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The Other Face of Augustus's Aggressive Inclination to Egypt
Journal of Association of Arab Universities for Tourism and Hospitality Volume 12 - June 2015 - No 1 - Pages: (35 : 56) The Other Face of Augustus’s Aggressive Inclination to Egypt Wahid Omran Lecturer in Tourist Guidance Dep., Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, Fayoum University Introduction The initial attitude of Octavian against Egypt is proved by his speech to his troops on the evening before the battle of Actium. Pride in his Roman birth is compared to the despicability of an Egyptian woman as an opponent, who is supported by Dio Cassius reference.1 "Alexandrians and Egyptians- what worse or what truer name could one apply to them?- who worship reptiles and beasts as gods, who embalm their own bodies to give them semblance of immortality, who are most reckless in effrontery but most feeble in courage, and worst of all are slaves to a woman and not to a man". Since The Roman poet Virgile (70- 19 B.C), 2 the Romans opposed the animal – cult of the Egyptians, and considered these gods as monsters.3 The Egyptian character of the Augustus's opponents is related to the Augustan propaganda, represented the Augustus's war against Antony and Cleopatra not only a civil war between Rome and Egypt, but like a struggle between the West and the East. Whose Mark Antony was a traitor joined the powers of the East, whereas Octavian's victory in Actium was not only for himself, but basically for Rome and the Romans. This struggle was described in literature's documents as a civil strife or a foreign war.4 Augustus also knew he had a compensated war against Antony and Cleopatra as a republican magistrate crushing Oriental despotism.5 He is supported by the Roman society ethics and the star of the sacred Caesar, on the other hand, Antony, once a great Roman commander-in-chief, but now supported by a foreign army and followed by unnamed Egyptian spouse.6 The Romans considered the battle not only a military, but either a religious one between the Roman and the Egyptian Pantheons. -
Calendar of Roman Events
Introduction Steve Worboys and I began this calendar in 1980 or 1981 when we discovered that the exact dates of many events survive from Roman antiquity, the most famous being the ides of March murder of Caesar. Flipping through a few books on Roman history revealed a handful of dates, and we believed that to fill every day of the year would certainly be impossible. From 1981 until 1989 I kept the calendar, adding dates as I ran across them. In 1989 I typed the list into the computer and we began again to plunder books and journals for dates, this time recording sources. Since then I have worked and reworked the Calendar, revising old entries and adding many, many more. The Roman Calendar The calendar was reformed twice, once by Caesar in 46 BC and later by Augustus in 8 BC. Each of these reforms is described in A. K. Michels’ book The Calendar of the Roman Republic. In an ordinary pre-Julian year, the number of days in each month was as follows: 29 January 31 May 29 September 28 February 29 June 31 October 31 March 31 Quintilis (July) 29 November 29 April 29 Sextilis (August) 29 December. The Romans did not number the days of the months consecutively. They reckoned backwards from three fixed points: The kalends, the nones, and the ides. The kalends is the first day of the month. For months with 31 days the nones fall on the 7th and the ides the 15th. For other months the nones fall on the 5th and the ides on the 13th. -
Hellenistic Heads of Queen Cleopatra VII (JTHH) Vol. 1 No. 2, (2020)
Journal of Tourism, Hotels and Heritage (JTHH) Vol. 1 No. 2, (2020) pp 30-39. Journal Homepage: https://sjs.journals.ekb.eg Hellenistic Heads of Queen Cleopatra VII Enayat Mohamed Ahmed1 Wessam Fekry Ibrahim2 1Professor of Graeco-Roman Archeology, Faculty of Tourism and Hotels - Alexandria University 2Lecturer at Tourism Management and Cultural Heritage Department, Faculty of Tourism & Hotels, Matrouh University ARTICLE INFO Abstract Keywords: Though her wide fame, the story of queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt Cleopatra VII is preserved, unfortunately, mostly in words only. Most of the Greek Portraits archaeological evidence of her reign disappeared as well as the Royal Statuary Ptolemaic Alexandria, either under the water of the Ptolemaic Queens Mediterranean or buried under modern buildings. In addition, the images of Cleopatra VII are very rare. After the defeat of Cleopatra and Anthony by Octavian, and their legendary suicide, Octavian destroyed many of the images of the last queen of Egypt. Until a man named Archibios paid 2,000 donations to the Roman Emperor to preserve the remaining statues of Cleopatra. It is possible that some of the ancient Egyptian-style Cleopatra representations came to us from the collection that survived after the intervention of Archibios. Besides, we find that pieces depicting Cleopatra have a lot of (JTHH) ambiguity around her, as a result of the many events that Vol. 1 No. 2, (2020) Cleopatra went through during her life in addition to her political inclinations and her constant endeavor to consolidate her position pp 30-39. with the Egyptians and Romans at the same time. As a result, the way she was portrayed was always changing due to the political changes and situations . -
