DOCSLIB.ORG

I the IMPACT of the 1974 REVOLUTION on RELIGIOUS

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
I the IMPACT of the 1974 REVOLUTION on RELIGIOUS THE IMPACT OF THE 1974 REVOLUTION ON RELIGIOUS FREEDOM IN PORTUGAL (1974 – 2009) by FERNANDO CALDEIRA DA SILVA submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF THEOLOGY in the subject CHURCH HISTORY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: PROF M H MOGASHOA OCTOBER 2015 i DECLARATION Name: FERNANDO CALDEIRA DA SILVA Student number: 32451458 Degree: DTh Church History Exact wording of the title of the thesis as appearing on copies submitted for examination: THE IMPACT OF THE 1974 REVOLUTION ON RELIGIOUS FREEDOM IN PORTUGAL (1974 – 2009) I declare that the above thesis is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. ________________________ _________________ SIGNATURE DATE ii ABSTRACT THE IMPACT OF THE 1974 REVOLUTION ON RELIGIOUS FREEDOM IN PORTUGAL (1974-2009) Oppression and dictatorship were rife in this traditional Roman Catholic Portuguese state. The Portuguese Empire collapsed and the period immediately after the 1974 Revolution was marked by Communist influence. However, democracy rose with the 1976 Constitution and its subsequent Revisions addressing various aspects of freedom but neglected to address religious freedom. Specific legislation pertaining to freedom of religion was only adopted more than three decades later in 2001. Consequently, the study intended to reveal the status of religious freedom in Portugal as a result of the 1974 Revolution. The hypothesis of this study is that there was resistance to the implementation of religious freedom in Portuguese legislation and society which continued until 2009, the point at which this study ends. Relevant legislation regarding religious freedom was the adoption of the 2001 Religious Freedom Act followed by the signing of the 2004 Concordat. Thus, this important question is relevant, was religious freedom respected in Portugal in 2009? Subsequently, this study tested and proved the hypothesis that religious freedom was not fully applied in Portuguese legislation and society up to the period under study. The adoption of the 2004 Concordat proved that there was still confusion regarding the legal status of religious freedom in the country. The methodology used to collect the data for this study included numerous articles, letters, national and international legislation, anecdotal evidence as well as literature and in-depth interviews to collect oral historical information. This study is located in the theoretical framework of the transformative theory of religious freedom. The thesis revealed that even if the 1974 Revolution brought in freedom of religion the concept still lacks full implementation according to Articles 18, 19, and 20 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and Articles 9, 10 and 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Key Words Religious Freedom, Portuguese Constitution, Legislation, Human Rights, Secularism, Revolution. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ........................................................................................................................ ii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................. iv DEDICATION ......................................................................................................................... vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ viii CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS ...................................................................................................... x LIST OF ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................ xvii INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... xx 1. Introduction and background ................................................................................... xx 2. Rationale for this study ............................................................................................ xx 3. Problem statement .................................................................................................. xxi 4. Research questions ................................................................................................. xxi 5. Aim and objectives of this study ............................................................................ xxi 6. Hypothesis ............................................................................................................. xxii 7. Overview of the research ...................................................................................... xxiii 8. Methodology ......................................................................................................... xxiii 9. Layout of the thesis ............................................................................................... xxiv CHAPTER 1 – BRIEF HISTORICAL FRAMEWORK ON THE LACK OF RELIGIOUS LIBERTY IN PORTUGUESE HISTORY (1940-1974) ................................................ 1 1.1 A brief historical overview of the New State (Estado Novo) concerning religion ................................................................................................... 1 1.2 The decline of the New State (Estado Novo) ............................................................ 6 1.3 The demise of the New State ................................................................................... 25 1.4 Portugal and the Future (Portugal e o Futuro), a prophetic book ........................... 