This document is downloaded from DR‑NTU (https://dr.ntu.edu.sg) Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Emotions in Adonara‑Lamaholot Elvis Albertus Toni 2018 Elvis Albertus Toni. (2018). Emotions in Adonara‑Lamaholot. Doctoral thesis, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. https://hdl.handle.net/10356/88960 https://doi.org/10.32657/10220/46132 Downloaded on 29 Sep 2021 06:18:05 SGT EMOTIONS IN ADONARA - LAMAHOLOT E M O T I O N S IN ADONARA-LAMAHOLOT ELVIS ALBERTUS BIN TONI ELVIS ALBERTUS BIN TONI 2018 SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES 2018 EMOTIONS IN ADONARA-LAMAHOLOT ELVIS ALBERTUS BIN TONI School of Humanities A thesis submitted to the Nanyang Technological University in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2018 To: Hiasinta, Della Grazia, and Alleson ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation was made possible through the tireless support of several people. Therefore, I would like to extend my thanks to them. Firstly, I would like to address my sincere gratitude to my former supervisor, Asst. Prof. František Kratochvil, who has patiently guided me in the process of writing and honed my writing skills. František has become not only my supervisor but also a very understanding friend. He really understands how difficult my psychological situation was that during my PhD journey I was living far from my family. He always gives me his healing words when I am in pain due to the loneliness of being far away from my kids and wife. Even when not a part of NTU anymore, he is still committed to supervise me. Secondly, I thank Prof. Francis Bond who has taken over František‘s official position as the first supervisor so my thesis writing could continue. Prof. Francis has played a significant role in my thesis writing as he hired Hannah Choi to proofread my English with his budget. He also read my draft and gave me valuable feedback. Of course, I also thank Hannah who has patiently corrected my English as well as raised important questions regarding the content of my research. Many thanks are addressed to Mr Gabriel Keron Ama and Mr. Thomas Sabon Luli (two elderly men to whom I consulted my data), Eduardus Pope Ana Sayang and Ferdinandus Beda Daton (my research Assistants) and all participants who have kindly spent their time and energy for my research. I want to thank Nanyang Technological University for providing me with a scholarship in pursuing my PhD studies and having been a conducive place to study. NTU also has provided some amount of money that enabled me to present three of my research papers in three different international conferences (ISMIL 19 in Jambi, ISMIL 20 in Melbourne, and KIMLI in Bali). I am also grateful for the President of Unika Widya Mandira-Kupang-Indonesia (my home university) and the chair of Yayasan Pendidikan Katolik Arnold Jansen who have granted me a four-year leave to pursue my PhD studies. They also supported me with some funding during my thesis revision process. I would like to thank Dr. Ad Foolen for his willingness to give valuable feedback for the improvement of my draft. I address my big thanks to my TAC members: Prof. Ng Bee Chin, Prof. Ivan Panovic, and Prof. Ying Ying who have given me valuable comments during my oral defense. Next, I wish to express my love and great gratitude to my wife Hiasinta, my daughter Della Grazia, my son Allesandro William, my mother Lusia Lou Beda, my siblings (Herlina Elbethni, Erich Orbethi, Fransiskus Boro Suban, and Diana Ansabeth), and my grandmother Maria Kewa Tuber for their great support. Finally yet importantly, I address my great honour and praise to God Almighty whose guiding love enables me to complete the whole journey of my PhD studies. i TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ i TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................... ii LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF MAPS ..................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................... ix ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. xi 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Aim of the study......................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Definitions of emotions.............................................................................................. 6 1.4 Methodology .............................................................................................................. 8 1.4.1 Instrument .............................................................................................................. 8 1.4.2 Participants of the Study ...................................................................................... 10 1.4.3 Data Collection .................................................................................................... 10 1.4.4 Research Schedule ............................................................................................... 13 1.5 Organization of the Writing ..................................................................................... 14 2 ETHNOGRAPHIC CONTEXT OF LAMAHOLOT AND LAMAHOLOT LANGUAGE ........................................................................................................................... 16 2.1 Ethnographic Context of Lamaholot ........................................................................ 16 2.1.1 Etymology of the word ‗Lamaholot‘ ................................................................... 16 2.1.2 The Lamaholot People in Eastern Flores Regency: their economic, social, and religious life. .................................................................................................................... 18 2.2 The Lamaholot Language ........................................................................................ 23 2.2.1 Language Profile .................................................................................................. 23 ii 2.2.2 Language Contact Situation ................................................................................. 25 2.2.3 The Adonara-Lamaholot Grammar: A short Introduction ................................... 26 2.3 Summary of the chapter ........................................................................................... 48 3 MORPHOSYNTATIC FORMS AND LEXICAL PROPERTIES OF EXPRESSIONS OF EMOTIONS USED IN CASUAL SPEECH .......................................... 50 3.1 Revisiting some previous studies ............................................................................. 50 3.2 Morphosyntactic Forms of the Expressions of Emotions of Adonara-Lamaholot. 52 3.2.1 Clause Type 1a & 1b ............................................................................................ 54 3.2.2 Clause Type 2a & 2b ............................................................................................ 55 3.2.3 Clause Type 3 ...................................................................................................... 57 3.2.4 Clause Type 4 ...................................................................................................... 58 3.3 Analyzing the behavior of predicate roots ............................................................... 58 3.3.1 Root Class 1 ......................................................................................................... 58 3.3.2 Root class 2 .......................................................................................................... 59 3.3.3 Root Class 3 ......................................................................................................... 60 3.3.4 Root Class 4 ......................................................................................................... 61 3.4 The nouns ................................................................................................................. 61 3.4.1 Internal Body Part Nouns..................................................................................... 62 3.4.2 External Body Part Nouns ................................................................................... 64 3.4.3 Bodily Fluids ........................................................................................................ 65 3.4.4 Other nouns .......................................................................................................... 65 3.5 The Collocation of Nouns and Predicates ................................................................ 65 3.6 Summary of the chapter ........................................................................................... 70 4 THE MAPPING OF MEANINGS OF THE EXPRESSIONS OF EMOTIONS USED IN CASUAL SPEECH OF ADONARA-LAMAHOLOT ....................................................... 72 4.1 What is the Basis for Mapping? ............................................................................... 72 4.2 Category 1: geridiN,