Pub. No. 2008084E (Supersedes 2008084D) Butvar ® POLYVINYL BUTYRAL RESIN PROPERTIES & USES

Coatings Performance Materials by CONTENTS

Introduction 1 Properties 2 Chemistry 2 Properties Tables 3 Product Types 6 Butvar:The Right Resin Solutions 6 Compatibility 13 Insolubizing Reactions 15 Reaction With Phenolics 15 Reaction With Epoxies 15 Reaction With Dialdhehydes 16 Reaction With Isocyanates 16 Reaction With Melamines 16 Applications 17 Wire Enamels 17 Surface Coatings 17 Wash Primers 17 Military Specification Wash Primers 17 Non-specification Wash Primers: B-1030 With Butvar 18 Single Package Wash Primer: B-1011 With Butvar 18 Chromate-free Wash Primers With Butvar 19 Metal Coatings 20 Wood Finishes 21 Protective Wash Coats and Sealers 21 Knot Sealers 21 Adhesives 22 Structural Adhesives 22 Phenolic Resins 22 Epoxies and Other Thermosetting Resins 22 High-strength Bonding Procedure 23 Performance Characteristics 23 Adhesive Strengths 23 Hot Melt Adhesives 24 Textile Coatings 24 Advantages as Textile Coating 24 Ceramic Binder Applications 25 Tape Casting 26 Thick Films 26 Toners and Printing Inks 27 Storage and Handling 28 Storage 28 Toxicity and FDA Status 28 Quality Control 28 Material Sources Inside Back Cover Worldwide Sales Offices Back Cover

Enfocus Software - Customer Support INTRODUCTION

olyvinyl butyral resins are employed in a wide USES array of industrial and commercial applications. Some of the applications in which Butvar is a vital PThese unique resins offer impressive performance, ingredient include: as well as outstanding versatility. Ceramic binders Butvar® polyvinyl butyral resins have a combination of Inks/dry toners properties that make them a key ingredient in a variety Wood coatings of successful formulations. Some of these properties Wash primers for which Butvar is widely used are: outstanding binding Composite fiber binders efficiency, optical clarity, adhesion to a large number Structural adhesives of surfaces, and toughness combined with flexibility. Other diverse uses offers six grades of Butvar resin that cover a broad Butvar resin was pioneered by in the 1930s as range of chemical and physical properties.These resins the key ingredient for automotive safety glass interlayers. are generally well suited either as a major ingredient of It still enjoys widespread use in automotive and architec- a formulation or in smaller quantities to enhance the tural applications for laminated safety glass. properties of other resins. TECHNICAL SUPPORT FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS Solutia’s technical support and research staff for Butvar resins can assist in your specific application needs.The Solutia Customer Service Center at 1-800-964-5224 stands ready to receive your orders for samples and technical literature, as well as purchase orders for shipment of Butvar resin.

® Registered trademark of Solutia, Inc.

BUTVAR 1

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CHEMISTRY The conditions of the acetal reaction and the concentration Acetals, such as polyvinyl butyral, are formed by the of the particular aldehyde and polyvinyl alcohol used are well-known reaction between aldehydes and alcohols. closely controlled to form polymers containing predeter- The addition of one molecule of an alcohol to one mined proportions of hydroxyl groups, acetate groups molecule of an aldehyde produces a hemiacetal. and acetal groups.The final product may be represented Hemiacetals are rarely isolated because of their by the following stylized structure: inherent instability, but, rather, are further reacted with The proportions of A, B and C are controlled, and they another molecule of alcohol to form a stable acetal. are randomly distributed along the molecule. Polyvinyl acetals are prepared from aldehydes and polyvinyl alcohols. Polyvinyl alcohols are high molecular weight resins containing various percentages of hydroxyl and acetate groups produced by hydrolysis of polyvinyl acetate.

H H H

1 1 1 R C + R OH R C OR + R OH R C ( OR )2 + H2O

O Alcohol OH Alcohol Aldehyde Hemiacetal Acetal

HHCH2 H H

CH2 C C CH2 C CH2 C OO OH O C CO H C3H7 CH3

AB C PV Butyral PV Alcohol PV Acetate

2 BUTVAR

Enfocus Software - Customer Support TABLE 1

Physical Properties of Butvar® Resins (white, free-flowing powder) ASTM Property Units Method B-72 B-74 B-76 B-79 B-90 B-98 *Volatiles, max % 3.5 3.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Molecular wt. (weight average in thousands) – (1) 170-250 120-150 90-120 50-80 70-100 40-70 Solution viscosity 15% by weight cp. (2) 7,000-14,000 3,000-7,000 500-1,000 100-400 600-1,200 200-400 Solution viscosity 10% by weight cp. (2) 1,600-2,500 800-1,300 200-450 75-200 200-400 75-200 *Ostwald solution viscosity cp. (3) 170-260 37.0-47.0 18.0-28.0 9.0-16.0 13.0-17.0 6.0-9.0 Specific gravity 23˚/23˚ (±0.002) – D792-50 1.100 1.100 1.083 1.083 1.100 1.100 Burning rate ipm D635-56T 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8 Refractive index (±0.0005) – D542-50 1.490 1.490 1.485 1.485 1.490 1.490 Water absorption (24 hours) % D570-59aT 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 *Hydroxl content expressed as % polyvinyl alcohol ––17.5-20.0 17.5-20.0 11.5-13.5 11.0-13.5 18.5-20.5 18.0-20.0 Acetate content expressed as % polyvinyl acetate ––0-2.5 0-2.5 0-2.5 0-2.5 0-1.5 0-2.5 Butyral content expressed as % poly- vinyl butyral, approx. ––80 80 88 88 80 80

*Specification properties Percent Temperature Product Solids Solvent (˚C) All properties were determined by ASTM methods except the following: Anhydrous Molecular weight was determined via size exclusion chromatography with B-72 7.5 Methanol 20 low-angle laser light scattering (SEC/LALLS) method of Cotts and Ouano SD 29 in tetra-hydrofuran.† B-76, B-79 5.0 Ethyl Alcohol 25 Solution viscosity was determined in 15% by weight solutions in 60:40 toluene: B-74, Anhydrous ethanol at 25˚C, using a Brookfield Viscometer. Also in 10% solution in 95% B-90, B-98 6.0 Methanol 20 ethanol @ 25˚C using an Ostwald-Cannon-Fenske Viscometer. Ostwald solution viscosity for each product type measured with an Ostwald- † P.Dublin, ed., Microdomains In Polymer Solutions (New York: Plenum Press, 1985), Cannon-Fenske Viscometer.The solvents and solids levels used are as follows: pp. 101-119.

BUTVAR 3

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TABLE 2

Chemical Properties of Butvar® Resins ASTM Property Units Method B-72 B-74 B-76 B-79 B-90 B-98 Resistance to: Weak acids – D543-56T EEEEEE Strong acids – D543-56T EEEEEE Weak bases – D543-56T EEEEEE Strong bases – D543-56T EEEEEE Organic solvents: Alcohols – D543-56T PPPPPP Chlorinated – D543-56T G G F F G G Aliphatic – D543-56T E E F F E E Aromatic – D543-56T F F P P F F Esters – D543-56T F F P P F F Ketones – D543-56T F F P P F F Key: E – excellent G – good F – fair P – poor

TABLE 3

Mechanical Properties of Butvar Resins ASTM Property Units Method B-72 B-74 B-76 B-79 B-90 B-98 Tensile strength: Yield 103 psi D638-58T 6.8-7.8 6.8-7.8 5.8-6.8 5.8-6.8 6.3-7.3 6.3-7.3 Break 103 psi D638-58T 7.0-8.0 7.0-8.0 4.6-5.6 4.6-5.6 5.7-6.7 5.6-6.6 Elongation: Yield % D638-58T 888888 Break % D638-58T 70 75 110 110 100 110 Modulus of elasticity (apparent) 105 psi D638-58T 3.3-3.4 3.3-3.4 2.8-2.9 2.8-2.9 3.0-3.1 3.1-3.2 Flexural strength, yield 103 psi D790-59T 12-13 12-13 10.5-11.5 10.5-11.5 11-12 11-12 Hardness, Rockwell: M – D785-51 115 115 100 100 115 110 E – D785-51 20 20 5 5 20 20 Impact strength Izod, notched 1/2" x 1/2" ft.lb./in. D256-56 1.1 1.1 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.7