37 1.5 Summary of Chapter One ........................................................................................ 43 CHAPTER 2 – THE PERIOD OF REDEFINITION OF THE PORTUGUESE REGIME (1974-1976) ..................................................................................................... 45 2.1 The “Order System Operation” and the 1974 Revolution ...................................... 45 2.2 Democracy and religious freedom in the 1976 Constitution within the transition to democracy .................................................................................... 63 2.3 Religious reaction to the New State ....................................................................... 74 2.4 Social transformation permitting religious proliferation ........................................ 91 2.5 The Portuguese Jewish communities ................................................................... 107 iv 2.6 The Lisbon Islamic Community (Comunidade Islâmica de Lisboa) ................... 110 2.7 Summary of Chapter One .................................................................................... 112 CHAPTER 3 – THE TRANSITIONAL PHASE FOR DEMOCRATIC NORMALIZATION (1976-1985) ................................................................................................... 114 3.1 Transition of the Portuguese society .................................................................... 114 3.2 The 1982 Constitutional Revision resolves conflicts ........................................... 123 3.3 The religious transformation of the Portuguese nation ........................................ 137 3.4 Summary of Chapter Three .................................................................................. 170 CHAPTER 4 – THE CONSERVATIVE MODERNIZATION PERIOD (1986-1997) ....................... 172 4.1 The meaning of the EEC’s Membership to the Portuguese nation ...................... 173 4.2 The 1989 Constitutional Revision and the quest for religious freedom ................................................................................................................. 182 4.3 Positioning Portugal according to EU legislation and ethos related to religious freedom .............................................................................................. 191 4.4 Social development and the experience of freedom ............................................. 204 4.5 Major Pentecostal/Charismatic events and general religious proliferation .......................................................................................................... 211 4.6 Persisting differences in state policy towards the Roman Catholic Church and other religious entities ....................................................................... 228 4.7 Summary of Chapter Four .................................................................................... 233 CHAPTER 5 – THE LIBERALIZATION MODERNIZATION PERIOD (1997-2009) ..................... 235 5.1 Portugal within the European Union’s concern for religious freedom ................................................................................................................ 236 5.2 A brief historical analysis of Portuguese demographics within the framework of the re-evangelization of Europe .................................................. 247 5.3 The impact of the Constitutional Revisions of 1997 and 2001 to religious freedom ................................................................................................ 253 5.4 The Roman Catholic position in Portugal compared with other religious entities ................................................................................................. 270 5.5 An historical overview of the Portuguese
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Recent Acquisitions: a Rare Work by Jacobus Tevius Barry Taylor
    Recent Acquisitions: a Rare Work by Jacobus Tevius Barry Taylor The British Library has recently had the good fortune to buy a rare work by a major figure in Portuguese Renaissance Humanism. Its description is as follows: Iacobi Tevii Lusitani. Epodon siue Ia(m)bicorum carminum libri tres [...] Ad Sebastianum primum, inuictissimum Lusitaniæ Regem (Lisbon: Francisco Correia, 1565) 12º. [6], 171 [sic for 160], [2], 66 leaves.1 British Library pressmark: RB.23.a.23815 The work is divided into three books: 1. Sententiarum vtilium quidem omnibus hominibus, sed regibus ac rerum moderatoribus præcipue, quibus addita est boni principis institutio. 2. Hymnorum ad Iesum Christum & ad diuos huiusce regni patronos pro Regis salute & rerum felicissimo statu. 3. De perfecto Episcopo & alia opuscula ad Henricum Serenissimum principem, cardinalemque illustrissimum regnique moderatorem sapientissimum. The author, Diogo de Teive, wrote only under the Latin form of his name, Jacobus Te vius.2 He was born in Braga between 1513 and 1515, and died between 1565 and 1579, probably in Lisbon. His career displays both the glory of Portuguese Humanism and its decline under the Inquisition. Like many a scholar of his generation,Tevius was a traveller, a situation aided by the international currency of Latin. From the age of twelve he studied at the Collège de Sainte-Barbe in Paris, under a Portuguese mentor, Diogo de Gouveia Senior. From 1532 to 1534 he taught at Salamanca. Finding the Spanish university town did not provide him with the peace and quiet necessary for study, he returned to France, studying law at Toulouse and teaching at Bordeaux, where he held a chair in Humanities.
