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The Role of Tourism in Poverty Reduction: a Case Study of Siem Reap-Angkor Region, Cambodia

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The Role of Tourism in Poverty Reduction: a Case Study of Siem Reap-Angkor Region, Cambodia The Role of Tourism in Poverty Reduction: A Case Study of Siem Reap-Angkor Region, Cambodia Nara Mao Supervisors: Prof. Terry DeLacy Prof. David Chandler Prof. Peter Shehan Dr. Helena Grunfeld Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy College of Business, Victoria University Melbourne, Australia 2015 ABSTRACT Cambodian tourism has grown dramatically for the last two decades. This trend encourages the Cambodian government to adopt tourism as a strategy for poverty reduction and economic development. However, the potential of tourism in alleviating poverty has not been investigated in detail. Therefore, the aim of the study is to understand whether and how tourism growth has contributed to poverty alleviation in the Siem Reap-Angkor region. The study examines the interrelationship between tourism and poverty reduction by exploring opportunities and constraints of local people in the tourism value chain (TVC). A qualitative case study approach was applied to this research. Siem Reap town – where the poverty rate is still high although tourism has grown for two decades – was selected as the case study area. Data was collected through interviews, focus group discussions, observations and informal conversations with key informants and local residents involved in various TVCs. Narrative analysis was used to retell and rewrite their stories, and present their perceptions and personal experiences about their livelihoods and employment. TVC analysis was applied to examine relevant economic activities linking to tourism, and identify constraints and opportunities of local residents to participate in tourism employment and businesses. Tourism growth has provided job and business opportunities to the locals and migrants in TVC: agriculture, transportation, accommodation, leisure activities, food and beverages and handicraft and souvenirs. This study explored constraints and opportunities of locals and migrants involved in TVC. In the agriculture value chain, constraints experienced by farmers in servicing the tourism market were identified. Although farmers faced critical constraints to produce and supply produce to tourism market, some of their family members produced handicrafts or got tourism related jobs, which have enabled them to earn additional income. In the transportation and accommodation sectors, tourism linkage opportunities, constraints and the history of conflicting interests were examined. Entertainment and service linkage opportunities and constraints were explored and stories of those who are involved in this value chain are presented. In the food and beverage sector, the involvement of local residents and i several business opportunities resulting from tourism growth are presented. Handicraft and tourism linkage opportunities and constraints in producing and selling handicraft products were also examined. Tourism development enabled locals and migrants to become involved in transportation and accommodation, but conflicts and exploitation have reduced the opportunities these value chains could have provided and have led to reduction their incomes. Those employed by tour companies as tourist guides and in leisure activities were able to lift their households out of poverty. Locals involved in small and medium scale businesses in the food and beverage value chain can gain economic benefits from tourism. Analysis of the data in the value chains indicated that the potential of tourism to alleviate poverty was reduced by critical constraints limiting local people’s participation in employment and business creation and in the goods and service supply chains. Most villagers in the study communes perceived that they were not the beneficiaries of tourism growth. A significant contribution of this study is the presentation and integration of Cambodians’ experiences, perspectives, perceptions and their livelihoods’ stories into tourism analysis, which has not been done in Cambodia previously. This study has enriched the literature on tourism and poverty in developing countries. ii STUDENT DECLARATION I, Nara Mao declare that the PhD thesis entitled “The Role of Tourism in Poverty Reduction: A Case Study of the Siem Reap-Angkor Region, Cambodia” is no more than 100,000 words in length including quotes and exclusive of tables, figures, appendices, bibliography, references and footnotes. This thesis contains no material that has been submitted previously, in whole or in part, for the award of any other academic degree or diploma. Except where otherwise indicated, this thesis is my own work. Signature: Date: 27 August 2015 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Pursuing