4 BUTVAR

Enfocus Software - Customer Support TABLE 4

Thermal Properties of Butvar® Resins ASTM Property Units Method B-72 B-74 B-76 B-79 B-90 B-98 Flow temperature, 1,000 psi ˚C D569-59 145-155 135-145 110-115 110-115 125-130 105-110 Glass transition temperature – Tg ˚C (4) 72-78 72-78 62-72 62-72 72-78 72-78 Ash content at 550˚C: In nitrogen % (5) <3.0 <3.0 <2.0 <2.0 <3.0 <3.0 In air % (5) <1.0 <1.0 <0.75 <0.75 <0.75 <0.75 Heat distortion temperature ˚C D648-56 56-60 56-60 50-54 50-54 52-56 45-55 Heat sealing temperature ˚F` (6) 220 220 200 200 205 200

Glass transition temperature (Tg) was determined by Differential Scanning Heat-sealing temperature was determined on a 1-mil dried film on paper cast Calorimeter (DSC) over a range of 30˚C to 100˚C on dried granular resin. from a 10% solution in 60:40 toluene: ethanol. A dwell time of 1.5 seconds at a 60 Ash content of the Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) was determined as a psi line pressure was used on the heat sealer. weight loss versus temperature profile conducted at a heating rate of 10˚C/min.

TABLE 5

Electrical Properties of Butvar Resins ASTM Property Units Method B-72 B-74 B-76 B-79 B-90 B-98 Dieletric constant: 50 cps – D150-59T 3.2 3.2 2.7 2.7 3.2 3.3 103 cps – D150-59T 3.0 3.0 2.6 2.6 3.0 3.0 106 cps – D150-59T 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.8 2.8 107 cps – D150-59T 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.8 Dissipation factor: 50 cps – D150-59T 0.0064 0.0064 0.0050 0.0050 0.0066 0.0064 103 cps – D150-59T 0.0062 0.0062 0.0039 0.0039 0.0059 0.0061 106 cps – D150-59T 0.027 0.027 0.013 0.013 0.022 0.023 107 cps – D150-59T 0.031 0.031 0.015 0.015 0.023 0.024 Dielectric strength (1/8" thickness): Short time v/mil D149-59 420 420 480 480 450 400 Step-by-step v/mil D149-59 400 400 390 390 370 380

BUTVAR 5

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PRODUCT TYPES BUTVAR: THE RIGHT RESIN SOLUTIONS The properties of the various types of Butvar® resins are Butvar brand resins generally are soluble in alcohols, described in Tables 1 through 5.The resins are offered in a glycol ethers and certain mixtures of polar and non-polar variety of molecular weight ranges and viscosities. B-76 and solvents. A representative list of Butvar solvents can be B-79 have a lower hydroxyl content than the other Butvar found in Table 6. In general, Butvar B-98 resin will show resins.This permits broader solubility characteristics. the same general compatibility characteristics as B-90 and, therefore, should prove advantageous where physical As a general rule, the substitution of butyral groups for and chemical properties of B-90 are desired but lower acetate groups results in a more hydrophopic polymer solution viscosities are necessary.The same is true for with a higher heat distortion temperature. At the same Butvar B-79 in relation to B-76. time, the polymer’s toughness and adhesion to various substrates is considerably increased.The outstanding When an alcohol is the only solvent, the viscosity of a adhesion of the polyvinyl butyral resins is a result of Butvar solution increases as the molecular weight of their terpolymer constitution. Because each molecule the alcohol increases. Blends of alcohols with aromatic presents the choice of three different functional groups solvents provide the best starting point for the develop- to a surface, the probability of adhesion to a wide variety ment of solvent systems.Where alcohols, such as ethyl of substrates is increased substantially. or isopropyl, are employed either alone or in a mixture with other solvents, use the 95% grades.The presence Although polyvinyl butyral resins normally are thermo- of water gives lower solution viscosities than solutions plastic and soluble in a range of solvents, they may be utilizing anhydrous alcohols. crosslinked through heating and with a trace of mineral acid. Crosslinking is generally caused by transacetalization Butvar solutions show very marked viscosity increases but also may involve more complex mechanisms, such as resin solids increase.This effect is shown in Graphs 3 as a reaction between acetate or hydroxyl groups on through 10. adjacent chains. The lower hydroxyl content of Butvar B-76 and B-79 As a practical matter, crosslinking of the polyvinyl butyrals permits solubility in a wider variety of organic solvents is carried out by reaction with various thermosetting as compared to the other grades of Butvar. One notable resins, such as phenolics, epoxies, ureas, diisocyanates exception, however, is the insolubility of Butvar B-76 and melamines.The availability of the functional hydroxyl and B-79 in methanol. All other types of Butvar contain groups in Butvar resins for condensations of this kind sufficient hydroxyl groups to allow for solubility in alco- is an important consideration in many applications. hol and in hydroxyl-containing solvents.The presence Incorporation of even a small amount of Butvar resin of both butyral and hydroxyl groups permits solution into thermosetting compositions will markedly improve in mixtures of alcohol and aromatics. toughness, flexibility and adhesion of the cured coating. Viscosities of Butvar resin solutions containing mixed Polyvinyl butyral films are characterized by high resistance solvents depend on the ratio of alcohol to aromatic. to aliphatic hydrocarbons, mineral, animal and vegetable Viscosity curves for Butvar B-76, B-90 and B-98 in oils (with the exception of castor and blown oils).They Graph 2 show minimum points in the general vicinity withstand strong alkalis but are subject to some attack of 50% alcohol - 50% aromatic. by strong acids. However, when employed as components of cured coatings, their stability to acids, as well as sol- vents and other chemicals, is improved greatly. Butvar will withstand heating up to 200˚F for prolonged periods with little discoloration.

6 BUTVAR

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Solubility of Butvar® Resins Butvar* Butvar** Butvar** Solvent B-72, B-74 B-76, B-79 B-90, B-98 Acetic Acid (Glacial) S S S Acetone I S SW Butyl Acetate I S PS N-Butyl Alcohol S S S Butyl Cellosolve™ SSS Cyclohexanone S S S Diacetone Alcohol PS S S Diisobutyl Ketone I SW I N, N-Dimethylacetamide S S S N, Dimethylformamide S S S Dimethyl Ester PS1 SPS1 Dimethylsulfoxide S S S Ethyl Acetate, 99% I S PS Ethyl Acetate, 85% S S S Ethyl Alcohol, 95% or Anhydrous S S S Ethylene Dichloride SW S SW Ethylene Glycol I I I Isophorone PS S S Isopropyl Alcohol, 95% or Anhydrous S S S Isopropyl Acetate I S I Methyl Acetate I S PS Methyl Alcohol S SW S Methyl Ethyl Ketone SW S PS Methylene Chloride PS S S Methyl Isobutyl Ketone I S I Naphtha (Light Solvent) I SW I n-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone S S S Propylene Dichloride SW S SW Santosol™ DME-1 PS1 SPS1 Tetrachloroethylene SW SW SW Tetrahydrofuran S S S Toluene I PS SW Toluene:Ethyl Alcohol, 95% (60:40 by weight) S S S 1, 1, 1-Trichloroethane SW S SW Xylene I PS SW

Key: S – soluble PS1 – partially soluble I – insoluble SW – swells *5% solids solution agitated for 24 hours at room temperature. **10% solids solution agitated for 24 hours at room temperature. 1 clear solution at 80˚C.

