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The Biomass Distribution on Earth

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The Biomass Distribution on Earth The biomass distribution on Earth Y. M. Bar-On, R. Phillips, R. Milo Supplementary Information Appendix Contents Overview ......................................................................................................................... 3 Plants ............................................................................................................................... 4 Biomass ....................................................................................................................... 4 Biomass of roots and leaves ........................................................................................ 6 Comparison of plant and bacterial biomass ................................................................ 7 Bacteria and Archaea (Prokaryotes) ............................................................................... 7 Marine ......................................................................................................................... 8 Soil ............................................................................................................................ 11 Marine deep subsurface sediment ............................................................................. 13 Terrestrial deep subsurface ....................................................................................... 18 Fungi ............................................................................................................................. 22 Soil fungi ................................................................................................................... 22 Ectomycorrhiza ......................................................................................................... 25 Arbuscular mycorrhiza.............................................................................................. 27 Marine fungi.............................................................................................................. 27 Deep subsurface fungi............................................................................................... 28 Total fungal biomass ................................................................................................. 29 Active and inactive microbial biomass ......................................................................... 29 Annelids ........................................................................................................................ 31 Nematodes..................................................................................................................... 32 Litter microbes and fauna ............................................................................................. 33 Chordates ...................................................................................................................... 34 Fish ............................................................................................................................ 34 Humans and livestock ............................................................................................... 36 Wild mammals .......................................................................................................... 36 Wild birds.................................................................................................................. 37 Reptiles ..................................................................................................................... 38 Amphibians ............................................................................................................... 39 Arthropods .................................................................................................................... 39 Previous estimates ..................................................................................................... 40 Terrestrial arthropods ................................................................................................ 40 Marine arthropods ..................................................................................................... 41 Cnidarians ..................................................................................................................... 43 Molluscs ........................................................................................................................ 44 www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1711842115 Protists........................................................................................................................... 45 Marine protists .......................................................................................................... 45 Terrestrial protists ..................................................................................................... 47 Deep subsurface ........................................................................................................ 49 Sanity checks on the MAREDAT dataset ..................................................................... 50 Comparison of MAREDAT and the Tara oceans dataset ........................................ 50 Cyanobacteria ........................................................................................................... 52 Comparison of phytoplankton to remote sensing measurements ............................. 52 Comparison of the biomass of producers and consumers ............................................. 53 Viruses .......................................................................................................................... 53 Other Animal Phyla ...................................................................................................... 58 Benthic phyla biomass .............................................................................................. 58 Pre-human biomass ....................................................................................................... 59 Microbiomes ................................................................................................................. 60 Inland water .................................................................................................................. 61 Abundance estimates .................................................................................................... 61 General ...................................................................................................................... 61 Archaea and Bacteria (Prokaryotes) ......................................................................... 62 Fungi ......................................................................................................................... 62 Molluscs .................................................................................................................... 62 Fish ............................................................................................................................ 63 Arthropods ................................................................................................................ 63 Cnidaria ..................................................................................................................... 63 Protists....................................................................................................................... 63 Usage of various estimators of the mean ...................................................................... 64 Supplementary References ............................................................................................ 65 1 Supplementary Figures and Tables Fig. S1. A graphical representation of the global living biomass distribution. ............ 84 Fig. S2. The relation between abundance and biomass of different taxa. .................... 85 Fig. S3. The relation between species richness and biomass of different taxa. ............ 86 Fig. S4. Comparison of graphical representation of the global biomass distribution using pie-charts versus Voronoi diagrams. ................................................................... 87 Fig. S5. The impact of human civilization on the biomass of mammals. ..................... 88 Table S1. Summary of estimated total biomass and abundance of various abundant taxonomic groups. ......................................................................................................... 89 Table S2. Methodology used to estimate the global biomass of plants. ....................... 90 Table S3. Methodology used to estimate the global biomass of marine prokaryotes. .. 91 Table S4. Methodology for estimating the global biomass of soil prokaryotes. .......... 92 Table S5. Methodology for estimating the global biomass of prokaryotes in the marine deep subsurface. ............................................................................................................ 93 Table S6. Methodology for estimating the global biomass of prokaryotes in the terrestrial deep subsurface. ............................................................................................ 94 Table S7. Methodology for estimating the fraction of archaea out of the total biomass of prokaryotes. .............................................................................................................. 95 Table S8. Methodology for estimating the global biomass of fungi. ............................ 96 Table S9. Methodology for estimating the global biomass of humans. ........................ 97 Table S10. Methodology for estimating the global biomass of livestock.
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