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G©¥ERM MEMT-PRE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SYRIA, JORDAN AND KUWAIT Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Leicester by Sulaim an Gaza Al-Shamari M,A. (USA) Centre for Mass Communications Research University of Leicester May 1989 UMI Number: U016989 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Disscrrlation Publishing UMI U016989 Published by ProQuest LLC 2015. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 3s 3S" IT® isMÈ ëipminr ©if ms* ACEMOWLEDGEMEMTS I would like to express my sincere thanks for the encouragement and guidance of Peter Golding, without whom this study would have become completely deceased in its first stage. Special thanks are also due to all the staff of the Centre for Mass Communication at Leicester University. \ 1 would also like to thank King Sand Universitywho sponsored me and provided me with a full scholarship. The same gratitude goes to the Deputy Ministers of Information in Syria and Jordan and the editors-in-chief of Al-Sivassah and Al-Watan newspapers in Kuwait for giving me permission to analyse their newspapers and for distributing my survey among their journalists. My thanks must also go to H. Zitouni. D. Layachi, and S. Tayi for their valuable comments and their help as second coders, to Ahmed Andrews for editing this thesis, and to Elizabeth Phillips for typing the work. Finally, my deepest thanks to my wife Mudi who stood by me while 1 was in the United Kingdom. CONTENTS PAGE NO. ACKB^OWLÊOSEMEMIS CONTENTS VI ER ONE - CONTEMPORARY SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND 8 POLITICAL STRUCTURE OF SYRIA, KUWAIT AND JORDAN THE GEOGRAPHICAL UNITY 8 THE COMMON LANGUAGE 8 THE COMMON HISTORY 11 THE UNITY OF REUGION 12 THE COMMON INTERESTS, AIMS AND DESTINY 12 THE HISTORICAL ELEMENT OF SYRIA 15 THE ECONOMIC DIMENSION OF SYRIA 16 THE POUTiCAL DIMENSION OF SYRIA 18 THE GEOPOLITICAL AND HISTORICAL ELEMENTS 20 OF KUWAIT THE ECONOMIC DIMENSION OF KUWAIT 23 THE SOCIO-POUTICAL STRUCTURE OF KUWAIT 27 THE HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL DIMENSION 32 OFJORDAN THE ECONOMIC DIMENSION OF JORDAN , 37 THE POUTICAL STRUCTURE OF JORDAN 40 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 42 11 - PREVIOUS RESEARCH AND RESEARCH 45 METHODOLOGY PREVIOUS RESEARCH 45 HYPOTHESES 50 SELECTION OF THE COUNTRIES 60 METHODOLOGY 60 SELECTION OFTHE PAPERS 67 THESAMPUNG 69 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 74 CHAPTER TRREE SECTION ONE - THE SIGNIFICANCE OF 76 FREEDOM OFTHE MEDIA THE CLASSICAL LIBERAL MODEL 80 THE SOCIAUST MODEL 81 RESTRAINTS ON PRESS FREEDOM . 84 PRESS LAWS 85 ECONOMIC AND POUTICAL PRESSURES 87 SECTION TWO ■ FREEDOM OF THE PRESS 90 IN THE ARAB WORLD, AN EXAMPLE OF THE AUTHORITARIAN MODEL METHODS TO RESTRICT FREEDOM IN THE ARAB WORLD 93 CONCLUSION 103 ER FOUR - HISTORY OF THE PRESS 105 A BRIEF OUTLINE OF THE PRESS IN SYRIA 110 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE PRESS IN JORDAN 119 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE EVOLUTION OF THE 128 KUWAITI PRESS CONCLUSION 137 III - PUBLICATION AND PRESS LAWS 141 FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION 145 FREEDOM OFTHE PRESS 146 THE FREEDOM OF REUGION 146 PRIVACY 147 DEFINITION OF TERMS 149 UCENSING 153 LEADERS’ CRITICISM 153 THE HEADS OF FRIENDLY COUNTRIES 154 ARMY INFORMATION 155 QUAUnCATIONS 156 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 161 ER SIX - THE RESULTS OF THE NEWSPAPER 170 CONTENT ANALYSIS ONE - THE QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS 172 FOREIGN RELATION NEWS 175 THE TOPICS 177 NEWS SOURCES 185 SECTION TWO - THE QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS 187 THE EVENTS AND TONE OF THE NEWS STORIES 187 SYRIA 189 JORDAN 191 KUWAIT 193 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 196 IV GNAPTER SEVEN - THE SURVEY FINDINGS 199 ONE - THE MEANING OF PRESS 201 FREEDOM AS SEEN BY THE SYRIAN, JORDANIAN AND KUWAITI JOURNALISTS GENERAL STATEMENT FOR FREEDOM OF THE PRESS 204 THE FREEDOM OF THE PRESS IN THE CONSTITUTION 207 THE POUTICAL DECISIONS OF THE NEWSPAPERS 209 THE WESTERN MEDIA ARE BETTER THAN ... 210 THE MOST BEUEVABLE SOURCE FOR INTERNATIONAL 212 NEWS THE RANKING OF THE FREE PRESS IN THE WORLD 213 SECTION TWO - THE JOURNALISTS' IMAGE 217 OF THE TWO SUPERPOWERS THE COVERAGE OF THE TWO SUPERPOWERS 222 SECTION THREE - THE PROFILE OF THE 224 JOURNALISTS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 234 ER EIGHT - CONCLUSION AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS 242 OF RESEARCH THE JOURNAUSTS' OPINIONS 249 POUCYIMPUCATIONS OF RESEARCH 255 258 1 267 ENÛIX 2 272 284 LIST OF TABLES PAGE NO TABLE 1 THE NUMBER OF NEWSPAPER STORIES 71 TABLE 2 MAJOR CURRENT DAILY AND WEEKLY 125 NEWSPAPERS IN JORDAN TABLE 3 THE SELECTION OF THE THREE 171 COUNTRIES' NEWSPAPERS TABLE 4 THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE TWO 172 SUPERPOWERS' NEWS STORIES TABLE 5 THE NATURE OF THE TWO 173 SUPERPOWERS' NEWS STORIES TABLE 6 THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE TWO 174 SUPERPOWERS' NEWS IN THE THREE COUNTRIES' PRESS TABLE 7 THE COUNTRIES WHICH WERE LINKED 176 WITH THE TWO SUPERPOWERS TABLE 8 POLITICS IN USA NEWS STORIES 177 TABLE 9 POLITICS IN SOVIET NEWS STORIES 178 TABLE 10 POLITICAL AND MILITARY INVOLVEMENT 178 OF THE USA TABLE 11 POLITICAL AND MILITARY INVOLVEMENT 179 OF THE SOVIET UNION TABLE 12 MILITARY IN USA NEWS STORIES 179 TABLE 13 MILITARY IN SOVIET NEWS STORIES 180 TABLE 14 ECONOMICS IN USA NEWS STORIES 180 TABLE 15 ECONOMICS IN SOVIET NEWS STORIES 181 TABLE 16 ACCIDENTS IN USA NEWS STORIES 181 TABLE 17 ACCIDENTS IN SOVIET NEWS STORIES 182 TABLE 18 RELIGION IN US A AND SOVIET NEWS 182 STORIES TABLE 19 SCIENCE IN USA AND SOVIET NEWS 182 STORIES TABLE 20 EDUCATION ESf USA AND SOVIET NEWS 183 STORIES VI TABLE 21 HEALTH IN USA AND SOVIET NEWS 183 STORIES TABLE 22 ARTS AND CULTURE IN USA NEWS 183 STORIES TABLE 23 ARTS AND CULTURE IN SOVIET NEWS 184 STORIES TABLE 24 SPORT IN USA NEWS STORIES 184 TABLE 25 SPORT IN SOVIET NEWS STORIES 184 TABLE 26 THE DEPENDENCE OF THE THREE 186 COUNTRIES ON THE INTERNATIONAL AND HOME NEWS AGENCIES TABLE 27 THE TONE OF THE TWO SUPERPOWERS' 188 NEWS STORIES WHICH THE SYRIAN, KUWAITI AND JORDANIAN JOURNALISTS ADOPTED WHEN THEY EDITED THE UNITED STATES AND THE