BUTVAR 7

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A common solvent for all of the Butvar ® resins is a toxicity characteristics. In most cases, the choice of combination of 60 parts of toluene and 40 parts of components of solvent blend will involve compromises ethanol (95%) by weight.The viscosities of all of the in at least some of these factors so that a desired combi- Butvar resins in this solvent blend are shown in Graphs nation of properties may be obtained. 2 and 3.The viscosities of Butvar resins in alcohols are Aliphatic hydrocarbons can be tolerated in only very shown in Graphs 4 through 8. Graphs 9 and 10 present small proportions.Aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, the viscosities of Butvar resins in Butyl Cellosolve™. esters, ketones and halocarbons, when not active solvents, For compositions of Butvar, methyl alcohol will tend are generally satisfactory as dilutents or latent solvents. to give the lowest viscosity and, therefore, will permit Solvent blends are more likely to be successful when the use of higher solids when used as a component of their mean solubility parameter and hydrogen bonding a solvent blend.When much more than 10% to 15% fall within the ranges shown in Graph 1 and in Table 8. alcohol is used in a formulation for spray application, The Butvar resins can be dissolved quite rapidly using blushing may result. conventional techniques.To ensure thorough and uniform The solvent blends in Table 7 are suggested for all Butvar wetting of all particles, it is important to add the resin grades.They are useful as starting points in the develop- slowly to the solvent system with adequate stirring. With ment of solvent blends for the other types. some mixed solvents, it may be desirable to slurry the resin in the hydrocarbon or other non-solvent compo- Selection of a suitable solvent system involves a number nent and add the more active solvent components into of factors. End-use and application technique used will the slurry under adequate agitation. necessitate consideration of solution viscosity, cobweb formation, blushing, evaporation, solvent release and

TABLE 7

Suggested Solvent Blends for Butvar Resins ABCD Diacetone Alcohol* 22.5% 20.0% 15.0% – n-Butyl Alcohol 22.5 20.0 15.0 – Ethyl Alcohol, 95% 10.0 20.0 20.0 55.0% Xylene 45.0 40.0 30.0 – Toluene ––20.0 45.0 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Relative Viscosity High Medium Low Low Relative Evaporation Rate Slow Medium Medium Very Fast Application Technique Spray Dip, Roll Dip, Roll Brush Drying Technique Bake Bake Bake Air Dry *Cellosolve may be partially substituted here to give lower viscosity.

8 BUTVAR

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GRAPH 1

Solubility of Various Butvar® Resins Plotted Against Solubility Parameter (␦) and Hydrogen Bonding Index (␥)

TABLE 8

Solubility Parameter (␦) and Hydrogen Bonding Index (␥) for Common Solvents and Solvent Mixtures1 Solvent Solvent Ratio (% by Weight) (␦)(␥) Solvent Solvent Ratio (% by Weight) (␦)(␥) Acetone 100 10.0 9.7 Isopropanol 100 11.5 18.0 n-Butyl Acetate 100 8.5 8.8 Isopropanol/Water 100 11.7 18.3 Butyl Cellosolve™ 100 8.9 13.0 Methanol 100 14.5 18.7 Cellosolve 100 9.9 13.0 Methylamyl Ketone 100 8.5 7.7 Diisobutyl Ketone 100 7.8 8.4 Methylene Chloride 100 9.7 1.5 Dimethyl Acetomide 100 10.8 12.3 Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 100 8.4 7.7 Dimethylacetamide/Xylene 60/40 10.1 9.4 Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether 60/40 9.0 13.0 Dimethylsulfoxide 100 12.9 7.7 Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Dioxane 100 9.9 9.7 Ether Acetate 100 8.5 13.0 Dioxane/Tetrahydrofuran 50/50 9.1 10.4 Tetrahydrofuran 100 9.0 12.0 Ethanol 100 12.7 18.7 Toluene 50/50 8.9 4.5 Ethanol/Water 95/5 13.1 19.5 Toluene/Ethanol 100 10.8 11.6 Ethyl Acetate/Ethyl Alcohol 99/1 9.1 8.5 Trichloroethane 95/5 9.6 1.5 Ethylene Dichloride 100 9.8 1.5 Xylene 99/1 8.8 4.5 Ethylene Glycol 100 14.2 20.6 Xylene/Dimethylacetamide 100 9.7 8.1

1 ␦, ␥ values according to J.D. Crowley et al., J. Paint Technology, 38, 269 (1996) ␦ in units of cal/cc; ␥ is in units of 1/10 cm.

BUTVAR 9 PROPERTIES

GRAPH 2 GRAPH 3

Viscosities of Butvar® in Toluene-Ethanol Viscosities of Butvar in 60/40 Toluene-Ethanol (95%) (15% solids) (95%) (by weight)

1,800 100,000 B-72

1,600

10,000 B-76 B-90 B-79 1,400 B-98 B-90 B-76 1,200 1,000

B-90 1,000

100

800 °C-cp.

B-76 600 10 °C-cp. 400

Viscosity at 25 Brookfield 1 B-98 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 200 Percent Total Solids

Viscosity at 25 Brookfield 0 0 20406080 Toluene 100 80 60 40 20 Ethanol

Solvent Composition by Weight

10 BUTVAR

Enfocus Software - Customer Support GRAPH 4 GRAPH 5

Viscosities of Butvar® in Methanol Butvar in Ethanol (95%)

100,000 100,000

B-72 B-72

10,000 B-74 10,000

B-90 1,000

1,000 °C-cp. B-98

100

100 Viscosity at 25 Brookfield °C-cp. 10 0 5 10 15

10 Percent Total Solids

Viscosity at 25 Brookfield 1 GRAPH 6 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Butvar in Ethanol (95%) Percent Total Solids

100,000

B-76 B-90

1,000 B-79 B-98 °C-cp.

100

Viscosity at 25 Brookfield 10 0 5 10 15

Percent Total Solids

BUTVAR 11

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GRAPH 7 GRAPH 9

Butvar® in N-Butanol Butvar in Butyl Cellosolve™

100,000 10,000 B-72 B-74 B-76

B-79 10,000 B-98 1,000

1,000 °C-cp. °C-cp.

100 100

Viscosity at 25 Brookfield 10 Viscosity at 25 Brookfield 10 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15

Percent Total Solids Percent Total Solids

GRAPH 8 GRAPH 10

Butvar in N-Butanol Butvar in Butyl Cellosolve

10,000 100,000 B-72 B-90 B-74 B-76 B-90

B-79 10,000

1,000 B-98

1,000 °C-cp. °C-cp.

100 100

Viscosity at 25 Brookfield 10 Viscosity at 25 Brookfield 10 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15

Percent Total Solids Percent Total Solids

12 BUTVAR

Enfocus Software - Customer Support COMPATIBILITY to compounding with other additives to enhance The compatibility of Butvar ® polyvinyl butyral its physical and chemical properties. Plasticizers resins with plasticizers, modifiers and other various are often used to impart improved flexibility over resins is well established. Butvar readily lends itself a broader temperature range. See Table 9 below.

TABLE 9

Plasticizers for Butvar Resin Known Butvar: Type Name or Trademark Plasticizer Compatibility Level Hexanoate S-2075 (Triethylene Glycol Di-2-Ethylhexanoate) 1:1 Adipate Santicizer® 97 (Dialkyl Adipate) 4:1 Santicizer 367 (Dihexyl Adipate) 3:1 Dioctyl Adipate (DOA) 4:1 Blown Linseed Oil Linseed Oil Citrate Tributyl Citrate Phosphate Santicizer 141 (2-Ethylhexyl Diphenyl Phosphate) 1:1 Santicizer 148 (Isodecyl Diphenyl Phosphate) 1:1 Santicizer 154 (Tert-Butylphenyl Diphenyl Phosphate) 1:1 Santicizer 143 (Triaryl Phosphate Ester Blend) 1:1 Tricresyl Phosphate (TCP) 1:1 Triphenyl Phosphate (TPP) 2:1 Phthalate Santicizer 261 (Alkyl Benzyl Phthalate) 2:1 Santicizer 278 (Alkyl Benzyl Phthalate) 4:3 Santicizer 160 (Butyl Benzyl Phthalate) 1:1 Dibutyl Phthalate (DBP) 1:1 Dialkyl Phthalate 4:1 Dioctyl Phthalate (DOP) 4:1 PE Glycol Ether Pycal™ 94 Polyester Paraplex™ RGA-8 Process Castor Oil #15, #30, #40 2:1 Raw Castor Oil #1 Castor 1:1 Ricinoleate Flexricin™ P3 (Butyl Ricinoleate) 2:1 Rosin Derivatives Hercolyn™ Sebacate Dibutyl Sebacate Sulfonamide Ketjenflex™ 8 (n-Ethyl Toluenesulfonamide) 1:1 Ketjenflex™ 9S (Toluenesulfonamide) 2:1 The values given in the above table are a guide to the compatibility limits of the plasticizers in the various resins shown. (If no value is given, the limit is unknown.) The highest concentration tested was 100 phr. Where the value is given as 1:1, some plasticizer/resin combinations may have even greater compatibility. However, since the values given apply to a resin type, the compatibility with a particular commercial grade should be checked when evaluating a specific compound, particularly if the plasticizer content of the formulation is to be near the ceiling value indicated.