    [Show full text]
  • Lopes-Graça and the Concept of “National Music”
    Politics of Identity and Counter-Hegemony: Lopes-Graça and the Concept of “National Music” MÁRIO VIEIRA de CARVALHO The idea of “national music” plays a paramount role in the theory and praxis of the Portuguese composer Fernando Lopes-Graça (1906-1994), who was confronted with it in the 1920s, when ‘nationalism’ increasingly influenced different ideological discourses and became entangled in arts and music. In this paper, I begin with a brief historical retrospective in order to situate the “position” of Lopes- Graça and discuss the circumstances in which he first joined the mainstream, then radically broke with it, and finally developed what I call a counter-hegemonic “politics of identity,” 1 based on a particular concept of “national music”: a concept not yet given , but still to be constructed. Lopes-Graça was able to inscribe this concept within a broader strategy of cultural resistance against the Estado Novo (the “New State”), including alternative, counter-hegemonic structures of communication. The sentiment of decadence and nationalism In Portugal, the turn to “musical nationalism” dates back to the end of the 19th century, with the pianist and composer José Viana da Mota (1868–1948) and the composer Alfredo Keil (1850–1907). 2 It coincides, on the one hand, with a prevailing sense that Portugal had lapsed into decadence, aroused by the colonial crisis and the British ultimatum (1890) concerning certain Portuguese territorial ambitions in Africa, and, on the other hand, with the rise of the Republican movement, which had grown in influence since 1880 as a “patriotic” alternative to the establishment. The fanfare of the last section—Ressurgimento (‘Resurgence’)—of the Symphony “ à Pátria ” (dedicated to the homeland), written by Viana da Mota in 1895 (immediately after his entry into Freemasonry), seems to anticipate the Republican victory of 1910.
    [Show full text]
  • Partido Revolucionário Do Proletariado - Brigadas Revolucionárias (Portugal) Archives 1970-1975
    Partido Revolucionário do Proletariado - Brigadas Revolucionárias (Portugal) Archives 1970-1975 International Institute of Social History Cruquiusweg 31 1019 AT Amsterdam The Netherlands hdl:10622/ARCH04497 © IISH Amsterdam 2021 Partido Revolucionário do Proletariado - Brigadas Revolucionárias (Portugal) Archives 1970-1975 Table of contents Partido Revolucionário do Proletariado - Brigadas Revolucionárias (Portugal) Archives..................3 Context............................................................................................................................................... 3 Content and Structure........................................................................................................................3 Access and Use.................................................................................................................................4 International Institute of Social History 2 Partido Revolucionário do Proletariado - Brigadas Revolucionárias (Portugal) Archives 1970-1975 Partido Revolucionário do Proletariado - Brigadas Revolucionárias (Portugal) Archives Collection ID ARCH04497 Creator Partido Revolucionário do Proletariado - Brigadas Revolucionárias (Portugal) Period 1970-1975 Extent 1.42 GB digital material (12 files) 1.42 Gigabytes, 12 Files Language list English Language of Material Portuguese Abstract The Partido Revolucionário do Proletariado - Brigadas Revolucionárias was initially aimed at the armed battle but later became a political party. Context Historical Note Partido Revolucionário
    [Show full text]
  • The Convent of Christ and the Renaissance Culture in Tomar