SOVIET UNION NEWS TABLE 28 THE MEANING OF FREEDOM OF THE PRESS 202 TABLE 29 PROPORTION OF JOURNALISTS WISHING 204 TO SEE CHANGE IN PRESS LAW TABLE 30 A SURVEY CONCERNING WHETHER 205 THERE SHOULD BE A LAW TO PROTECT JOURNALISTS FROM THE GOVERNMENT TABLE 31 VIEWS CONCERNING GOVERNMENTAL 206 INFLUENCE OVER THE PRESS TABLE 32 THE AGREEMENT WITH THE THIRD WORLD 208 CONSTITUTIONS TABLE 33 PRIVATISATION OF NEWSPAPERS 209 TABLE 34 THE DEGREE OF JOURNALISTS’ 209 CONTRIBUTION IN MAKING A POLITICAL DECISION TABLE 35 WHO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR MAKING THE 210 P O L m aA L DECISIONS OR POLICY FOR THE NEWSPAPERS TABLE 36(a) RESPONSES TO THE STATEMENT THAT 211 THE WESTERN MEDIA ARE BETTER THAN THE THIRD WORLD MEDIA TABLE 36(b) VIEWS ON THE CAUSE FOR THE 212 DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN MEDIA TABLE 37(a) THE MOST BELIEVABLE SOURCE FOR 213 INTERNATIONAL NEWS VII TABLE 37(b) THE SECOND MOST BELIEVABLE SOURCE 213 TABLE 38(a) THE RANKING OF THE FREE COUNTRIES' 214 PRESS TABLE 38(b) A MORE DETAILED RANKING OF TABLE 48(a) 215 TABLE 39 RESPONSES TO THE STATEMENT THAT THE 217 USA IS A CIVILIZED, TECHNOLOGICAL AND HUMANITARIAN COUNTRY TABLE 40 RESPONSES TO THE STATEMENT THAT 218 THE SOVIET UNION IS A CIVILIZED. TECHNOLOGICAL AND HUMANITARIAN COUNTRY TABLE 41 RESPONSES TO THE STATEMENT THAT 219 THE UNITED STATES IS WORKING FOR PEACE IN THE WORLD TABLE 42 RESPONSES TO THE STATEMENT THAT 219 THE SOVIET UNION IS WORKING FOR PEACE IN THE WORLD TABLE 43 RESPONSES TO THE STATEMENT THAT 220 THE UNITED STATES IS SELF-SEEKING TABLE 44 RESPONSES TO THE STATEMENT THAT 221 THE SOVIET UNION IS SELF-SEEKING TABLE 45 RESPONSES TO THE STATEMENT THAT 221 THE UNITED STATES HAVE IMPROVED THEIR FOREIGN POLICY DURING THE LAST TWENTY YEARS TABLE 46 RESPONSES TO THE STATEMENT THAT 222 THE SOVIET UNION HAVE IMPROVED THEIR FOREIGN POLICY DURING THE LAST TWENTY YEARS TABLE 47 SHOWS THE AMOUNT OF THE TWO 223 SUPERPOWERS' NEWS COVERAGE IN THE THREE COUNTRIES' NEWSPAPERS TABLE 48 THE PRESENTATION OF JOURNALISTS' 225 EXPERIENCES TABLE 49 HOW THE JOURNALISTS ENJOY WORKING 225 IN THEIR PROFESSION TABLE 50 THE THREE COUNTRIES' JOURNAUSTS 226 LEVEL OF EDUCATION VIII TABLE 51 SHOWS FROM WHERE THEY OBTAINED 227 THEIR EDUCATION TABLE 52 THE PERCENTAGE OF THOSE LISTENING 228 TO INTERNATIONAL RADIO TABLE 53 THE TIME SPENT LISTENING TO 228 INTERNATIONAL RADIO TABLE 54 THE LANGUAGE THEY LISTEN TO ON 229 INTERNATIONAL RADIO TABLE 55 THE PERCENTAGE OF THE THREE 230 COUNTRIES' JOURNALISTS READING THE FOREIGN NEWS TABLE 56 THE REASONS WHY SOME JOURNALISTS 231 DO NOT READ THE FOREIGN PRESS TABLE 57 THE PERCENTAGE OF JOURNALISTS WHO 232 HAVE VISITED THE UNITED STATES AND THE SOVIET UNION TABLE 58 WHAT THE JOURNALISTS READ 233 IX as3irîE®îDisr(Siriî®$î Conducting research on the issue of freedom in the Arab world is not an easy task. This is mainly due to the lack of previous research upon which a scholar can base hypotheses and objectives for his study. It is also due to a lack of freedom for researchers and scholars to tackle this important topic of inquiry. Governments in Arab states control and direct what can be researched, and for which purpose.