The Roman Imperial Cult in Alexandria During the Julio-Claudian Period
LAI t-16 The Roman Imperial Cult in Alexandria during the Julio-Claudian Period. Nicholas Eid M.A. thesis submitted to the Department of Classics, Universify of Adelaide. August 1995. ABSTRA 2 DECLARATION. 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 4 INDEX OF ABBREVIATIONS. 5 CHAPTER 1. 6 I.I INTRODUCTION 6 I.2 FACTORS AFFECTING THE NATURE OF THE IMPERIAL CULT. ll I,3 EVIDENCE FOR THE IMPERIAL CULT IN ALEXANDRIA. t4 I.4 MODERN SCHOLARSHIP ON THE IMPEzuAL CULT. t7 CHAPTER 2. t9 Religious precursors of the Imperial Cult in Alexand 19 2.I THE PHARAONIC RELIGIONS t9 2.2THE CULT OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT. 22 2.3THE PTOLEMAIC CULTS 24 2.4 CONCLUSIONS. 32 CHAPTER 3. 33 Political influences upon the structure of the Imperial Cult. 33 3.I PTOLEMAIC POLITICAL AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE. 5J 3.2THE CIVIC STRUCTURE OF ALEXANDRIA UNDER THE PTOLEMIES 34 3.3 THE INFLUENCE OF M. ANTONIUS AND CLEOPATRA. 35 3.4 THE POLITICAL STATE OF EGYPT AND ALEXANDRIA UNDER AUGUSTUS. 37 3.5 THE ROMAN ADMINISTRATION OF ALEXANDRIA. 42 3.6 ALEXANDRIAN CIVIC STRUCTURE UNDERTHE ROMANS 43 3.7 CONCLUSIONS. 47 CHA7TER 4. ¿ 49 Art and architecture. 49 4.I INTRODUCTION 49 4.2 HELLENISTIC PORTRAITURE. 50 4.3 EGYPTIAN ART. 52 4.4 ROMAN IMPEzuAL ART IN ALEXANDRIA. 53 4.5 ROMAN CULT ARCHITECTURE IN ALEXANDRIA. 51 4.6 THE ALEXANDzuAN COINAGE IN THE ruLIO-CLAUDIAN PERIOD. 65 CHAPTER 5, 71 The written evidence of the Imperial Cult. 7t 5,I INTRODUCTION 7l 5.2 THE INSCzuPTION OF TIBEzuUS CLAUDIUS BALBILLUS. 7l 5.3 THE RES GESTAE DIVI AUGUSTI. -
Forum in the Age of Augustus
The Roman Forum in the Age of Augustus The political career of Augustus, the first Roman emperor, lasted nearly sixty years. It began in 44 BCE, when the future Augustus was a sickly boy of eighteen, known, if at all, as the great- nephew of Julius Caesar. By the time it ended, he was nearly eighty, and his name was known and respected from England to India. The imperial system he established over the course of his long reign set the pattern for the rest of Roman history, and profoundly influenced the evolution of Europe. Roman emperors would reign over some part of the Mediterranean world for an incredible fifteen centuries; when Constantine XI fell to a Janissary bullet in 1453, he died as emperor of the Romans, and a direct political heir of Augustus. It was here, in the Roman Forum, that the remarkable career and legacy of Augustus took shape. Using the extant ruins as points of reference, this tour will trace the first emperor’s story from its origins in the populist dictatorship of Julius Caesar to the grandiose funeral that marked its end. I. The Temple of Caesar Look toward the foundations of the Temple of Caesar. Imagine away the crowds of tourists and the sound of traffic. Line the Forum square behind you with colonnades seventy feet tall, crown the Palatine Hill to your right with shining stucco walls and red tile roofs, and pave with polished marble the dust beneath your feet. Imagine that it is a sunny, rather brisk day in March 44 BCE. -
Julius Caesar in Latin Literature from Tiberius to Trajan Bridget England
Julius Caesar in Latin Literature from Tiberius to Trajan Bridget England UCL A thesis presented to the Department of Greek and Latin, University College London, in candidacy for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Thesis supervisor: Professor Maria Wyke November 2018 I, Bridget England, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. ……………………………………………. 1 ABSTRACT A thesis on the literary reception of Julius Caesar from the reign of Tiberius to that of Trajan is needed because, until now, the main focus of scholarly attention has been on Caesar’s place in the literature of the triumviral period and the Augustan age (44 BC – AD 14). Scholarship has also identified a seeming revival of interest in Caesar that took place during Trajan’s reign (AD 98 – 117), with texts from this era and beyond seeming to portray Caesar (and not Augustus) as the founder of the Empire. The current investigation will address the relatively neglected period in between – neglected despite the introduction of Caesar as an epic character in Lucan’s Pharsalia – and explore wider questions surrounding Caesar’s textual representation, including its relationship with the many other ways in which he was being remembered in Rome. By conducting close readings of texts, and using the material culture and urban landscape of Rome as well as other evidence of the political use of Caesar to pose questions to the literature, this critical part of Caesar’s early reception is carefully surveyed. -