    Tomar Summer School !Convent of Christ, Tomar, Portugal !June 27th to July 09th, 2016 The Convent of Christ and the Renaissance culture in Tomar This project involves the critical observation of the various spaces materialized in the Convent of Christ for centuries but whose higher definition occurs in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Through the analysis of pictorial and sculptural practices, and all the records implanted in the consecration of this "ideal city", as the church, 8 cloisters that still survive, the dormitories, the amazing cloaca or, later, the great new infirmary, students will also be able to understand the political, cultural and aesthetic program that gives voice to the ideological pressures exerted on Portugal in a long duration. 1 During two weeks, the students will take physical contact with the built structures, in an ongoing challenge of intelligibility, but will also be called to an exhibition planning from the sculptural collection kept in the convent. From this experience, able to encourage the musealization of the Convent reserves, will gain meaning another consistency in approach to formal issues of Renaissance sculpture in Portugal. It will thus constitute a formal research laboratory in intimate relationship with the sculptural component present in the Convent of Christ. The perception of this plastic culture is not restricted to the building area. It is necessary to extend the analysis to other artistic disciplines as well as to a whole alternative structure that the Convent also permits: the inclosure spaces deserve special attention because they also integrate, in a scale that has grown over time, the specific records of the convent daily life.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of the Charismatic Movement in Portugal with Particular Reference To
    A STUDY OF THE CHARISMATIC MOVEMENT IN PORTUGAL WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE FRATERNAL ASSOCIATION by FERNANDO CALDEIRA DA SILVA Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF THEOLOGY in the subject CHURCH HISTORY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: DR M H MOGASHOA FEBRUARY 2006 Table of Contents Thesis: A STUDY OF THE CHARISMATIC MOVEMENT IN PORTUGAL WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE FRATERNAL ASSOCIATION Page Introduction 1 Chapter 1: A survey of the various forms of Christianity in Portugal 11 1.1 The establishment of Christianity in Spain and Portugal up to the Reformation 11 1.1.1 Establishment of Christianity in the Iberian Peninsula 12 1.1.2 Four main forces that led the people of the Iberian Peninsula to be attached to Roman Catholicism, as against any non-Roman Catholic Christian churches 14 1.1.3 Islamic influence on the Portuguese characteristic resistance to change, as related to non-Roman Catholic Christians 16 1.1.4 Involvement of the Pope in the independence of Portugal 17 1.2 Portugal and Europe from 1383 to 1822 18 1.2.1 A new era resulting from the revolution of 1383-1385 19 1.2.2 The Portuguese involvement in the crusades 21 1.2.3 Movements transforming the societies of Europe 21 1.2.4 Political, economic and socio-religious conditions in Portugal 23 1.2.4.1 The political conditions 23 1.2.4.2 The economic conditions 29 1.2.4.3 The socio-religious conditions 33 1.3 Reformation and Protestant influence in the Portuguese Empire 34 1.3.1 Signs of impact of the Reformation in Portugal
    [Show full text]
  • Três Teses Sobre a Ucronia E a Floresta
    Três teses sobre a Ucronia e a Floresta Utópica: a propósito do Integralismo Lusitano Autor(es): Archer, Paulo Publicado por: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra URL persistente: URI:http://hdl.handle.net/10316.2/43723 DOI: DOI:https://doi.org/10.14195/2183-8925_24_10 Accessed : 24-Sep-2021 03:22:27 A navegação consulta e descarregamento dos títulos inseridos nas Bibliotecas Digitais UC Digitalis, UC Pombalina e UC Impactum, pressupõem a aceitação plena e sem reservas dos Termos e Condições de Uso destas Bibliotecas Digitais, disponíveis em https://digitalis.uc.pt/pt-pt/termos. Conforme exposto nos referidos Termos e Condições de Uso, o descarregamento de títulos de acesso restrito requer uma licença válida de autorização devendo o utilizador aceder ao(s) documento(s) a partir de um endereço de IP da instituição detentora da supramencionada licença. Ao utilizador é apenas permitido o descarregamento para uso pessoal, pelo que o emprego do(s) título(s) descarregado(s) para outro fim, designadamente comercial, carece de autorização do respetivo autor ou editor da obra. Na medida em que todas as obras da UC Digitalis se encontram protegidas pelo Código do Direito de Autor e Direitos Conexos e demais legislação aplicável, toda a cópia, parcial ou total, deste documento, nos casos em que é legalmente admitida, deverá conter ou fazer-se acompanhar por este aviso. impactum.uc.pt digitalis.uc.pt P a u l o A r c h e r Revista da Historia das Ideias Vol. 24 (2003) TRÊS TESES SOBRE A UCRONIA E A FLORESTA UTÓPICA A propósito do Integralismo Lusitano "Entre o que vive e a vida P'ra que lado corre o rio?" Fernando Pessoa "Liberdade e libertação são uma tarefa que nunca acaba" Umberto Eco Um dos problemas nucleares suscitados por alguns estudos de história intelectual, das ideias e da cultura, consiste na decifração do lugar e das relações que entre si os movimentos dos intelectuais articulam.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Cartography, Volume 3
    THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY VOLUME THREE Volume Three Editorial Advisors Denis E. Cosgrove Richard Helgerson Catherine Delano-Smith Christian Jacob Felipe Fernández-Armesto Richard L. Kagan Paula Findlen Martin Kemp Patrick Gautier Dalché Chandra Mukerji Anthony Grafton Günter Schilder Stephen Greenblatt Sarah Tyacke Glyndwr Williams The History of Cartography J. B. Harley and David Woodward, Founding Editors 1 Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean 2.1 Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies 2.2 Cartography in the Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societies 2.3 Cartography in the Traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian, and Pacific Societies 3 Cartography in the European Renaissance 4 Cartography in the European Enlightenment 5 Cartography in the Nineteenth Century 6 Cartography in the Twentieth Century THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY VOLUME THREE Cartography in the European Renaissance PART 1 Edited by DAVID WOODWARD THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS • CHICAGO & LONDON David Woodward was the Arthur H. Robinson Professor Emeritus of Geography at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 2007 by the University of Chicago All rights reserved. Published 2007 Printed in the United States of America 1615141312111009080712345 Set ISBN-10: 0-226-90732-5 (cloth) ISBN-13: 978-0-226-90732-1 (cloth) Part 1 ISBN-10: 0-226-90733-3 (cloth) ISBN-13: 978-0-226-90733-8 (cloth) Part 2 ISBN-10: 0-226-90734-1 (cloth) ISBN-13: 978-0-226-90734-5 (cloth) Editorial work on The History of Cartography is supported in part by grants from the Division of Preservation and Access of the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Geography and Regional Science Program and Science and Society Program of the National Science Foundation, independent federal agencies.
    [Show full text]
  • Religious Legacies and the Politics of Multiculturalism: a Comparative Analysis of Integration Policies in Western Democracies
    RELIGIOUS LEGACIES AND THE POLITICS OF MULTICULTURALISM: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INTEGRATION POLICIES IN WESTERN DEMOCRACIES Michael Minkenberg Europa-Universitaet Viadrina 2007-1 About the Matthew B. Ridgway Center The Matthew B. Ridgway Center for International Security Studies at the University of Pittsburgh is dedicated to producing original and impartial analysis that informs policymakers who must confront diverse challenges to international and human security. Center programs address a range of security concerns—from the spread of terrorism and technologies of mass destruction to genocide, failed states, and the abuse of human rights in repressive regimes. The Ridgway Center is affiliated with the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs (GSPIA) and the University Center for International Studies (UCIS), both at the University of Pittsburgh. The Ford Institute for Human Security is a constituent unit of the Ridgway Center. This working paper is a product of the Ford Institute for Human Security’s working group on “Immigration, Integration and Security: Europe and America in Comparative Perspective,” co-chaired by Ariane Chebel d’Appollonia and Simon Reich. This paper and the working group that produced it were made possible by a generous grant from the Ford Foundation to the Ridgway Center on The Determinants of Security Policy in the 21st Century, Grant # 1050-1036. Introduction Landmark events of global significance have repeatedly raised issues of policy convergence or divergence across nation states, as well as continuity or stability across time, or a combination of both. This is particularly true for events such as the end of the Cold War, 9/11, the area of immigration and integration policies, the politics of citizenship and multiculturalism.
