Guidance for Subaqueous Dredged Material Capping
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Technical Report DOER-1 June 1998 US Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station Dredging Operations and Environmental Research Program Guidance for Subaqueous Dredged Material Capping by Michael R. Palermo, James E. Clausner, Marian P. Rollings Gregory L. Williams, Tommy E. Myers, WES Thomas J. Fredette, New England District Robert E. Randall, Texas A&M University Approved For Public Release; Distribution Is Unlimited Prepared for Headquarters, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products. The findings of this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position, unless so desig- nated by other authorized documents. PRINTED ON RECYCLED PAPER Dredging Operations and Technical Report DOER-1 Environmental Research Program June 1998 Guidance for Subaqueous Dredged Material Capping by Michael R. Palermo, James E. Clausner, Marian P. Rollings Gregory L. Williams, Tommy E. Myers U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station 3909 Halls Ferry Road Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199 Thomas J. Fredette U.S. Army Engineer District, New England 696 Virginia Road Concord, MA 01742-2751 Robert E. Randall Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843 Final report Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited Prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Washington, DC 20314-1000 Waterways Experiment Station Cataloging-in-Publication Data Guidance for subaqueous dredged material capping / by Michael R. Palermo ... [et al.] ; prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 302 p. : ill. ; 28 cm. -- (Technical report ; DOER-1) Includes bibliographic references. 1. Sediment capping -- Guidebooks. 2. Hazardous waste site remediation -- Guidebooks. 3. In situ remediation -- Guidebooks. 4. Contaminated sediments -- Guidebooks. I. Palermo, Michael R. II. United States. Army. Corps of Engineers. III. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. IV. Dredging Operations and Environmental Research Program (U.S.) V. Series: Technical report (U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station) ; DOER-1. TA7 W34 no.DOER-1 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Research Report Summary, June 1998 DredgingOperationsand EnvironmentalResearchProgram Dredging: ContaminatedSediments GuidanceforSubaqueousDredgedMaterialCapping(TRDOER-1) ISSUE:Potentialforwatercolumnandbenthic ●Definecappingprojectsiteselectionconsid- effectsrelatedtosedimentcontaminationmust erations. beevaluatedwhenconsideringopen-water ●Developguidelinesfor cap monitoring. placement.Managementoptionsaimedatre- ducingtherelease ofcontaminantstothewater SUMMARY:Theresearchresultedintechni- columnduring placement and/or subsequent calguidanceforevaluationofsubaqueous isolationofthematerialfrombenthicorganisms dredgedmaterialcapping.Guidanceincludes maycontrolpotentialcontaminanteffects. level-bottomcapping,containedaquaticdis- Subaqueouscappingisthecontrolled,accurate posal,designrequirements,adesignsequence, placementofcontaminateddredgedmaterialat siteselection,equipmentandplacementtech- anappropriatelyselectedopen-waterplacement niques,geotechnicalconsiderations,mixingand site,followedbyacovering(cap)ofsuitable dispersionduringplacement,requiredcapping isolatingmaterial.Althoughconventional sedimentthickness,materialspreadandmound- placementequipmentandtechniquesmaybe ingduringplacement,capstability,andmoni- used for acapping project,thesepracticesmust toringplans.Thisguidanceisapplicableto bemorepreciselycontrolledinthisapplication. dredged materialcapping projectsinoceanwa- tersaswellasinland and near-coastalwaters. RESEARCH:Theobjectivewastodevelopa comprehensiveapproachforevaluationofsub- AVAILABILITYOFREPORT:The reportis aqueouscappingprojects,includingthesegoals: availablein.pdfformatontheWorldWideWeb athttp://www.wes.army.mil/el/dotsandthrough ●Refineandadaptnumericalmodels,labora- InterlibraryLoanServicefromtheU.S.Army torytestingprocedures,andengineeringde- EngineerWaterwaysExperimentStation signapproachesfor capping evaluations. (WES)Library,telephone(601)634-2355.To ●Developdesignrequirementsandadesign purchaseacopyofthereport,callNTISat(703) sequencefor capping. 487-4780. ●Documentequipmentandplacementtech- niquesforcontaminatedmaterialandcap- ping materialplacement. AbouttheAuthors:Dr.MichaelR.Palermo,Messrs.TommyE.Myers,JamesE.Clausner, GregoryL.Williams,andDr.MarianE.RollingsperformresearchatWES;contractsupport wasprovidedbyDr.RobertE.Randall,CivilEngineeringDepartment,TexasA&MUniver- sity;andDr.ThomasJ.Fredette,theU.S.ArmyEngineerDistrict,NewEngland.Pointof Contact:Dr.Palermo,PrincipalInvestigator,telephone(601)634-3753ore-mail [email protected]. Pleasereproduce thispage locally, as needed. Contents Preface.................................... xii ConversionFactors,Non-SItoSIUnitsofMeasurement....... xiv 1—Introduction............................... 