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South Africa and the Transvaal War

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South Africa and the Transvaal War ; " SOUTH AFRICA AND THE TRANSVAAL WAR CHAPTER I TO QUEEN VICTORIA " May children of our children say, ' She wrought her people lasting good ; ' life Her court was pure ; her serene ; God gave her peace ; her land reposed ; A thousand claims to reverence closed In her as Mother, Wife, and Queen • And statesmen at her council met Who knew the seasons when to take Occasion by the hand, and make The bounds of freedom wider yet * By shaping some august decree, Which kept her throne unshaken still, Broadbased upon her people's will, And compass'd by the inviolate sea.' —Tennyson. PRETORIA PRETORIA, like most South African towns, dozes in the lap of the hills, dozes tranquilly in a haven of generous nature, as dozed her Dutchmen in the midst of growing civilisation. The place from the distance is fair to the eye, poplar-groved, verdant, and picturesque, with the glimmer of red roofs cutting against the green, and veils of gauzy clouds, now grey, now purple, now azure, interlacing the hills and linking them with the sky. Its quaint, old, low-storeyed houses— in some cases thatched like bungalows—and its more modern tenements roofed with zinc, and bounded by pleasant rose-gardens tangled with flowers, seemed to the new-comers strangely suburban in contrast with the imposing Government buildings and shops which were soon alive with all the fluster of nineteenth-century money-getting. For the great entry made, the capital was swift to resume VOL. VI. i a The Transvaal War its everyday aspect, and trade grew even brisker than before. comforts were Famine prices reigned : though in some hotels where many, baths and sanitary arrangements were primitive. The Boers were busy "making hay while the sun shone," consequently living became twice as expensive as in England ; and, what was worse, with the enormous and somewhat voracious army to be fed, supplies threatened at no very remote date to become exhausted. At first all things seemed to denote that the war was practically over, that nothing remained but to accept the surrender of the defeated Boers, and to settle quickly the administration of the conquered Republics. By degrees, however, disappointment set in —disappointment not unmixed with alarm. The redoubtable Christian de Wet had theories of his own ; he put on his shoulders the mantle of the deposed Cronje, and set to work to show his generalship by destroying the railway in the south, cutting the tele- graph wires, and generally harassing the lines of communication. Indeed, there was every appearance that the late investing forces might in their turn become invested in the capital. Postal and telegraphic communications were cut, supplies and reinforcements were menaced, and gradually the sunny outlook of conquest grew nebulous. The defeated forces also began to concentrate at Machadodorp, beyond Middelburg, where Mr. Kruger was actively engaged in conference with his friends. They were not devoid of funds, for it was found that before leaving Pretoria the Boer officials had provided themselves with ,£300,000 from the National Bank, and while this sum lasted and he remained in the country, it was argued that Mr. Kruger's schemes of bribery and corruption might be expected to continue, and even develop. Still Lord Roberts was undismayed ! He had foreseen attacks on his communications, but had hazarded all on the one throw of reaching the capital before the Boers could gather together their forces for organised resistance, pushing forward in the only way possible if the conquered were to be left breathless. Napoleon's advice to one of his marshals, " A commander-in-chief should never give rest either to the victor or the vanquished," had been followed to the foot of the letter, as the French say. In this notable march the marvellous genius of Lord Roberts had been shown in many ways, but in courage before all. He had adapted his fighting dispositions on a system specially suitable to the idiosyncrasies of the Boers—had observed their natural disinclina- tion to take the initiative, their failure to act on the offensive rather than the defensive, and, on this discovery, had invented new tactics which were exactly appropriate and eminently successful. His infantry had made the centre of the advancing line to east and west of the rail, perpetually threatening the enemy with frontal attack, 2 — — Pretoria while active and competent wings of mounted troops unceasingly- wheeled round both Banks, threatening to turn them so soon as opportunity should offer. Thus the Boers, for fear of being out- flanked, were forced to extend their front till the central position at the railway line—became too weak for resistance, and they had of necessity to retreat, and continue to retreat, till they were too exhausted to do more than run. At the Chief's masterly combinations, his ingenious synchronal schemes, his