    [Show full text]
  • O EXÍLIO DOS COMUNISTAS PORTUGUESES EM FRANÇA (1950-1974) Victor Pereira Université De Pau Et Des Pays De L’Adour
    O EXÍLIO DOS COMUNISTAS PORTUGUESES EM FRANÇA (1950-1974) Victor Pereira Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour Logo a seguir a Revolução dos Cravos, centenas de Franceses foram visitar o Por- tugal revolucionário (Pereira 2016). Alguns destes «turistas» faziam esta viagem a convite de antigos exilados portugueses que tinham residido em França. Este convite era uma forma de retribuir a solidariedade prestada durante a vigência do Estado Novo. O Partido Comunista Português (PCP), principal partido de oposição à ditadura depois do quase completo aniquilamento do movimento anarquista nos anos 1930 (Patriarca 2000), afirmou publicamente o seu agra- decimento aos comunistas franceses pela ajuda que eles deram aos militantes portugueses. Em outubro de 1974, Georges Marchais, secretário-geral do Partido Comunista Francês (PCF), é convidado a participar ao sétimo congresso do PCP. Neste evento de grande importância para o movimento comunista português, o secretário-geral do PCP, Álvaro Cunhal, exprime a «profunda gratidão dos comu- nistas portugueses pela solidariedade activa do PCF» (Macleod 1984: 145). Em julho de 1974, de forma menos pública, Álvaro Cunhal, então ministro sem pasta do primeiro Governo provisório que tomou posse alguns dias depois da Revo- lução do 25 de Abril, já tinha agradecido os comunistas franceses numa carta, escrita em francês, ao «camarade Jean D.». Cunhal pede a Jean D. que transmita «os sentimentos de gratidão a todos os que nos ajudaram durante estes anos difíceis, lutando do nosso lado, correndo riscos e tomando responsabilidades, par- ticipando assim, a justo título, na vitória do nosso povo e nos sucessos do nosso partido»1.
    [Show full text]
  • Emily Wardill NIGHT for DAY
    NIGHT FOR DAY EMILY WARDILL Emily Wardill NIGHT FOR DAY SECESSION, Vienna September—November 2020 3 THE SCOLD’S BRIDLE: SOME THOUGHTS ON POLITICAL LINGUISTICS, THE PENCHANT FOR CONSPIRACY, AND WITCHES By Marta Kuzma 16 THE LIFE OF PSEUDO PROBLEMS. “The I is unsalvageable.” By Kerstin Stakemeier 29 I WAS TRYING TO DESCRIBE WHO YOU ARE 49 NIGHT FOR DAY OR DAY FOR NIGHT 69 TRIANGLE IN THE ROUND 89 YOU LIKED THE BEACH BECAUSE IT WAS PUBLIC SPACE BUT I LIKED IT BECAUSE ON THE BEACH PEOPLE LOOK LIKE GRAPHICS 109 THAT WAS THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE HOUSE BUT REALLY IT WAS MY JOB TO MAKE SURE THAT THE HOUSE WAS HAUNTED 129 NEVER WORK WITH CHILDREN OR ANIMALS 149 THE LAST WOMAN THE SCOLD’S BRIDLE: SOME THOUGHTS ON POLITICAL LINGUISTICS, THE PENCHANT FOR CONSPIRACY, AND WITCHES By Marta Kuzma POLITICAL LINGUISTICS, 2011 I first met Emily Wardill atFilm as Critical Practice, a weekend symposium and screening program held in Oslo in May of 2011. The event had been organized by the Office for Contemporary Art Norway (OCA), an institution I led for some eight years, during which time it served as a foundation, research institution, exhibition platform, and school of sorts. It was a state-funded experimental program that had been granted permission to run with things for a while and A WOMAN WEARING A SCOLD’S BRIDLE, 1655 just see where they could go. Things went to some FROM A FIRST-HAND ACCOUNT BY JOHN exciting places in those eight years, before eventually WILLIS IPSWICH OF ANN BIDLESTONE BEING congealing into a technobureaucratic realm of fixed DROVE BY ROBERT SHARP boundaries and clear rules, the institution’s previously nimble way of proceeding lost to approvals and corrections.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of Marian Doctrine As