BUTVAR 13

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Crosslinkers such as Santolink® phenolic and Resimene® of Butvar® polyvinyl butyral resins with other modifiers amino resins are used to impart greater toughness and and resins. thermal resistance.Table 10 depicts the compatibility

TABLE 10

Compatibility of Butvar® With Various Resins Butvar Butvar B-72, B-74, Solvent B-76, B-79 B-90, B-98 Acrylate II Alkyd Beckosol™ 11-035 P P Duraplex™ 11-804 P P Cellulose Cellulose Acetate I I Cellulose Acetate Butyrate P P Ethyl Cellulose P P Nitrocellulose, RS™ CC Nitrocellulose, SS™ CC Chlorinated Rubber I I Coumarone-Indene I I Epoxy Epi-Rez™ 540-C C C Epon™ 1001F, 1007F C C Araldite™ 6069 C C Fossil Damar C C Isocyanate Desmodur™ AP Stabil C C Melamine Formaldehyde Resimene® 717 and 881 P P Resimene® 730 and 741 P P Phenolic OxyChem™ 02620, 92600, 29107 C C Durite™ P-97 C C Methylon™ 75-108 C C Santolink® EP 560 (Butyletherified) C C SP-1044 Resin C C Rosin Derivatives Pentalyn™ HPP Staybelite™ Ester 10 C P Vinsol™ CC Shellac CC Silicone DC 840 C P DCZ 6018 C P Sulfonamid Ketjenflex™ MH P P Urea Formaldehyde Resimene® 918 P P Vinyl Chloride Copolymer VAGH,VAGD P I Key: C – Compatible in all proportions P – Partially compatible I – Incompatible * Refers to film compatibility provided mutual solvents are used.

14 BUTVAR

Enfocus Software - Customer Support INSOLUBILIZING REACTIONS REACTION WITH PHENOLICS Many applications for the vinyl acetal resins involve curing with a thermosetting resin to obtain the balance of prop- erties desired.The free hydroxyl groups in vinyl acetal BUTVAR PHENOLIC resins present a point of chemical reactivity through OH OH OH which the resins may be insolubilized. In general, any HOH CC(R) HOH chemical reagent or resinous material which reacts with 2 2 secondary alcohols will react with the polyvinyl butyral OH to inhibit solubility. + CH3 H CH3 BUTVAR Of course, the properties of coatings vary greatly with the type and amount of crosslinking agent used. BUTVAR

O OH OH

H2CC(R) H2

O

CH3 CH3 BUTVAR

REACTION WITH EPOXIES (Anhydride Cure)

CH3 CH3

CH2 CH CH2 O C O CH2 CH CH2 O C O CH2 CH CH2 O O CH3 OH X CH3 Typical Epoxy Resin

BUTVAR BUTVAR

OH O

O C O

C C O O C O

O CH CH2 OH O

CH CH2 EPOXY

BUTVAR 15

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REACTION WITH DIALDHEHYDES REACTION WITH ISOCYANATES

BUTVAR BUTVAR BUTVAR

CH CH2 CH CH CH2 CH OH O OH OH OO C O NCO O NH CH R DIISOCYANATE + HC H R HC NCO

CH Tertiary Amine OO NH O OH CO BUTVAR OH OH CH CH2 CH O

CH CH2 CH BUTVAR BUTVAR

REACTION WITH MELAMINES

BUTVAR

OH N N

HOH2C NH C C NH (R) HN C C NH CH2OH NN NN MELAMINE C RESIN C HO

NH2 + NH2 H BUTVAR BUTVAR

O N N

H2C NH C C NH (R) HN C C NH CH2

NN NN O C C BUTVAR NH2 NH2

16 BUTVAR

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WIRE ENAMELS Third, the polyvinyl butyral film is chemically Butvar® resins may be used to overcoat magnet wire so bound in the inorganic layers through a chromium that coils made from that wire can be cemented with complex, providing additional mechanical protec- heat or by solvent activation. tion to the metal surface. Coiled or shaped magnet wire with a polyvinyl butyral In effect, this type of primer actually phosphatizes the overcoat is tough and flexible.The presence of hydroxyl metal at the surface, supplies a corrosion inhibiting groups in the polyvinyl butyral molecule permits the pigment in a tenaciously adhering binder, and dries polyvinyl butyral not only to crosslink with itself, but to take most topcoats. also to crosscure with phenolic or isocyanate resin. Wash primers are widely used on a variety of metal The overall balance of physical and chemical properties structures, such as storage tanks, ships, airplanes, etc. has made this type of overcoat based on Butvar a leader Highway departments also have shown a keen interest in the field for many years. in these coatings for bridges, dam locks and, in particular, highway guard rails. In finishing trucks or house trailers SURFACE COATINGS fabricated of phosphated or galvanized steel, or aluminum, The Butvar vinyl acetal resin may be used alone or wash primers provide corrosion resistance and adhesion in combination with a wide variety of resins to give under single coat styrenated alkyd and other modified functional surface coating compositions. Films which alkyd enamels. On metal that is subject to immersion may be air dried, baked or cured at room temperature and corrosion conditions, wash primers are specified are obtained by proper compounding.The presence under urethane and vinyl topcoats. of hydroxyl groups in the polymer molecule not only enables good wetting of most substrates, but also MILITARY SPECIFICATION WASH PRIMERS furnishes a reactive site for chemical combination The U.S. Navy Bureau of Ships has long recognized with thermosetting resins. the need for the use of the wash primer as a surface pretreatment for metals prior to subsequent painting. WASH PRIMERS Military Specification DOD-P-15328D entitled Primer, In protective coatings for metal the best known vinyl Pretreatment is required to be used on all metal surfaces. acetal application is in “wash primers,” also referred to This primer is a two-package system containing Butvar as “metal conditioners.” Compared with other corrosion B-90 in a solvent system consisting of normal butanol inhibiting materials, wash primers are unique and more and either ethanol or isopropanol. By comparison, the effective because they offer, in a single treatment, several Department of the Air Force and the U.S. Navy Bureau means of preventing corrosion.These anti-corrosive of Naval Weapons have approved a slightly different primers apply easier, adhere better, and dry faster than pretreatment formulation designated Coating Compound, the more conventional materials. Metal Pretreatment, Resin-Acid MIL-C-8514C (ASG).This system specifies the use of either Butvar B-76 or Butvar The action of wash primers over steel, for example, is B-90 in a solvent system consisting of butanol and ethanol. as follows: Specific details of both wash primer systems can be First, an iron oxide and zinc phosphate film, similar found in the particular specification involved. to that formed in the common phosphating processes, is deposited on the metal; Second, these wash primers provide a continuous supply of chromate ions to repair pin holes in the phosphate film, eliminating the need for a special chromate rinse.

