state or population persistence. Keywords: Institutions, Forced labor, Colonialism, Economic Development, History, State Capacity JEL Classication Numbers: N00, N96, O10, H70. ∗Contact information:[email protected] and [email protected]. 1 1 Introduction The seminal contributions of Engerman and Sokolo (henceforth ES; 1997 and Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson (henceforth AJR; 2001) sparked a resurgence in attempts to explain the vast discrepancies in contemporary levels of development across the world. This literature developed rapidly, with competing theses proposing geography (Diamond 1997, Gallup, Sachs and Mellinger 1999) vs. factor endowments (ES 1997, 2002; SE 2000) vs. institutions (AJR 2001, 2002, 2005) vs. education (Glaeser et al. 2004) as key causal variables. These contributions are amongst the best-known in a broader body of research; we do not review them again here. Despite their merit in returning researchers' focus to some of the biggest and most impor- tant questions in economics, the empirical and conceptual limitations of such broad-brush approaches have become apparent the more these ideas have been tested with data.