    INTERNATIONAL MARIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON, OHIO in affiliation with the PONTIFICAL THEOLOGICAL FACULTY MARIANUM ROME, ITALY By: Elizabeth Marie Farley The Development of Marian Doctrine as Reflected in the Commentaries on the Wedding at Cana (John 2:1-5) by the Latin Fathers and Pastoral Theologians of the Church From the Fourth to the Seventeenth Century A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate in Sacred Theology with specialization in Marian Studies Director: Rev. Bertrand Buby, S.M. Marian Library/International Marian Research Institute University of Dayton 300 College Park Dayton, OH 45469-1390 2013 i Copyright © 2013 by Elizabeth M. Farley All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Nihil obstat: François Rossier, S.M., STD Vidimus et approbamus: Bertrand A. Buby S.M., STD – Director François Rossier, S.M., STD – Examinator Johann G. Roten S.M., PhD, STD – Examinator Thomas A. Thompson S.M., PhD – Examinator Elio M. Peretto, O.S.M. – Revisor Aristide M. Serra, O.S.M. – Revisor Daytonesis (USA), ex aedibus International Marian Research Institute, et Romae, ex aedibus Pontificiae Facultatis Theologicae Marianum, die 22 Augusti 2013. ii Dedication This Dissertation is Dedicated to: Father Bertrand Buby, S.M., The Faculty and Staff at The International Marian Research Institute, Father Jerome Young, O.S.B., Father Rory Pitstick, Joseph Sprug, Jerome Farley, my beloved husband, and All my family and friends iii Table of Contents Prėcis.................................................................................. xvii Guidelines........................................................................... xxiii Abbreviations...................................................................... xxv Chapter One: Purpose, Scope, Structure and Method 1.1 Introduction...................................................... 1 1.2 Purpose............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Dinâmicas Do Pensamento Autoritário Durante a Primeira República Portuguesa1 Mário Novaes César Rezende2
    Dinâmicas do pensamento autoritário durante a Primeira República Portuguesa1 Mário Novaes César Rezende2 Neste artigo, proponho mostrar os fluxos em combate do pensamento autoritário português nos momentos seguintes à proclamação da República. Em 1908, o país vivia sob uma monarquia constitucional, em que a figura do rei passava por um ápice de impopularidade e esvaziamento, inclusive com membros de seu parlamento discursavam em defesa de um exílio do rei (SERRÃO, J. 1988, p. 127). Para além de uma crise institucionalizada dentro das fileiras do governo, no período havia um crescente movimento republicano, além de anarco-sindicalistas e socialistas que atuavam principalmente entre organizações de trabalhadores (SERRÃO, J. 1988, p.128). A tensão atingiria um ponto de inflexão em primeiro de Fevereiro de 1908, quando o rei D. Carlos I e seu filho, o príncipe herdeiro D. Luís Felipe, seriam assassinados a tiros por dois indivíduos ligados indiretamente a braços do movimento republicano. O príncipe D. Manuel II, o segundo filho, foi coroado em Maio de 1908 (SERRÃO, J. 1988, p. 129). Durante as eleições de Novembro o Partido Republicano Português (PRP) conseguiria mais cadeiras no parlamento, agudizando ainda mais a crise (SERRÃO, J. 1988, p. 134). O governo vai gradativamente escanteando rei, relegando a ele funções meramente diplomáticas, especialmente quando se tratava de encontros com outros monarcas europeus (SERRÃO, J. 1988, p. 141). O então Presidente do Conselho de Ministros, Wenceslau Lima, é demitido pelo rei; o que era para ser um período de acalmação e estabilização política se desflora em uma crise ainda mais profunda, com a instabilidade e a insatisfação pública sendo acrescida, seja por um temporal que atingiu Lisboa, como escândalos de corrupção que se tornariam públicos, dando espaço para um sentimento de descrença na política organizada (SERRÃO, J.
    [Show full text]