a postgraduate study is the most valuable gift the Australian government has given to economically disadvantaged persons to undertake research in this unique and beautiful country. I take this opportunity to thank the Australian government which awarded two scholarships to enable me to fulfill my education goal: Australian Development Scholarship (ADS) and Australian Leadership Awards (ALA). As a survivor from the holocaust in Cambodia, who lost nearly everything including parents, siblings and hope, my dream to study overseas would never have been realised without this financial support. Doing the PhD study, I experienced big challenges. Although I had a research plan and aim, I sometimes felt I was on the surface of the ocean and did not know where to go. However, I have got tremendous support, inspiration, motivation, encouragement and advice from generous people. I express my greatest respect, appreciation, and deepest gratitude to their dedication. I take this opportunity to thank my advisory team: Prof. Terry DeLacy, Prof. David Chandler, Prof. Peter Shehan and Dr. Helena Grunfeld who have supported me throughout my PhD journey. Their guidance, constructive advice, critiques, inspiration and encouragement were fundamental and served as a catalyst in helping me produce this thesis. I thank Prof. DeLacy and Prof. Shehan who agreed to supervise me, believed in me from the beginning of my PhD journey, and taught me how to be an independent researcher. Special thanks to Prof. DeLacy, Prof. Chandler and Dr. Grunfeld for their invaluable guidance and inspirational comments. I also thank Prof. Chandler and Dr. Grunfeld who spent a great amount of time reading my writing, offering feedback and comments, editing my English, challenging my arguments put forward in my writing and responding quickly with criticism. I am really appreciative of their support. Without their continuous guidance, this thesis would not have been attained. Prof. Chandler and Dr. Grunfeld not only helped with my academic work, but also supported me to do social and charity work to support poor, disadvantaged children in Cambodia. My heartfelt thanks to Dr. Grunfeld, who spent her valuable time to support iv me in a number of ways: charity, networking, personal and family issues. She accompanied me to my study area, did observations and listened to villagers I interviewed, even though she did not understand the Khmer language. I extend my deepest gratitude to Margaret Jones, Senior International Scholarships Coordinator, for her perfect administrative support, and Prof. Lew Hess and Margaret O'Dowd for reading my writing. I thank Dr. Diane Brown for editing this thesis according to the Australian Standards for Editing Practice (2013) and the national university guidelines for editing research theses. My special thanks go to all research participants whose knowledge, perceptions, views, experiences and stories are presented in this thesis. Their voluntary participation and contributions to this study are highly appreciated. Without their cooperation, the thesis would not have been possible. Last but not least, I am truly indebted to my wife: Thavry NEAV and my children: Narong MAO and Narita MAO who accompanied me throughout the PhD journey, for their moral support, love, care and patience. My endless thanks to my wife who worked tirelessly to support family, enabling me to concentrate on my study and do my social and charity work. I am grateful to my brother who looked after me and provided love, inspiration, support and encouragement for education. My deepest gratitude and dedication are given to my late parents who considered education as the most valuable asset, wanted their children to be medical doctors and lecturers and created my academic dream. They taught me to love people and advised me to help disadvantaged people as best I can. This thesis is dedicated to my late parents: Pho MAO (Unknown - 1977) Hoky TAN (Unknown - 1977) v LIST OF PUBLICATIONS Publications resulted from this thesis including: Journal articles (Published): Mao, N., Grunfeld, H., DeLacy, T., & Chandler, D. (2014). Agriculture and tourism linkage constraints in the Siem Reap-Angkor region of Cambodia. Tourism Geographies, 16(4), 669-686. Mao, N., DeLacy, T., & Grunfeld, H. (2013). Local Livelihoods and the Tourism Value Chain: A Case Study in Siem Reap-Angkor Region, Cambodia. Environmental and Rural Development, 4(2), 120-126. Conference paper Grunfeld, H., Mao, N., DeLacy, T., & Houghton, J. (2012). ICT, Tourism and poverty reduction: A case study in the Siem Reap-Angkor region, Cambodia. Paper presented at the Asian Conference on Information Systems, Siem Reap. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. i STUDENT DECLARATION ...................................................................................................
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