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Escola De Economia E Gestão Karolina Magdalena Ryniak The Escola de Economia e Gestão Karolina Magdalena Ryniak The Europeanization of Polish and Portuguese Foreign and Security Policies: A Comparative Perspective Dissertação de Mestrado Mestrado em Relações Internacionais Trabalho realizado sob a orientação de: Professora Doutora Alena Vysotskaya Guedes Vieira Professora Doutora Laura Cristina Ferreira-Pereira abril de 2017 DECLARAÇÃO NOME: Karolina Magdalena Ryniak ENDEREÇO ELETRÓNICO: [email protected] TELEFONE: +351939537099 NÚMERO DO PASSAPORTE: ARS196074 TÍTULO DA DISSERTAÇÃO: The Europeanization of Polish and Portuguese Foreign and Security Policies: A Comparative Perspective ORIENTADORES: Professora Doutora Alena Vysotkaya Guedes Vieira Professora Doutora Laura Cristina Ferreira-Pereira ANO DE CONCLUSÃO: 2017 DESIGNAÇÃO DO MESTRADO: Mestrado em Relações Internacionais 1. É AUTORIZADA A REPRODUÇÃO INTEGRAL DESTA TESE/TRABALHO APENAS PARA EFEITOS DE INVESTIGAÇÃO, MEDIANTE DECLARAÇÃO ESCRITA DO INTERESSADO, QUE A TAL SE COMPROMETE; 2. É AUTORIZADA A REPRODUÇÃO PARCIAL DESTA TESE/TRABALHO (indicar, caso tal sejanecessário, nr máximo de páginas, ilustrações, gráficos, etc.), APENAS PARA EFEITOS DEINVESTIGAÇÃO, MEDIANTE DECLARAÇÃO ESCRITA DO INTERESSADO, QUE A TAL SE COMPROMETE; 3. DE ACORDO COM A LEGISLAÇÃO EM VIGOR, NÃO É PERMITIDA A REPRODUÇÃO DE QUALQUER PARTE DESTA TESE/TRABALHO Universidade do Minho, __/__/____ Assinatura: ____________________ Acknowledgments I would love to express my sincere gratitude to all those people who supported and inspired me in writing this thesis. First of all, I would like to thank my supervisors: Prof. Alena Vieira and Prof. Laura Ferreira- Pereira for their beneficial comments, remarks and engagement through the investigation work at every stage of the thesis. Their guidance was significant to me during the writing process, especially their expertise, commitment and patience. My obrigada goes to all of the teachers that I met at Universidade do Minho for their support and help during my academic subjects. I would like to thank all of my friends that I met during my stay in Porto who made this place unforgettable and always supported me in tough moments. My special thanks goes to Maria Luisa- one of the most inspiring ‘teachers’ I have ever met. My big thank you goes to my sisters and best friends at the same time: Gosia, Anka, Kasia and Aga for their unlimited support, friendship and love. I am the luckiest person to have you all. My greatest dziękuję goes to my Parents for the enormous support during my whole life and showing me what love and being loved mean. No word can express my feelings and gratitude toward you. The last, but not the least, my biggest MERCI goes to the love and light of my life Pouya, the familiar stranger who changed my life. For his unconditional love, never stopping to believe in me and keeping a sense of humor when I had lost mine. I would never stop saying ‘thank you’ دوستت دارم! .for the things you have done for me ii The Europeanization of Polish and Portuguese Foreign and Security Policies: A Comparative Perspective Abstract This thesis aims to compare the process of Europeanization of Portuguese and Polish foreign and security policies. The theoretical framework of this study is formed by the Europeanization approach, in order to explore the dynamic processes of foreign and security policy change. Against the background of the reviewed Europeanization concept, with a particular focus on Portugal and Poland, the thesis explores the similarities and differences between both countries in order to understand the impact of their historical backgrounds and time of accession on their individual process of Europeanization. The comparison provides a perspective highlighting the impact of democratization at this stage. The Europeanization process is also analyzed while being divided into two main phases: ‘downloading’ (adaptation of the EU rules and norms) and ‘uploading’ (projection of their national preferences into the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) level). For Portugal, the ‘downloading’ stage explores the domestic adaptation and institutional changes and the ‘uploading’ phases reviews the three rotation Council Presidencies. In the case of Poland, the EU´s influence on national administrative structures during the ‘downloading’ process and promoting of the Eastern Dimension during the ‘uploading’ phase are studied. After this, the Europeanization process of both countries is compared by taking into account the different characteristics and spheres of interest, the challenges they faced, and the role of NATO in their foreign and security policies. The results of the comparison