1 Background............................... 1 PurposeandScope........................... 2 RegulatorySetting........................... 2 OverviewandDescriptionoftheCappingProcess........ 3 OrganizationofthisReport...................... 6 2—Design/ManagementSequenceforCapping............ 7 DesignPhilosophyforCapping................... 7 DredgedMaterialCappingFunctions................ 7 SummaryofDesignSequenceforCapping............. 8 3—CharacterizationofContaminatedandCappingSediments.... 16 NeedforSedimentCharacterization................. 16 CharacterizationofContaminatedSediment............ 16 SelectionofCappingSediment................... 18 CharacterizationofCappingSediment............... 18 SamplingandTestingPlans..................... 19 4—SiteSelectionConsiderationsforCapping............. 20 GeneralConsiderationsforSiteSelection............. 20 Bathymetry............................... 22 Currents................................. 22 AverageWaterDepths........................ 24 OperationalRequirements...................... 25 5—EquipmentandPlacementTechniques............... 26 FlowandMoundingVersusDredgingMethod........... 26 ConsiderationsforContaminatedMaterialDredging andPlacement............................ 27 ConsiderationsforCappingMaterialPlacement.......... 28 EquipmentandPlacementTechniques............... 29 GeotechnicalCompatibilityofOperations............. 38 ExposureTimeBetweenPlacementofContaminatedMaterial andCap................................ 39 NavigationandPositioningControls................ 42 v PlacementOptions,Restrictions,andTolerances......... 45 InspectionandCompliance...................... 49 6—SedimentDispersionandMoundDevelopment andSiteGeometryDuringPlacement................ 51 SedimentDispersionDuringPlacement.............. 51 EvaluationofSpreadandMounding................ 53 TypicalContaminatedMoundGeometry.............. 54 MoundGeometryforLevel-BottomCapping........... 59 GeometryforCADProjects..................... 62 7—DredgedMaterialCapDesign.................... 64 GeneralConsiderations........................ 64 RequiredCapThickness....................... 65 RequiredDesignCapThicknessandAreaandVolume ofCappingMaterial......................... 76 ConsiderationsforIntermediateCaps................ 78 8—Long-TermCapStability....................... 79 ConsiderationsinLong-TermStability............... 79 EvaluationofConsolidation..................... 80 EvaluationofErosionPotential................... 85 9—MonitoringConsiderationsForCapping.............. 98 NeedforMonitoring.......................... 98 DesignofMonitoringProgramsandPlans............. 98 MonitoringObjectives........................ 99 ComponentsoftheMonitoringPlan................. 100 DevelopingTestableHypotheses.................. 101 ConstructionMonitoring....................... 102 MonitoringforLong-TermEffectiveness.............. 102 MonitoringTechniquesandEquipment............... 102 DesignatingManagementActions.................. 105 10—CaseStudies.............................. 106 LongIslandSound........................... 106 NewYorkBight............................ 111 DuwamishRiverDemonstration................... 117 OneTreeIslandMarina........................ 117 SimpsonTacomaKraft........................ 119 DennyWay............................... 120 PortofLosAngeles/MarinadelRay................ 120 RotterdamHarbor........................... 122 HiroshimaBay............................. 124 11—SummaryandRecommendations.................. 126 Summary................................ 126 Recommendations........................... 128 References................................. 130 AppendixA:GlossaryofTerms..................... A1 AppendixB:ModelforChemicalContainmentbyaCap...... B1 vi AppendixC:CappingEffectivenessTests............... C1 AppendixD:Short-TermFate(STFATE)ofDredged MaterialModel............................... D1 AppendixE:MultipleDumpFate(MDFATE)ofDredged MaterialModel............................... E1 AppendixF:Long-TermFate(LTFATE)ofDredged MaterialModel............................... F1 AppendixG:ProceduresforConductingFrequency-of-Erosion Studies.................................... G1 AppendixH:CalculationofRequiredCapVolumesforLevel- BottomCappingProjects......................... H1 AppendixI:ConsolidationTesting................... I1 SF298 ListofFigures Figure1. SchematicillustratingLBCandCAD........... 4 Figure2. Flowchartillustratingdesignsequencefordredged materialcappingprojects.................. 9 Figure3. Conventionalopen-waterplacementforcapping.... 30 Figure4.