Life in the Roman World of Nero and St. Paul by TG
Life in the Roman World of Nero and St. Paul by T. G. Tucker Life in the Roman World of Nero and St. Paul by T. G. Tucker Online Distributed Proofreading Team LIFE IN THE ROMAN WORLD OF NERO AND ST. PAUL by T. G. TUCKER 1924 PREFACE The reception accorded to my _Life in Ancient Athens_ has led me to write the present companion work with an eye to the same class of readers. In the preface to the former volume it was said: "I have sought to leave an impression true and sound, so far as it goes, and page 1 / 388 also vivid and distinct. The style adopted has therefore been the opposite of the pedantic, utilizing any vivacities of method which are consistent with truth of fact." The same principles have guided me in the present equally unpretentious treatise. I agree entirely with Mr. Warde Fowler when he says: "I firmly believe that the one great hope for classical learning and education lies in the interest which the unlearned public may be brought to feel in ancient life and thought." For the general reader there is perhaps no period in the history of the ancient world which is more interesting than the one here chosen. Yet, so far as I know, there exists no sufficiently popular work dealing with this period alone and presenting in moderate compass a clear general view of the matters of most moment. My endeavour has been to represent as faithfully as possible the Age of Nero, and nowhere in the book is it implied that what is true for that age is necessarily as true for any other. -
Ara Pacis: Augustus' Monument to Rome When Caesar Augustus Was
Ara Pacis: Augustus’ Monument to Rome When Caesar Augustus was in power there was no internet or social media. In today's world every accomplishment is published if not in magazines, then on Instagram, Facebook, or Twitter. In Augustus’s time the way to be remembered was through public monuments and buildings. Emperors after Augustus created magnificent arches, monuments, sculptures, and mosaics for themselves that depicted all of their achievements as emperor. In 13 BCE, Caesar Augustus finished the Ara Pacis. This monument focused on much of the remarkable mythological history of Rome instead of focusing on Augustus’ own achievements and glories. Caesar Augustus reigned for forty years from 16 January 27 BC – 19 August AD 14. The years of peace called the Pax Romana, proved to be the biggest accomplishment of his reign. Due to this time of relative calm, Augustus was able to focus on large building projects instead of wars. Augustus used these impressive projects to inspire awe in his citizens. In addition to the Ara Pacis, Caesar Augustus is credited with building the Pantheon, Temple of Apollo Palatinus, Temple of Apollo Sosianus, Temple of Caesar, the Basilica of Neptune, and many more. According to the Roman historian Suetonius, Augustus “found Rome brick and left it marble.” 1 From marble, Augustus built the Ara Pacis which literally translates to the “altar of peace”. Augustus’ “dedication to a rather abstract notion of peace (pax) is significant in that Augustus advertises the fact that he has restored peace to the Roman state after a long period of internal and external turmoil.”2 Instead of the Ara Pacis depicting Caesar Augustus's victories and achievements explicitly, the Ara Pacis honors the time of calm and comfort in Rome and depicts the history of the Roman people. -
02-The Monuments of Rome 20-03-2007 16:55 Pagina 2
02-The Monuments of Rome 20-03-2007 16:55 Pagina 2 Co Rome for you Information series on the City of Rome Produced by: Cosmofilm spa - Elio de Rosa, editore Texts: Alberto Tagliaferri, Valerio Variale (Cultural Association Mirabilia Urbis) Editorial coordination: Emanuela Bosi Graphics and page setting: Marco C. Mastrolorenzi Translation edit by: Stephen Geoffrey Wheeler Photos: C. De Santis: cover, p. 2, 13 bottom, 17, 35 left; A. Idini: p. 31, 32, 34, 35, 38 top; L. Moz- zano: p. 21, 22, 23, 24, 25; P. Soriani: p. 14, 27, 28, 36, 37, 38 bottom; Spazio Visivo: p. 3, 9, 10 right, 11, 12, 13 top, 15 bottom, 16, 18, 19 top; Archivio Cosmofilm: p. 10 left, 15 top, 19 bottom. Drawings on p. 8, 20, 29 by P. Pinchera for Mirabilia Urbis On the cover, Temple of Vespasian in the Roman Forum On this page, Columns of the Temple of Mars Ultor in the Forum of Augustus 02-The Monuments of Rome 20-03-2007 16:56 Pagina 3 Walks in Rome Comune di Roma Turismo • The Roman Forum 8 1. The west area 9 2. The east area 14 3. Walking, walking… 19 • The Colosseum area 20 4. The Arch of Constantine 21 5. Walking, walking… 22 6. The Flavian Amphitheatre (or Colosseum) 23 7. Walking, walking… 26 • The Imperial Forums 29 8. The Temple (or Forum) of Peace 30 9. The Forum of Nerva (or Forum Transitorium) 31 10. The Forum of Augustus 32 11. Trajan’s Forum 33 12. Walking, walking… 36 The Curia Monumental Rome From Via dei Fori Imperiali to the Colosseum Stampa: GRAFICA PONTINA - Pomezia - ord. -