BUTVAR 17

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NON-SPECIFICATION WASH PRIMERS: primer formulations, B-1030 does not display hard B-1030 WITH BUTVAR® pigment settling of the base grind. Wash primer B-1030 formulation is a two-package system The thermosetting resin content of the B-1030 formulation based on Butvar B-76 resin and a thermosetting phenolic not only increases water resistance but also contributes resin.This formulation was designed to give higher early to reduced solvent sensitivity.Thus, good adhesion and water resistance than the well-known military specifica- corrosion resistance are retained under alkyd, alkyd- tion wash primers. Coatings based on formulation B-1030 nitrocellulose, acrylic and vinyl topcoats, and also exhibit reduced tendency to blister and to lose adhesion under epoxy, urethane, polyvinyl acetate and alkyd in high humidity.The B-1030 formulation also has non- melamine topcoats. settling characteristics. In contrast to the older wash

TABLE 11

Wash Primer B-1030 With Butvar A. Base grind Percent by Weight 1.To a solution of: Butvar B-76 1.24 Ethanol, 95% 9.35 Methyl Ethyl Ketone 9.97 2.Add: Basic Zinc Chromate pigment 11.52 Celite™ 266 4.82 3. Grind to Hegman fineness of 6, N.S. Scale 4.Add solution of: Butvar B-76 7.39 Ethanol, 95% 23.08 Methyl Ethyl Ketone 24.63 Santolink® EP 560 8.00 Total 100.00 5. Grind for 30 minutes and package B. Reducer Percent by Weight Phosphoric acid, 85% 7.50 n-Butanol 92.50 Total 100.00 Mix for several minutes and package

Reduced Primer Properties (Pigment grind to reducer; 1:1 by volume) NVM 19% Weight per gallon 7.5 lbs. Coverage 533 sq. ft./gal. at 0.3 mils dry Pot life 8-12 hours

SINGLE-PACKAGE WASH PRIMER: possess good adhesion to steel, phosphated steel, galva- B-1011 WITH BUTVAR® nized steel, brass, copper, wood, stainless steel and Wash primer B-1011 is a clear, green single-package chrome plate.Although designed to enhance adhesion, primer also known as a “reacted” wash primer. Based this coating also functions as a corrosion-inhibiting on Butvar B-90 resin, it has excellent stability in both primer for a variety of topcoats, but in many cases concentrated and diluted forms and air dries to clear may afford protection as the sole coating. glossy films of very low color. Films of the primer

18 BUTVAR

Enfocus Software - Customer Support TABLE 12

Wash Primer B-1011 With Butvar® Material Percent by Weight A. Acetone 44.40 Anhydrous Ethanol 36.30 Butvar B-90 11.00 B. 85% Phosphoric Acid (U.S.P.) 0.72 Water 6.48 C. Chromic Acid (99 + %) 0.37 Water 0.73 Total 100.00

Properties NVM 12% Viscosity 21 sec., No. 4 Ford cup Lbs./gal. 7.0 Coverage 384 sq. ft./gal. at 0.3 mils dry

CHROMATE-FREE WASH PRIMERS molybdate, borate or borophosphate, are suggested. WITH BUTVAR Substitution of these pigments for zinc chromate on Traditional wash primer formulations have generally an equal weight or volume basis are suggested starting employed zinc chromate as the anticorrosive pigment. points for reformulation.A chromate-free wash primer Due to toxicity concerns associated with chromates, based upon U.S. Government specification DOD-P- alternative anticorrosive pigments, such as zinc 15328D is shown in Table 13.

TABLE 13

Sherwin-Williams Chromate-free Wash Primer MOLY-WHITE A. Base Grind DOD-P-15328D X92 Pounds Pounds Gallons Butvar B-90 56.0 56.0 6.10 n-Butanol 125.0 125.0 18.48 Isopropanol, 99% 353.0 353.0 53.80 Moly-White X92 (1) 39.7 1.70 Basic Zinc Chromate 54.0 1.70 Magnesium Silicate, MP40-27 (2) 8.0 8.0 0.34 Furnace Black (3) 0.6 0.6 0.34 Water, DI 15.0 15.0 1.80 82.26

B. Reducer Phosphoric Acid, 85% 28.0 28.0 2.0 Water, DI 25.0 25.0 3.0 Isopropanol, 99% 99.0 99.0 15.0 20.0 1. Sherwin-Williams Chemicals 2. Pfizer Inc. 3. Columbian Chemicals Alternative chromate-free pigments are PhosGuard J-0800 from Mineral Pigments Corporation and Borogard ZB from U.S. Borax.

BUTVAR 19

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METAL COATINGS TABLE 14 ® Butvar resins are used in a wide variety of metal coating Metal Coating 2009 applications in combination with other resin types, such Material Percent by Weight as phenolics, epoxies, isocyanates, melamines, ureas, etc. Diacetone Alcohol 17.4 When used with these various modifying resins, Butvar n-Butanol 17.4 can improve coating uniformity, minimize cratering, Ethanol, 95% 7.7 improve adhesion, and increase coating toughness and Xylol 34.7 flexibility.These resin combinations can be compounded Santolink® EP 560 5.1 to produce baked coatings with good chemical resistance, Epon™ 1007F 13.0 which also will withstand post-forming. Applications of Butvar® B-90 2.0 such coatings can be made by conventional methods 10% Phosphoric Acid including brush, spray, dip, fluidized bed, etc. End-use (in above solvents) 2.7 applications include drum and can linings, as well as the Total 100.00 wide variety of metallic substrates, which are coated by the fluidized bed technique. Curable coatings containing Properties Butvar resin may be formulated to meet the extractability NVM 20% requirements of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Cure cycle sequence: Room temperature. Drying 15 minutes, followed by 30 minutes for indirect food additive uses. at 190˚F and 20 minutes at 400˚F. Application: Spray or roller Metal coating 2009 is one example of the use of Butvar in combination with other resins – in this case phenolic and epoxy – to produce an excellent coating.This particular combination provides excellent abrasion resistance, tough- ness, flexibility, adhesion and chemical resistance. Specific application tests have shown that this system should make outstanding can or drum linings.

20 BUTVAR

Enfocus Software - Customer Support WOOD FINISHES Knot Sealers Protective Wash Coats and Sealers The polyvinyl butyral resins are excellent barriers to bleeding of terpenaceous matter from knots, heart Butvar® resin is widely used as a component of wash wood and rosin ducts.The Western Pine Association coats and sealers in wood finishing operations. It provides has developed a superior knot sealer based on Butvar. good holdout, intercoat adhesion, moisture resistance, The system consists of a combination of Butvar and flexibility, toughness and impact resistance to the coating phenolic resins (Table 16). system. In addition, the wood substrate is protected against discoloration when Butvar is used in the finish. Combinations involving nitrocellulose, shellac and shellac TABLE 16 ester along with other resin types are used with Butvar Western Pine Association Knot Sealer, WP578 under many of the common topcoats (Table 15). Butvar Material Percent by Weight is particularly effective for improving the holdout of Butvar B-90 3.3 polyester and polyurethane coatings, as well as protecting Durite™ P-97 40.0 the wood substrate against color changes caused by light. Ethanol, 95% 56.7 The following starting formulation is representative Total 100.0 of the kind of wood sealer or wash coat that can be compounded from Butvar: Properties NVM 23.3% Application: Brush TABLE 15 The above formulation is designed for brush application. Sealer/Wash Coat With Butvar However, it has been adapted to application from an Material Percent by Weight aerosol spray can, giving the same outstanding perfor- Butvar B-98 6.1 mance as the brush applied system. Nitrocellulose, RS™, 1/4 Second 9.2 Butyl Acetate 32.9 Ethanol, Anhydrous 5.5 Isopropanol, 99% 10.9 Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 8.8 Xylol 13.3 Toluol 13.3 Total 100.0