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    Spring 2010 Dartmouth-AUK Intern Newsletter Larry Bowman ‘11 When I first arrived in Kuwait, I was greeted by an extremely different environment, culture, and people. I spent the next ten weeks (the term of my internship) learning about, experiencing, and coming to terms with those differences. My experience in the Middle East gave me a greater understanding of a different—not better, not worse—culture than the one I grew up in here in the United States. Were it not for Dartmouth’s relationship with the American University of Kuwait, I would never have been able to have this experience. The Environment The physical geography of Kuwait is something I had only imagined in my fondest dreams. Its deserts, and those of other Middle Eastern countries, expand for miles and miles with beautifully rippling dunes and swirls. The rustic red and yellow colors create a canvas of warmth, a real treat for the eye. The temperature matches the color scheme. Temperate climates do not compare whatsoever to the unforgiving heat and humidity of Kuwait. The temperature was around 90F, and by the time I left the thermometers were creeping above 125F. The warm winds blow against you in bursts like space heaters going on and off, an experience I quite enjoyed and will never forget. Luckily, during my stay, I experienced several rain showers, somewhat of a rarity in the area. The storms are beautifully violent, tragically short-lived and bursting with the desert sands. After a rainstorm, almost everything is covered in the brown residue of the passing event.
  • Kuwait Desert Soil Properties and Genesis Genèse Et Propriétés Des Sols Du Désert Du Koweit

    Kuwait Desert Soil Properties and Genesis Genèse Et Propriétés Des Sols Du Désert Du Koweit

    Scientific registration n° : 77 Symposium n° : 15 Presentation : poster Kuwait Desert Soil Properties And Genesis Genèse et propriétés des sols du désert du Koweit ABDAL M. S., M.K.SULEIMAN Aridland Agriculture Department Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research P.O.Box 24885, Safat 13109, Kuwait INTRODUCTION Kuwait's environment is characterized by scanty and infrequent rainfall (100 mm/yr) high rates of evaporation (35.5 mm/day in July), and extreme temperature variations throughout the year. The summer temperature is very hot (over 40-50oC), while the winter is cool to mild with a mean temperature of 12.7oC. Kuwait covers an area of about 17600 km2 at the north-eastern corner of the Arabian peninsula, between 28o 30 N and 30o 05 N in latitude and between 46o 33 E and 48o 35 longitude in addition to ten offshore islands. In the desert of Kuwait, the sediments, flora, and fauna, are integrated in harmony with the natural processes of the area. The most crucial soil forming factors existing over the years in this desert have been the aeolian processes. These processes have been impacted by wind erosion and have been influenced by the topography of the location or site. The nature of the parent material and the types and quantities of native plants, at each site location have also affected the soil forming processes, and have likewise influenced the extent to which the wind has caused erosion. Aeolian processes are activated or reflected by frequent sandstorms and dust-storms and accumulations of various types of aeolian sediments. Most of the northern part of the country has been blanketed by deflation, to lag gravels that protect the underlying finer sediments from wind action.
  • Recognizing Self-Determination in International Law: Kuwait's Conflict with Iraq

    Recognizing Self-Determination in International Law: Kuwait's Conflict with Iraq

    Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review Volume 14 Number 2 Article 6 2-1-1992 Recognizing Self-Determination in International Law: Kuwait's Conflict with Iraq Robert E. Frankel Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/ilr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Robert E. Frankel, Recognizing Self-Determination in International Law: Kuwait's Conflict with Iraq, 14 Loy. L.A. Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. 359 (1992). Available at: https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/ilr/vol14/iss2/6 This Notes and Comments is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NOTES AND COMMENTS Recognizing Self-Determination in International Law: Kuwait's Conflict with Iraq I. INTRODUCTION Different groups of people in the twentieth century have justified their claims for nationhood based on the right of "self-determina- tion."I However, despite these recurring claims of self-determination, no clear international legal standards exist for this extremely subjec- tive right. Although the right of self-determination has been applied inconsistently to various groups of claimants, the United Nations Charter and General Assembly resolutions, International Court of Justice opinions, and journal publications provide general principles 2 with respect to self-determination. This Comment analyzes whether a group that is separated ille- I.