The Arab Conquest of Egypt
The Arab Conquest of Egypt Available from http://CopticChurch.net © Oxford University Press 1978 Map I. The Delta to illustrate the Conquest. Page iii The Arab Conquest of Egypt And the Last Thirty Years of the Roman Dominion By Alfred J. Butler D. Litt., F.S.A. Containing also The Treaty of Misr in Tabari (1913) and Babylon of Egypt (1914) Edited by P.M. Fraser with a critical bibliography and additional documentation SECOND EDITION Page iv Oxford University Press, Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogota Buenos Aires Calcutta Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris São Paolo Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Oxford University Press 1978 Special edition for Sandpiper Books Ltd., 1998 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press. Within the UK, exceptions are allowed in respect of any fair dealing for the purpose of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms and in other countries should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available ISBN 0-19-821678-5 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Bookcraft (Bath) Ltd., Midsomer Norton Page v Introduction to the Revised Edition A.J. -
The Parthians of Augustan Rome
The Parthians in Augustan Rome CHARLES BRIAN ROSE Abstract the political relationship between the opposing This article considers the conception and commemo- forces. ration of foreigners, especially Parthians, as diagrammed Ancient Rome was different. Victor and van- in the triumphal imagery of Augustan Rome. The inter- quished were regularly represented together, both action of Trojan and Parthian iconography during the on the field of battle and in subsequent triumphal Augustan period is analyzed, as is the new attitude to- ward the representation of foreigners that developed in processions. Poses of mourning were employed only Rome during the early Empire, when barbarians were for the subjugated, who were frequently presented presented as contributors to peace rather than its oppo- as family units, and in general the women and chil- nents. The focus is the general topographical context of dren shown in these scenes belonged to the side of the Parthian Arch on the east side of the Roman Forum, the vanquished rather than the victors.2 The power but the article also includes new iconographic readings of the Primaporta cuirass, the Ara Pacis, the Basilica Aemilia relationship between Roman and non-Roman, as it Parthians, and the altar from the Vicus Sandaliarius, as existed at the time of dedication, was always clearly well as triumphal monuments in Athens, Corinth, and diagrammed in the associated texts and images. As Antioch-in-Pisidia. The cuirassed figure facing the is the case with most war memorials, however, that Parthian on the Primaporta breastplate is identified as relationship changed over time, as did the topog- Roma, and the Eastern woman and child on the south frieze of the Ara Pacis are linked to the Parthian royal raphy of the adjacent areas, and both would have family resident in Rome during the Augustan period. -
Divus Augustus Pater: Tiberius and the Charisma of Augustus
DIVUS AUGUSTUS PATER: TIBERIUS AND THE CHARISMA OF AUGUSTUS Rebecca Edwards Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Classical Studies Indiana University December 2003 Accepted by the Graduate Faculty, Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ______________________ Eleanor Leach, Ph.D. ______________________ James Franklin, Ph.D. _____________________ Betty Rose Nagle, Ph.D. November 14, 2003 _____________________ Julie Van Voorhis, Ph.D. ii © 2003 Rebecca Edwards ALL RIGHTS RESERVED iii Acknowledgements This dissertation could not have arrived at its final destination without the support and commitment of the members of my committee—James Franklin, Betty Rose Nagle, and Julie Van Voorhis. I appreciate their careful criticism of my work and take sole responsibility for any remaining flaws. I also would like to thank Yvette Rollins and Derek Vint for taking care of the administrative details which confounded my already overtaxed brain. Most importantly, I would like to thank Eleanor Leach for her constant guidance and her unswerving faith in me, even when my own self-confidence was being challenged. On a more personal level, I must acknowledge the friends and family who have kept me sane this past year, even though I had all but abandoned them for the sake of my work—to my parents, who have never told me that there was anything I could not do; to my grandmother, who has always stood behind me, no matter how blindly I charged into things; to Kris, who has never failed to remind me that life is meant to be lived—and all the others who have been there for me.