Properties NVM 12.5% Viscosity 20 sec., No. 4 Ford cup

BUTVAR 21

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ADHESIVES In a solution adhesive system, the choice of solvents is Structural Adhesives important both for viscosity control of the solution and proper drying and filming characteristics. Proper drying Structural adhesives originally were developed for use in of the adhesive film is very important, as only a small the aircraft industry to replace rivets and other methods amount of residual solvent can affect greatly the various of joining and fastening. Refinements in formulating struc- final properties.Yet the solvent cannot be so volatile that tural adhesives led to their use in bonding brake linings, blushing occurs. Sprayed films are much more sensitive in the electrical and electronic industries on printed to blushing than brushed or roller-coated films. For circuits, in structural composite fiber binders for aerospace brushing, solvents in the boiling range of 75˚C to 100˚C or anti-ballistic applications, and in the architectural field are advised because they can be removed by air drying for the manufacture of interior and exterior curtain walls. and then force drying for 30 to 60 minutes at 105˚C. Combinations of Butvar® resin with thermosetting resins Solutions for spraying can tolerate small amounts of have long been in use in bonding aircraft components – higher boiling solvents, such as xylene and butanol. in fact, the system was the first synthetic resin adhesive Viscosity of the adhesive solution affects the smoothness to be used for bonding metals in structural applications. and the thickness of the final brushed or sprayed film. Phenolic Resins For brushing, the proper viscosity is obtained at the In some structural adhesive formulations, Butvar resins following solids content (with a 10:5 PVB: phenolic ratio): are combined with alkaline catalyzed phenolic laminating Butvar B-90, 21%; Butvar B-72, 16% to 18%. For spraying, resins, such as Durite™ LS-433 or Plyophen™ 22-023. the solids content should be reduced in order to obtain Compared with other general types of structural adhe- non-blushing, non-cobwebbing films. sive systems (epoxy-phenolic and synthetic rubber- Epoxies and Other Thermosetting Resins phenolic), the PVB-phenolic gives the highest shear Butvar resins are compatible with many epoxy resins and strength values at temperatures up to 250˚F. Other can confer such improvements on epoxy based systems outstanding properties of the PVB-phenolic system as increased impact resistance and peel strength. In include high peel strength at very low temperatures, epoxy systems, as in phenolic systems, the vinyl acetal excellent dielectric properties, and exceptionally good resins can serve as both co-reactant and flexibilizer. creep resistance as measured by the ability of the bond to carry sustained loads for extended periods of time. The addition of small amounts of compatible plasticizer to an adhesive system combining a vinyl acetal resin with Polyvinyl butyral-phenolic ratios of from 10:1 to 10:20 a thermosetting resin increases the flexibility and impact have been used successfully for structural adhesives, resistance of the bond with only slight sacrifice in high although 10:5 seems to be the best ratio for a compro- temperature shear.This increased flexibility is most mise of properties. As the amount of phenolic is reduced, evident when peeling thick adherends and at high peeling the cured adhesive becomes more flexible and, in most speeds.The tack or heat seal temperature of the uncured cases, peel strength increases. In addition, because of the adhesive also is appreciably lowered by the addition of increased thermoplastic nature of the system, the high plasticizer. Adhesives with pressure sensitive properties temperature shear strength is reduced.These effects, in the uncured state can be developed which, when cured, i.e., increased peel and reduced high temperature shear will have temperature shear bond strength of more than strength, occur when the cure time is shortened or the 1,000 psi. cure temperature is lowered. Structural adhesives based on polyvinyl butyral resins can be applied as a solution, an unsupported film, a supported film on paper or cloth, or as a mixture of liquid and solid.*

*See U.S. Patent 2,499,134.

22 BUTVAR

Enfocus Software - Customer Support High-strength Bonding Procedure Performance Characteristics For high-strength bonds, substrate cleaning is very The quality of a structural bond for a particular applica- important. Usually the removal of surface contamination, tion is usually described in terms of its shear strength, such as oil film, dust, etc., is sufficient. Such cleaning peel strength, creep properties, fatigue strength and normally is achieved by solvent or by detergent wash. environmental resistance. In aircraft applications, high However, for highest strength bonds, chemical surface temperature shear, fatigue resistance, creep, and oil and preparation is employed.The following metals require gas resistance are most important. In printed circuits, the preparation noted: peel strength, blister resistance and dielectric properties are of primary importance. For architectural use, high Aluminum alloys – acid oxidation peel strength and long-term resistance to dead load Copper – alkaline oxidation and extremes of atmospheric environment are the Steel – a pickling bath to remove oxide scale outstanding requirements.Adhesives based on Butvar® Care should be taken to avoid touching the cleaned panels resins excel in all of these characteristics. or exposing them to any contaminated atmosphere.The The requirements and methods for testing adhesives for adhesive should be applied to the cleaned surface as soon aircraft applications are presented in Military Specifications as possible. MM-A-132 and MIL-A-25463-30.Test methods for archi- A dry glue line of three to 10 mils has been found quite tectural and printed circuit applications are contained satisfactory.With solvent systems, this thickness usually in various ASTM and NEMA specifications. can be achieved with two to four brushed coats of adhe- sive on each adherend.With very thin glue lines, even Adhesive Strengths pressure must be applied to the laminate during cure in Typical test values for phenolic bonds of Butvar resins order that consistent bonds be obtained.Thicker glue lines measured by these techniques are given below: have greater flow and absorb unequal curing pressures.

TABLE 17

Adhesives Strengths Amount of PSI Shear Strength at Peel at 72˚F Vinyl Acetal Phenolic Cure 72˚F 180˚F 250˚F 300˚F lbs./in.Width Butvar B-72 50 phr. 30 min., 330˚F 6,000 4,000 1,400 500 25-30 Butvar B-90 50 phr. 30 min., 330˚F 5,700 2,800 1,000 30-35 Butvar B-72 100 phr. 20 min., 300˚F 5,000 3.300 1,100 35-40 Test Procedures: Shear – aluminum to aluminum as per MIL-A-8431 Peel – 6 mil. aluminum to 64 mil. aluminum peeled at 5 inches per minute *phr. = parts per hundred resin.

BUTVAR 23

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Hot Melt Adhesives ADVANTAGES AS TEXTILE COATING The advantages of Butvar as a textile coating resin stem Butvar® makes an excellent base for hot melt adhesives from the following properties: even where difficult-to-bond surfaces are involved.The many types of Butvar resins allow the best match to Transparency: Butvar can be made into a clear, individual applications. For example, Butvar B-98 can colorless coating with excellent light resistance be formulated to produce a hot melt with low viscosity and aging characteristics. characteristics. B-72 can be used to produce an adhesive Adhesion: After curing, Butvar adheres readily with similar chemical properties but higher viscosity. to practically all fabrics, including those normally Other types, such as B-76, are available to produce considered difficult to coat, such as nylon, viscose adhesives where less crosslinking is desirable. rayon and fiberglass. Hand and Appearance: A coating with Butvar Table 18 shows a starting formulation for a hot melt has the soft, warm, flexible feel of an uncoated based on Butvar: fabric, yet possesses all the functional characteris- tics of coated fabrics. TABLE 18 Functional Properties: Butvar combines these Typical Hot Melt Formulation attributes with functional properties comparable Material Parts by Weight to those of the best textile coating materials Butvar B-76 10 in the field. During the drying and curing opera- Santicizer® 160 10 tions, Butvar is transformed to an elastomer Castorwax™ 35 which becomes a permanent part of the fabric. Poly-Pale™ Ester #1 26 Fabrics coated with properly compounded and cured Staybelite™ Ester #10 19 Butvar have outstanding softness and flexibility without Total 100 tackiness of low softening temperatures.They have excellent chemical and water resistance. Films of Butvar TEXTILE COATINGS resin are tough and will resist abrasion and wear. One of the unique uses of Butvar polyvinyl butyral resin Coatings can be applied from high solids solutions made is in the textile coating field. It can be compounded to with common solvents. Clear coatings with Butvar make fabrics water resistant and stain resistant without may be applied from solutions of up to 35% solids; noticeably affecting the appearance, feel, drape and color pigmented coatings may be as high as 45% solids. of the fabric.Tablecloths, drapes, slipcovers, shower curtains, aprons, smocks and children’s bibs are some Solutions of Butvar are ideally suited to coating with of the more common items which can be prepared. either rubber or pyroxylin spreaders. Solids content Outside the home, fabrics coated with Butvar serve can be high and the solvents fast evaporating.The material as rainwear, porch furniture upholstering, awnings and will flow well after being spread. For most applications, beach accessories. a light coating averaging 1-1/2 oz. dry to the square yard is recommended.The solution of Butvar, which can be Butvar, which provides a transparent film, can be applied prepared in a solvent mixture of alcohol and naphtha, to practically all common fabrics. Cotton, wool, silk, is applied in generally two to five passes, depending on nylon, viscose rayon and other synthetics can be success- the type of fabric and the coating operation.This is fully coated. As a rule, almost any fairly tightly woven followed by a flat topcoat to remove gloss and tack fabric with a flat surface can be made water resistant normally associated with coated fabrics. Usually two and stain resistant with a coating based on Butvar. topcoats are required for a smooth, skip-free coating. The first two coats should be low in viscosity for proper penetration of the coating into the fiber interstices.The relationship between depth of penetration and coating