demonstrate that despite numerous differences, distinct ways of ‘uploading’ and national preferences, the Europeanization could be attained for both of them. Moreover, the analysis demonstrates that a proper uploading can only be obtained through an effective downloading process. Finally, the dissertation concludes that the projecting of national interests (vis-á-vis Ukraine in case of Poland and towards the Lusophone world for Portugal) had been achieved in full compatibility and faithfulness to NATO. Keywords: Portugal, Poland, Europeanization, CFSP, CSDP, NATO iii A Europeização das Políticas Externas e de Segurança de Portugal e da Polónia: Uma Perspectiva Comparativa Resumo Esta tese tem como objetivo estabelecer a comparação entre a Europeização das políticas externas e de segurança de Portugal e da Polónia. O contexto teórico deste estudo tem como base o fenómeno da Europeização de forma a explorar os processos dinâmicos de mudança nas políticas externas e de segurança. Esta tese tem início com a apresentação de uma revisão do conceito de Europeização com especial foco em Portugal e Polónia. Posteriormente, as similitudes e diferenças entre os dois países são estudadas de forma a interpretar o impato dos respetivos antecedentes históricos e datas de adesão na adaptação ao processo de Europeização. O estabelecimento desta comparação permite aos leitores compreender o impato da democratização nesta etapa. Em seguida, o processo de Europeização é dividido em duas etapas principais: a fase de ’downloading’ (adaptação às normas e leis da União Europeia) e de ’uploading’ (projecção das preferências nacionais no domínio da Política Externa e de Segurança Comum. Para Portugal, na fase ’downloading’ explora-se a adaptação doméstica e mudanças institucionais enquanto que na fase de ‘uploading’ revê-se o trio de Presidências rotativas do Conselho. No caso da Polónia, a influência da EU nas estruturas administrativas nacionais e a promoção da Eastern Dimension são estudadas durante as fases ‘downloading’ e ’uploading’, respetivamente. Em seguida, o processo de Europeização dos dois países é então comparado, tendo em consideração as características diferenciais e áreas de interesse, os desafios que enfrentaram e o papel da NATO nas suas políticas externas e de segurança. Os resultados deste estudo comparativo demonstraram que, apesar de existirem numerosas diferenças entre os dois países, distintas formas de ‘uploading’ e de preferências nacionais, a Europeização foi ser alcançada para ambos os países. Adicionalmente, foi também demonstrado que um ‘uploading’ adequado só poderá ser alcançado através de um processo de ‘downloading’ efectivo. Conclui-se também que a projecção dos interesses nacionais (relacionados com a Ucrânia, no caso da Polónia e com a Comunidade Lusófona para Portugal) foi alcançada com total compatibilidade e fidelidade à NATO. Palavras-chave: Portugal, Polónia, Europeização, CFSP, CSDP, NATO iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 10 1.1. The state of the art .............................................................................................................. 13 1.2. Theoretical framework ....................................................................................................... 24 1.3. Research design .................................................................................................................. 27 1.3.1. Research problem ........................................................................................................ 27 1.3.2. Research question ........................................................................................................ 27 1.3.3. Research methods ........................................................................................................ 28 1.4. Structure of the dissertation................................................................................................ 29 2. The Foreign and Security policies of Portugal and Poland: The Impact of Democratization .. 32 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 32 2.2 Collapse of the non-democratic regimes and reorientation of foreign policy goals ........... 33 2.3 Security and Atlanticism: Role of NATO and relations with USA .................................... 36 2.4 Membership to the European Union ................................................................................... 39 3. Portuguese Foreign and Security Policies after EU’s accession: Examining ‘Uploading’ and ‘Downloading’ .............................................................................................................................. 42 3.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................
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