almost prophetic foresight regarding the positions of the enemy, and the effect of his every move upon those positions, it is impossible not to marvel—as at the amazing boldness and rapidity of execution with which was developed a design which brought him with his enormous army in little more than a month from Bloemfontein to Pretoria. From the following general order issued on his arrival at his destination it is possible to understand the magnitude and the daring of the Chiefs plan, which, merely to read of, renders one almost breathless: " Pretoria, June 7. " In congratulating the British Army in South Africa on the occupation of Johannesburg and Pretoria, the one being the principal town and the other the capital of the Transvaal, and also on the relief of Mafeking after a heroic defence of over 200 days, the Field-Marshal Commanding-in-chief desires to place on record his high appreciation of the gallantry and endurance displayed by the troops, both those who have taken part in the advance across the Vaal River and those who have been employed in the less arduous duty of protecting the line of communication through the Orange River Colony. "After the force reached Bloemfontein on March 13, it was necessary to halt there for a certain period. Through railway communication with Cape Colony had to be restored before supplies and necessaries of all kinds could be got up from the base. The rapid advance from the Modder River, and the want of forage en route, had told on the horses of the cavalry, artillery, mounted infantry, and the transport mules and oxen, and to replace these casualties a considerable number of animals had to be provided. Throughout the six weeks the army remained halted at Bloemfontein the enemy showed considerable activity, especially in the south-eastern portion of the Orange River Colony, but by the beginning of May everything was in readiness for a further advance into the enemy's country, and on the 2nd of that month active operations were again commenced. "On May 12, Kroonstad, where Mr. Steyn had established the so-called government of the Orange Free State, was entered. On May 17, Mafeking was relieved. On May 31 Johannesburg was occupied, and on June 5 the British flag waved over Pretoria. " During these thirty-five days, the main body of the force marched 300 miles, including fifteen days' halt, and engaged the enemy on six different occasions. " The column under Lieutenant-General Ian Hamilton marched 400 miles in forty-five days, including ten days' halt. It was engaged with the enemy twenty-eight times. 3 The Transvaal War " The flying column under the command of Colonel B. Mahon, which relieved Mafeking, marched at the rate of nearly fifteen miles a day for fourteen con- secutive days, and successfully accomplished its object, despite the determined opposition offered by the enemy. " The newly raised battalion of the City of London Imperial Volunteers marched 500 miles in fifty-four days, only once having two consecutive days' halt. It took part in twenty-six engagements with the enemy. " During the recent operations the sudden variations in temperature between the warm sun in the daytime and the bitter cold at night have been peculiarly trving to the troops, and owing to the necessity for rapid movement the soldiers have frequently had to bivouac after long and trying marches without firewood and with scanty rations. " The cheerful spirit in which these difficulties have been overcome and hard- ships disregarded are deserving of the highest praise, and in thanking all ranks for the successful efforts to obtain the objects in view, Lord Roberts is proud to think that the soldiers under his command have worthily upheld the traditions of her Majesty's army in fighting, in marching, and in the admirable discipline which has been maintained throughout a period of no ordinary trial and difficulty. (Signed) ROBERTS, Field-Marshal." As may be imagined, the man who could accomplish so much in so short a span of time remained unperturbed by a vision of clouds on the horizon. He knew that though with the fall of Pretoria the campaign nominally ended, there were many minor passages at arms to be expected in various parts of the two Republics. There were the remnants of Botha's army to north and east ; there were De Wet and his marauders playing havoc with lines and telegraph wires, prowling in search of ill-defended con- voys, and inspirited to fresh deeds of aggression by the successful capture of Colonel Spragge's Yeomanry ; there were Potchefstroom and Klerksdorp to be occupied by Sir Archibald Hunter, and Griqua- land to be finally pacified by Sir Charles Warren. Still, it was unpleasant to receive the report that while the main army had been advancing, an immense force of Boers, through a series of unfortunate mistakes, had succeeded in capturing in the vicinity of Vredefort Road, a convoy and an escort of a company and a half of Highlanders on its way to Heilbron.
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