24 BUTVAR

Enfocus Software - Customer Support viscosity will necessarily depend on the fabric construc- Coated stocks are cured after all coats have been applied. tion and must be determined on the basis of trials. If Premature curing of any coat due to overheating will an excessively high coating viscosity is used for the initial reduce the adhesion of subsequent coats.The time coats, peel adhesion, Mullen and other physical test prop- required for curing will depend on the resins and the erties will suffer. Experience has shown that superior catalysts employed and on the temperature of the curing coatings are produced by many thin coats rather than oven. Cure time will vary from approximately one hour by a few heavy applications. at 250˚F to five minutes or less at 350˚F. Butvar® is unique among vinyl resins in its ability to be Coatings with Butvar have been cured satisfactorily in cured in a manner somewhat analogous to rubber. Curing festoon dryers at 200˚F, in steam heated ovens at 300˚F, improves the heat resistance, solvent resistance and in gas ovens and even dryer cans. In all cases, overheating adhesion to the fabric. Curing of Butvar is accomplished should be avoided in order to prevent loss of plasticizer by incorporating crosslinking resins, such as urea, pheno- and stiffening. lics, melamines and isocyanates. Since the reaction involves A properly coated and cured fabric will be water resis- the hydroxyl groups on the chain of Butvar, only a small tant; will be resistant to stains of ink, coffee, tea, cooking amount of a modifying resin is needed to increase oils and fats; and will have excellent washability. Most substantially the heat and solvent resistance of the soilings can be wiped away with a damp cloth. Should Butvar resin. the uncoated side require laundering, neutral soap and A formulation incorporating such a crosslinking resin warm water should be used.The coated fabric can be follows in Table 19. ironed on the uncoated side. Coatings based on Butvar cannot be dry cleaned. Such treatment will remove the plasticizer and leave a stiff, TABLE 19 harsh coating which will break on flexing. Typical Textile Coating Formulation Material Parts by Weight CERAMIC BINDER APPLICATIONS Butvar B-72 48.0 Butvar polyvinyl butyral resins are recognized as the Tricresyl Phosphate 48.0 binder of choice in the processing of ceramic tape cast Ethanol 95% 84.2 materials.The resin imparts excellent green strength and Toluene 64.8 flexibility to the ceramic tape. It is compatible with many Water 8.0 common solvents and plasticizers and burns out cleanly ® Resimene AQ-7550 3.5 during sintering. p-Toluene Sulfonic Acid .7 p-Nonyl .2 Butvar resins also are used as a binder medium in thick film processing. Butvar is formulated in the solvent vehi- Compounding cle used to deposit the circuit pattern on the ceramic 1. Combine solvents and plasticizer. surface.The primary advantages of using Butvar resins 2.Add Butvar B-72 with stirring; heat if desired to speed solution. are their solubility in a wide range of solvents and 3. Cool batch, blend in p-Nonyl Phenol, Resimene AQ-7550 and uniform adhesion to conductive metals. p-Toluene Sulfonic Acid in that order.

Compound Properties Percent solids 39% Viscosity (freshly made) ca. 70,000 cps. Viscosity (24 hours) ca. 75,000 csp.

BUTVAR 25

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TAPE CASTING Premix the fish oil in the toluene and MEK and add to Butvar® is regarded as the binder of choice for the ball mill. Add Alumina and ball mill for one hour. Add ceramic tape casting process due to the following Santicizer 160 and Butvar B-79. Mill an additional 24 benefits: hours. Pour, de-air for several minutes, and cast. Butvar resins provide excellent green strength Additional Butvar can be added to most to the unified tape. formulations to improve inter-film lamination The Butvar allows multiple tapes to be in a multilayer substrate. laminated in the green stage. A microfiltration system is generally used with Low Butvar concentrations allow for higher binder/solvent systems. A five micron or finer density substrates after firing. filter is recommended. Butvar is soluble in many volatile yet inexpensive solvents. THICK FILMS Flexibility in choosing Butvar product types Butvar resins can be used as the binder medium in and load levels for a wide range in binder vehicle formulations for thick film pastes. Our lowest solution viscosities and, therefore, ceramic slip molecular weight resins, Butvar B-79 and B-98, are viscosities. recommended for either silk screen or steel screen Butvar is compatible with many of the processes.The advantages to using Butvar in thick plasticizers used in ceramic systems. films include: Choose from dialkyl phthalates, benzyl phtha- Butvar is an excellent binder and dispersant for lates, adipates or phosphates commonly used. the conductive metals used in thick films. Butvar burns out cleanly with a minimum Thick films with Butvar can be co-fired with the of warpage to the fired part. green tape in laminated ceramic substrates. The product shrinks uniformly. Binder compatibility problems are minimized for Low gel content minimizes surface defects. co-firing systems when Butvar is used in both the Butvar has natural dispersing properties and thick film processing and as the binder in the is compatible with common dispersing agents, ceramic tape casting process. such as fish oils or phosphate esters. The medium-to-low molecular weight resins, Butvar TABLE 21 B-76, B-79, B-90 or B-98, are recommended for use Thermal Properties in tape casting processes. Butvar Butvar Test B-76 B-90 A typical tape casting formulation based on 100 gms of Units Method B-79 B-98 solid ceramic powder is offered below: Glass Transition Temperature – Tg C DSC 62-72 72-78 Ash Content TABLE 20 at 550˚C – in Nitrogen % TGA <2.0 <3.0 Typical Tape Casting Formulation – in Air % TGA <0.75 <0.75 Component Parts by Weight Alumnina 100.0 The apparent glass transition temperature (Tg) was Butvar B-79 5.0 determined by Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). Santicizer® 160 4.3 The Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) was a weight Blown Menhaden Oil Z-3 visc. 2.0 loss versus temperature profile conducted at a heating Toluene 14.4 rate of 10˚C/min. MEK 14.4

26 BUTVAR

Enfocus Software - Customer Support Butvar® Resin Thermolysis Profiles:Thermal TONERS AND PRINTING INKS Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) Butvar resins have been used in printing ink formulations GRAPH 11 for many years. All Butvar resins are alcohol soluble and are often used in solvent based gravure and flexographic In Nitrogen ink formulations to improve flexibility, adhesion, and toughness.The solubility characteristics of Butvar B-79 100 and B-76 in aromatic and other fast drying solvents allow 90 for compounding at low concentrations in high speed, 80 high quality printing applications.These properties have also enabled Butvar to be used in ink formulations for 70 thick film conductive pastes, printer ribbons and pen 60 inks, as well as in the manufacture of offset printing 50 plates and other printing technology apparatus. 40 Butvar also serves the toner industry as a secondary binder. 30 Percent) Polyvinyl butyral is added to the formulations to increase 20 viscosity and to improve film integrity over the fuser roll. 10 The overall toughness of the Butvar enhances the integrity

(Wt. Weight 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 of the toner during the milling process and extended machine operation.This minimizes the level of fines Temperature (°C) Heating Rate: 10°C/min. without detracting from the flow properties.

GRAPH 12

In Air

100 90 80

70

60 50

40 30 Percent) 20 10

(Wt. Weight 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550

Temperature (°C) Heating Rate: 10°C/min.

