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GEOGRAPHY AND ECONOMICS MATRICULATION 10 Untouchability is a sin Untouchability is a crime Untouchability is inhuman TAMILNADU TEXTBOOK CORPORATION COLLEGE ROAD, CHENNAI - 600 006. Government of Tamilnadu First Edition - 2006 CHAIRPERSON Tmt. M. MANIMEKALAI Principal DIET, Aduthurai, Thanjavur Dist. - 612 101. REVIEWERS Geography Economics Thiru C. SUBRAMANIAN Tmt.GIRIJASESHADRI Principal, Principal, SBIOAModel Mat. Hr. Sec. School Jaigopal Garodia Hindu Vidyalaya Mogappair Eri Scheme Mat. Hr. Sec. School, West Mambalam Chennai - 600 037. Chennai - 600 033. Tmt.PRASANNARADHAKRISHNAN Principal GKD Mat. Hr. Sec. School Perianaickenpalayam Coimbatore - 20. AUTHORS Geography Tmt.V.MEENAKSHI Tmt.M.NAGAMEENA Lecturer in Geography Zion Mat. Hr. Sec. School DIET, Indira Nagar, Tambaram, Thirur, Chennai - 60 073. Thiruvellore Dist. Economics Tmt.SEETHASUBRAMANIUM Tmt.V.VIDYAVATHI Headmistress Vice Principal, Sri Sankara Vidyalaya Mat. Hr. Sec. School, Jaigopal Garodia Vivekananda Vidyalaya East Tambaram, Chennai - 600 059. Mat. Hr. Sec. School, Anna Nagar Chennai - 600 040. Price : Rs. This book has been prepared by The Directorate of Matriculation Schools on behalf of the Government of Tamilnadu. This book has been printed on 70 G.S.M. paper Printed by offset at : ii PREFACE Based on the Tenth Matriculation Syllabus, this book aims to throw light upon Geography and Economics through a seamless blend of topics such as agriculture, industries, transport and communication and latest developments in remote sensing techniques. This book, not only describes the nature of resources, their availability and utilisation but also their conservation and sustainable development. The diffusion of science and technology in all sectors has been described well, along with the emphasis on values of cultural heritage. It is imperative that a student who learns geography should also know about the economy of the country he lives in. So that, he can judiciously utilise the available resources to the optimum extent. With humble pride, we present this Tenth standard book on Geography and Economics to the students. We believe that this book will be a perfect handbook to the teachers of Geography and Economics. We hope that this book will be of immense value for the students to inspire them to be great Geographers and Economists in future. Tmt. M. Manimekalai Chairperson iii CONTENTS Page No. GEOGRAPHY Unit I Chapter 1 : India - Position 1 Chapter 2 : India - Physiography 10 Chapter 3 : Climate, Soil,Vegetation andWild life 25 Chapter 4 : Irrigation and Multipurpose Projects 43 Chapter 5 : Environmental Issues and Management 54 Unit II Chapter 6 : Agriculture 71 Unit III Chapter 7 : Industries 90 Chapter 8 : Transport and Communication 110 Unit IV Chapter 9 : Project Work 127 Unit V Chapter 10 : RemoteSensing 138 ECONOMICS Unit I Chapter 1 : Economic Development and 147 Economic Systems Unit II Chapter 2 : Natural Resources and Economic 162 Problems Facing our Country Unit III Chapter 3 : Price and Cost Theory 189 Unit IV Chapter 4 : Trade 208 Unit V Chatper 5 : National Income 219 iv UNIT I Chapter 1 INDIA - POSITION Learning Objectives To know the location and position of India. To identify India as a subcontinent. To understand the administrative divisions of India. To appreciate the unity in diversity of India. To identify and locate the state and union territory with their capitals. “India is a country of great geographical extent. Its size is so vast that it is often described as a subcontinent. Like a giant, it sprawls between the snowy height of the Himalayas and the shores of the Indian Ocean, which washes the land for thousands of Kilometres from Bengal to Kutch. The land stretches on all sides encompassing the vast expansion of the northern plains, the thirsty sands of the Thar in the west, the intricate maze of Indo-Myanmar hills on the east, the uneven plateau surface, the ancient hills and the coconut bearing coastal plains on the south, and the lofty snowcapped mountains on the north. The land gets abundance of sunshine from the tropical sun and splashing rains from the monsoons - the two elements together exerting a tremendous impact on the diversity of its teeming millions. This is India, the dispenser of our destiny - a destiny having a remarkable continuity, defying time and still changing like the patterns in a Kaleidoscope”. Location and Extent India is situated in the southern part of Asia. It covers an area of 3.2 million sq.kms, which occupies 2.5% of the world’s land area. It extends between 8°4’ North and 37°6’ North latitude and between 68°7’ East and 97°25’ East longitude. It stretches from Kashmir in the north to Kanyakumari in the south for 3214 kms and from Gujarat in the west to Arunachal Pradesh 1 2 in the east for 2933 kms. The Tropic of Cancer 23½° North runs across the country and divides it into two equal halves. Obviously, India is the seventh largest country with respect to area. It is four times bigger than Pakistan and three times smaller than USA. Thus India is “neither a pigmy nor a giant among the nations of the world”. Position and Relation