SAAD ALGHARIB, MA, August 2008
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SAAD ALGHARIB, M.A., August 2008 GEOGRAPHY SPATIAL PATTERNS OF URBAN EXPANSION IN KUWAIT CITY BETWEEN 1989 AND 2001 (87 PP .) Director of Thesis: Dr. Jay Lee Urbanization is a complex phenomenon that occurs during the city’s development from one form to another. In other words, it is the process when the activities in the land use/land cover change from rural into urban. Since the oil exploration, Kuwait City has been growing rapidly due to its urbanization and population growth by both natural growth and inward immigration. Recently, the use of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems became very useful and important tools in urban studies because of the integration of them can allow and provide the analysts and planners to detect, monitor and analyze the urban growth in a region effectively. Moreover, both planners and users can predict the trends of the growth in urban areas in the future with remotely sensed and GIS data because they can be effectively updated with required precision levels. The main purpose of this study is to detect and evaluate the changes in the land use/land cover of Kuwait City area due to the urbanization process between 1989 and 2001. Furthermore, this study assesses if the spatial patterns and process of these changes take place in a random fashion or with certain identifiable trends. During the study period, the result of this study indicates that the urban growth has occurred and expanded 10% from 32.4% in 1989 to42.4% in 2001. Also, the results revealed that the largest increased of the urban area was occurred between the major highways after the forth ring road from the center of Kuwait City. Moreover, the spatial distribution of urban growth occurred in cluster manners. SPATIAL PATTERNS OF URBAN EXPANSION IN KUWAIT CITY BETWEEN 1989 AND 2001 A thesis submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts by Saad M Algharib August, 2008 Thesis written by Saad M Algharib B.A., Kuwait University at Kuwait, 1997 M.A., Kent State University, 2008 Approved by _________________________________________, Advisor Jay Lee _________________________________________, Chair, Department of Geography Jay Lee _________________________________________, Dean, College of Arts and Sciences John R.D. Stalvey ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………………………... v LIST OF FIGURES …………………………………………………………………....vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………………………... viii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................1 2 RESEARCH PROBLEMS ................................................................................5 3 LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................7 3.1 URBANIZATION AND LAND COVER CHANGES...........................9 3.2 URBANIZATION IN ARABIC GULF................................................12 3.3 GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY DETECTION OF CHANGES IN LAND USE AND LAND COVER..............................17 4 STUDY AREA AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT ...............................23 4.1 STUDY AREA......................................................................................23 4.2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT.........................................................24 5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.....................................................................29 5.1 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) ...........................29 5.2 REMOTE SENSING.............................................................................30 5.3 RESEARCH DATA..............................................................................31 5.4 METHODOLOGY................................................................................31 iii 6 DATA PREPARATION, ANALYSIS AND RESULTS ................................39 6.1 DATA PREPARATION AND REMOTE SENSING ANALYSIS......39 6.2 NEIGHBORHOOD OPERATIONS....................................................51 6.3 APPLYING NEIGHBORHOOD OPERATION (FILTERING)..........58 6.4 GIS ANALYSIS....................................................................................62 6.5 THE RESULTS OF URBAN GROWTH IN KUWAIT CITY ............64 6.6 EVALUATING THE DISTRIBUTION OF SPATIAL PATTERNS CHANGING..........................................................................................69 6.7 FIRST MORAN’S INDEX (GRID)......................................................69 6.8 SECOND MORAN’S INDEX FOR POLYGONS...............................72 7 CONCLUSION................................................................................................78 REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………………… 83 iv LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1: ERROR MATRIX FOR ALL CLASSIFICATION