BUTVAR 27

Enfocus Software - Customer Support STORAGE AND HANDLING

STORAGE QUALITY CONTROL Environments of high heat and humidity should be avoided. To obtain the outstanding quality characteristics of Butvar, Solutia maintains statistical process control TOXICITY AND FDA STATUS over the manufacturing process. In addition, to ensure Butvar® resins are regulated by the U. S. Food and Drug that you receive highly uniform material with each Administration under parts of 21 Code of Federal shipment, the finished product is analyzed in detail Regulations for use as indirect food additives. Butvar to be certain it conforms to our rigid specifications. resin also has been subjected to acute toxicity and mutagenicity studies. Details on specific coverage of individual studies are available upon request.

TABLE 22

Packaging Information Container Type B-72 B-74 B-90, B-76 B-98, B-79 61-gallon Fiber Drum 145 lb. (66 kg) 145 lb. (66 kg) 140 lb. (63 kg) 135 lb. (61 kg)

28 BUTVAR

Enfocus Software - Customer Support MATERIAL SOURCES

Product Designation Owner and/or Supplier Product Designation Owner and/or Supplier Araldite 6069 Ciba Geigy Corporation Methyl Acetate Ashland Chemical Company Unocal Corporation Basic Zinc Chromate Landers Segal Color Company Mineral Pigments Methyl Alcohol Air Products and Chemicals Inc. Ashland Chemical Company Beckosol 11-035 Reichhold Chemicals, Inc. Methyl Butanol BASF Blown Menhaden Oil Z-3 visc. Werner G. Smith Inc. Methyl Ethyl Ketone Shell Chemical Corporation Borogard ZB U.S. Borax Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Shell Chemical Corporation Butvar® Resins Solutia Inc. Methylon 75-108 OxyChem Butyl Acetate Eastman Chemical Products Inc. Union Carbide Corporation Moly-White X92 Sherwin-Williams Chemical Butyl Alcohol Union Carbide Corporation Naphtha Shell Chemical Corporation Butyl Benzyl Phthalate Solutia Inc. Nitrocellulose RS, SS Hercules Inc. Butyl Cellosolve Union Carbide Corporation OxyChem 02620, 92600, 29107 OxyChem Castor Oil #1 (raw), #15, #30, #40 CasChem Inc. p-Nonyl Phenol Boddin Chemiehandel Castorwax CasChem Inc. Paraplex G-25 C.P.Hall Company Celite 266 Manville Corporation Pentalyn H Hercules Inc. Cellulose Acetate Eastman Chemical Products Inc. PhosGard J-0800 Mineral Pigments Corporation Cellulose Acetate Butyrate Eastman Chemical Products Inc. Phosphoric Acid, 85% U.S.P. Astaris Chlorinated Rubber Hercules Inc. PlastHall DBS C.P.Hall Company Chromic Acid (Chromium Trioxide) J.T. Baker Inc. Plyophen 22-023 OxyChem DC 840 Dow Corning Corporation Poly-Pale Ester #1 Hercules Inc. DCZ 6018 Dow Corning Corporation Pycal 94 ICI Americas Inc.

Desmodur AP Stabil Corporation (Formerly Corp.) RGA-8 Rohm and Haas Company Diacetone Alcohol Shell Chemical Corporation Resimene® 717, 730, 741, 881 Cytec Ind. AQ-7550 and 918 Dibutyl Phthalate BASF Eastman Chemical Products Inc. SP-1044 Resin Schenectady Chemicals Inc. Dibutyl Sebacate C.P. Hall Company Santicizer® Plasticizers Cytec Ind. Dihexyl Adipate Ferro Inc. Santolink® EP 560 Cytec Ind. Dimethyl Esters Solutia Inc. Santosol® DME Cytec Ind.. Dioctyl Phthalate BASF Shellac Ashland Chemical Corporation Eastman Chemical Products Inc. William Zinsser and Company Duraplex 11-804 Reichhold Chemicals, Inc. Skydrol® Solutia Inc. Durite P-97, LS-433 Borden Chemical Company Stabelite Ester #10 Hercules Inc. Epi-Res 540-C Rhone-Poulenc Inc. Toluol (Toluene) Exxon Company, USA Unocal Corporation Epon 1001F, 1007F Shell Chemical Corporation Tributyl Citrate Morflex Chemical Company Ethanol, 95% – Neosol Shell Chemical Corporation Ethanol, 95% – Synasol Union Carbide Corporation Tributyl Phosphate FMC Corporation Akzo Chemicals Inc. 2-Ethylhexyl Diphenyl Phosphate Solutia Inc. Tricresyl Phosphate FMC Corporation Fish Oil Reichhold Chemicals, Inc. Akzo Chemicals Inc. Flexricin-P3 CasChem Inc. Triphenyl Phosphate Triway Furnace Black Columbian Chemicals VAGH, VAGD (UCAR Solution Vinyl Resin) Union Carbide Corporation Hercolyn Hercules Inc. Vinsol Hercules Inc. Isophorone Union Carbide Corporation Xylol (Xylene) Exxon Company, USA Isopropanol Exxon Company, USA Z3 Defloc Fish Oil Reichhold Chemicals, Inc. Ketjenflex 8, 9S, MH Akzo Chemie America Zinc Borate U.S. Borax Linseed Oil Arista Chemical Inc. Reichhold Chemicals, Inc. Zinc Boro Phosphate Mineral Pigments Corporation Magnesium Sillicate MP40-27 Pfizer Inc. Zinc Molybdate Sherwin-Williams Chemical

Enfocus Software - Customer Support WORLDWIDE SALES OFFICES MALAYSIA NORTH AMERICA EUROPE ASIAPACIFIC Solutia Hong Kong Ltd. Malaysia Branch St. Louis (headquarters) BELGIUM CHINA-PRC 12th Floor (1309-B) P.O. Box 66760 Solutia Europe N.V./S.A. Solutia International Trading Co.,Ltd Kelana Parkview Tower St. Louis, 63166-6760 Rue Laid Burniat, 3 Unit 1018,Ocean Towers, No. 1 Jalan SS 6/2 Tel: 314-674-1000 Parc Scientifique – Fleming No.550 Yanan Road. Kelana Jaya Fax:314-674-5147 B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve (Sud) P.R.China 200001 47301 Petaling Jaya Sales Office Belgium Tel: 86 21 63617760 Selangor, Malaysia Tel: 410-323-3133 Tel: 32.10.48.12.11 Cell: 86 134 8211 4301 Tel: 6-03-7804-4067/5766 Fax: 443-269-0588 Fax: 32.10.48.12.12 INDIA Fax: 6-03-7806-5904 Solutia Chemicals India Private SINGAPORE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE Limited Solutia Singapore Pte. Ltd. Please call our Technical 205-207,‘Midas’ SOUTH AMERICA 101 Thomson Road Service Hotline at Sahar Plaza Complex #19-01/02 United Square 734-671-4539 Andheri-Kurla Road Singapore 307591 Fax:734-671-5820 BRAZIL Andheri (E) Tel: 65-6-357-6100 Solutia Brazil Ltda. Mumbai 400 059 India ORDER ASSISTANCE Rua Gomes de Carvalho Fax: 65-6-357-6194 Please call our Customer Tel : 91 22 830-2860 1306 - 60. Andar 14547-005 TAIWAN Order Processing Dept., toll Fax: 91 22 830-2859 Sao Paulo, SP,Brazil Solutia Taiwan Inc. free at 800-964-5224 JAPAN Tel: 55-11-3365-1811 7/F-1, 122 Chung Cheng Road Solutia Japan Ltd. Fax: 314-674-5147 Fax: 55-11-3365-1818 Shin Lin District,Taipei Shinkawa Sanko Building Taiwan, R.O.C. Second Floor Tel: 886-2-8866-6181 1-13-17, Shinkawa, Chuo-ku Fax: 886-2-8866-2703 Tokyo 104-0033, Japan Tel: 81-3523 2080 THAILAND Fax: 81-3523 2070 Solutia Thailand Ltd. 193/11 Lake Rajada Building KOREA 3rd Floor, Ratchadapisek Road Solutia Korea Ltd. Klongtoey 3RD Floor,Anglican Church Building Bangkok 10110 Thailand 3-7, Jeong-dong, Joong-gu, Tel: 662-264-0942 Seoul 100-120, Korea Fax: 662-264-0944 Tel: 82-2-736-7112

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