  • Geography and Economics Matriculation 10

    Geography and Economics Matriculation 10

    GEOGRAPHY AND ECONOMICS MATRICULATION 10 Untouchability is a sin Untouchability is a crime Untouchability is inhuman TAMILNADU TEXTBOOK CORPORATION COLLEGE ROAD, CHENNAI - 600 006. Government of Tamilnadu First Edition - 2006 CHAIRPERSON Tmt. M. MANIMEKALAI Principal DIET, Aduthurai, Thanjavur Dist. - 612 101. REVIEWERS Geography Economics Thiru C. SUBRAMANIAN Tmt.GIRIJASESHADRI Principal, Principal, SBIOAModel Mat. Hr. Sec. School Jaigopal Garodia Hindu Vidyalaya Mogappair Eri Scheme Mat. Hr. Sec. School, West Mambalam Chennai - 600 037. Chennai - 600 033. Tmt.PRASANNARADHAKRISHNAN Principal GKD Mat. Hr. Sec. School Perianaickenpalayam Coimbatore - 20. AUTHORS Geography Tmt.V.MEENAKSHI Tmt.M.NAGAMEENA Lecturer in Geography Zion Mat. Hr. Sec. School DIET, Indira Nagar, Tambaram, Thirur, Chennai - 60 073. Thiruvellore Dist. Economics Tmt.SEETHASUBRAMANIUM Tmt.V.VIDYAVATHI Headmistress Vice Principal, Sri Sankara Vidyalaya Mat. Hr. Sec. School, Jaigopal Garodia Vivekananda Vidyalaya East Tambaram, Chennai - 600 059. Mat. Hr. Sec. School, Anna Nagar Chennai - 600 040. Price : Rs. This book has been prepared by The Directorate of Matriculation Schools on behalf of the Government of Tamilnadu. This book has been printed on 70 G.S.M. paper Printed by offset at : ii PREFACE Based on the Tenth Matriculation Syllabus, this book aims to throw light upon Geography and Economics through a seamless blend of topics such as agriculture, industries, transport and communication and latest developments in remote sensing techniques. This book, not only describes the nature of resources, their availability and utilisation but also their conservation and sustainable development. The diffusion of science and technology in all sectors has been described well, along with the emphasis on values of cultural heritage.
  • Geography, Anthropology, Recreation

    Geography, Anthropology, Recreation

    GEOGRAPHY, ANTHROPOLOGY, RECREATION 277. Achievement motives for participating in and dropping out of youth sport programs in the United States and Jordan, a comparative study ; Ahmed Ali Hayajneh, Ohio: Ohio State University, 193 p. GV 713 .H3 1989 ED 278. Aesthetics and ritual in the United Arab Emirates; Aida Sami Kanafani. Ann Arbor: U. M. I., 367 p. GT 2853 .U45 K36 1979 JACL 279. An analysis of the contemporary geographic education in the public schools in Saudi Arabia ; Abdullah A.Assaneea. Oklahoma: The University of Oklahoma, 165 P. G 76.5 .S33 A87 1975 ED 280. Assessment of coastal dynamics and water quality changes associated with the Kuwait waterfront project ; Mohammad Al-Sarawi. Kuwait: Kuwait University, 408 p. GB 460 .K8 S2 1987 SC 281. Assessment of sand encroachment in Kuwait using GIS and statistical methods ; Anwar Bader Al-Helal. Kuwait: [S.N], 255 p. GB 638.81 .K9 H44 2004 SC 58 282. Coastal Geomorphology and artificial beach changes along the waterfront project, Kuwait ; Ebtisam Ali Al-Obaid. Kuwait: Kuwait University, 197 p. GB 457.86 .A4 1994 SC 283. Coastal Geomorphology and beach stability along Al-Khiran area, Kuwait ; Ismail Mahmoud Ali. Kuwait: Kuwait University, 163 p. GB 457.86 .A4 1994 SC 284. A comparative study of Physical fitness of secondary school students in Kuwait and America ; Ahmad Abdulnour Jamal..Ann Arbor: Michigan State University, 168 P GV 204 .K9 J5 1987 JACL 285. Comparison of a specially designed circuit training program with the traditional calisthenics training program on the physical fitness levels of the officer candidates at eh Kuwait police academy ; Jawad Askar Saud.