CLASSES 1989.................49 Table 2: ERROR MATRIX FOR ALL CLASSIFICATION CLASSES 1996.................49 Table 3: ERROR MATRIX FOR ALL CLASSIFICATION CLASSES 2001.................49 Table 4: ERROR MATRIX FOR ALL URBAN CLASS 1989 ........................................50 Table 5: ERROR MATRIX FOR ALL URBAN CLASS 1996 ........................................50 Table 6: ERROR MATRIX FOR ALL URBAN CLASS 2001 ........................................50 Table 7: NUMBER OF POLYGONS AFTER TRANSFORMING RASTER TO VECTOR FORMAT .........................................................................................59 Table 8: SHOWS THE AREAS OF EACH CLASS IN KM² BETWEEN 1989 AND 2001...................................................................................................................65 Table 9: SHOWS THE VALUES OF MORAN’S INDEX FOR THE URBAN GROWTH IN KUWAIT CITY ...........................................................................................70 Table 10: SHOWS MORAN’S INDEX VALUES FOR ALL THE STUDY AREA UNITS ...............................................................................................................75 Table 11: DISPLAYS THE Z SCORE VALUES EQUAL STANDARD DEVIATIONS ..................................................................................................................76 v LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1: KUWAIT URBAN AREA................................................................................23 Figure 2: SHOWS LANDSAT IMAGE 1989 OF KUWAIT CITY AND THE SURROUNDING AREA..................................................................................40 Figure 3: SHOWS LANDSAT IMAGE 1996 OF KUWAIT CITY AND SURROUNDING AREA. THE CIRCLE SHOWS THAT URBAN AREA IS FROM LANDSAT IMAGE 1998. THIS IMAGE WAS GENERATED BY APPLYING MOSAIC.......................................................................................41 Figure 4: SHOWS LANDSAT IMAGE 2001 OF KUWAIT CITY SURROUNDING AREA ................................................................................................................42 Figure 5: SHOWS LAND USE AND LAND COVER MAP OF KUWAIT CITY IN 1989 OBTAINED BY UNSUPERVISED CLASSIFICATION METHOD ....45 Figure 6: SHOWS UNSUPERVISED CLASSIFICATION OUTPUT OF 1996 IMAGES AND THE LAND USE LAND COVER OF KUWAIT CITY.........................46 Figure 7: SHOWS UNSUPERVISED CLASSIFICATION OUTPUT OF 2001 IMAGE ....................................................................................................................47 Figure 8: ORDER OF MOVEMENT OF A 3-BY-3 WINDOW FOR NEIGHBORHOOD OPERATIONS. (SOURCE. BOLSTAD. 2005 GIS FUNDAMENTALS: A FIRST TEXT ON GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS, P 363).......52 vi Figure 9: VARY SHAPES OF FILTERS (SOURCE.CHANG. INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS. P. 264)....................................54 Figure 10: (SOURCE. BOLSTAD. 2005 GIS FUNDAMENTALS: A FIRST TEXT ON GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS, P 364).....................................56 Figure 11: SHOWS AND COMPARES THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FILTERING OPERATION ....................................................................................................61 Figure 12: ILLUSTRATES THE URBAN GROWTH OF KUWAIT CITY DURING THE STUDIES PERIOD ..................................................................................65 Figure 13: SHOWS THE NEW DEVELOPED AREAS BETWEEN 1989 AND 2001 IN AND AROUND KUWAIT CITY.....................................................................68 Figure 14: SHOWS THE DIFFERENCES OF MORAN’S VALUES BETWEEN EACH PEIROD.............................................................................................................70 Figure 15: ILLUSTRATES MORAN’S INDEX VALUES DURING THE STUDIES PERIOD.............................................................................................................75 Figure 16: DISPLAYS Z-SCORE OF MORAN’S I FOR THE STUDY AREAS ...........76 Figure 17: SHOWS THE RESULTS OF THE FIRST PERIOD 1989-1996 BY APPLYING MORAN’S INDEX POLYGONS FOR THE ENTIRE KUWAIT CITY..................................................................................................................77 Figure 18: SHOWS THE RESULTS OF THE SECOND PERIOD 1996-2001 OBTAINED FROM MORAN INDEX POLYGONS TO ENTIRE KUWAIT CITY..................................................................................................................77 vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my great gratitude and appreciation to my committee members, Dr. Jay Lee, Dr. Mandy Munro-Stasiuk and Dr. Chuanrong Zhang of the Department of Geography at Kent State University. I would like to thank them for reviewing and providing me thoughtful critiques to finish my thesis. Also, their comments have been very helpful for improving the quality of this work. I especially