India has a predominant position in the Indian Ocean realm. No other country has such a large coast line. The Deccan Peninsula projects itself into the Indian Ocean thus making it possible for India to look both ways - towards Africa and Europe from its western coast and towards South East Asia and the Far East from its eastern coast. The tapering topography of land favours monsoonal climate to promote agricultural activities. India’s position is favourable for trade, commerce and economic activities by connecting India with Europe through Suez Canal and also with China, Japan and Australia through Malaccan strait. India and its boundaries The countries which border India are Bhutan, Nepal and China in the north, Pakistan and Afganistan in the west and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east. Palk strait separates India and Srilanka in the south. Himalayas along with Hindukush and Karakoram provide a natural boundary in the north. Pakistan in the west and Bangladesh in the east are manmade boundaries demarcated by mutual agreements. The Islands of Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep are the parts of Indian Union situated in Bay of Bengal and Arabian sea respectively. India - a sub continent A continent has varied characteristics of diversed physical features, climatic conditions, natural vegetation, mineral resources, human habitation, cultural norms and ancient ethnic and linguistic groups, etc. All these distinctive characteristics are found in India. Hence we consider India as a subcontinent. 3 4 IST : Indian standard time The Central Meridian of India is 82½° East longitude which runs from north to south through the city of Allahabad. The local time of the meridian is used for calculating the Indian Standard time, which is followed by all the places within the country. It is usually 5½ hours ahead of Greenwich mean time of the world. The 0° meridian passes through Greenwich in England. Each degree of the meridian accounts for four minutes of time and that the difference between Greenwich and Indian standard time is 82½° x 4 = 330 minutes which is 5½ hours. Political Divisions India has been divided into 28 states and 7 union territories on basis of language for administrative convenience. The population, area and the capital cities of the states and union territories are given below. State and Area Population S.No. Union territory Capital (sq.kms) (in million) 1 mi=10 lakhs 1. Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad 275,008 76 2. Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar 83,743 1.1 3. Assam Dispur 78,483 2.7 4. Bihar Patna 99,200 83 5. Chattisgarh Raipur 135,194 21 6. Goa Panaji 3,702 1.3 7. Gujarat Gandhinagar 196,024 50 8. Haryana Chandigarh 44,212 21 9. Himachal Pradesh Shimla 55,673 6 10. Jammu and Kashmir Srinagar, Jammu 222,236 10 11. Jharkhand Ranchi 74,677 26 12. Karnataka Bangalore 191,791 52 13. Kerala Thiruvananthapuram 38,863 31 14. Madhya Pradesh Bhopal 308,252 60 15. Maharashtra Mumbai 307,690 96 16. Manipur Imphal 22,327 2 5 State and Area Population S.No. Union territory Capital (sq.kms) (in million) 1 mi=10 lakhs 17. Meghalaya Shillong 22,429 2 18. Mizoram Aizawl 21,081 0.8 19. Nagaland Kohima 16,579 1 20. Orissa Bhuvaneshwar 155,707 36 21. Punjab Chandigarh 50,362 24 22. Rajasthan Jaipur 343,239 56 23. Sikkim Gangtok 7,096 0.5 24. Tamil Nadu Chennai 130,058 62 25. Tripura Agartala 10,486 3 26. Uttaranchal Dehradun 51,125 8 27. Uttar Pradesh Lucknow 243,286 166 28. West Bengal Kolkata 88,752 80 Union Territories 1. Delhi Delhi 1,483 13 2. Andaman and Port Blair 8,249 0.3 Nicobar Islands 3. Chandigarh Chandigarh 114 0.9 4. Dadra and Nagar Silvassa 491 0.2 Haveli 5. Damman and Diu Daman 112 0.1 6. Lakshwadeep Kavaratti 32 0.06 7. Pondicherry Pondicherry 492 0.9 The above table tells us the capital, area and population ofthe states and union territories. From the given table, onecan find out the statewith the highest population and lowest population. The highly populated state in India is Uttar Pradesh, whereas the sparsely populated state is Mizoram having a population of0.9millions.Consideringthedensityofpopulation-Kerala isdenselypopulated with 820 persons living per sq.km on the contrarySikkim has got lowest density in population of 0.5 million. The density of population is calculated as per the number of persons living per sq.km. Rajasthan is the largest state in area, while 6 Goa is the smallest state. Jharkhand is the latest formed state. Inspite of the implied diversities in natural and cultural regions India has an individualityof its own and this diversityis the basis of India’s self contained economy.
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    TFYP WG REPORT No.81/2001 REPORT OF THE WORKING GROUP ON ======================================= RURAL POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGAMMES ======================================= FOR THE TENTH FIVE YEAR PLAN (2002-2007) PLANNING COMMISSION GOVERNMENT OF INDIA DECEMBER-2001 Government of India Ministry of Rural Development Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi Contents Page Chapter - 1 Background 1-2 Chapter - 2 Poverty Alleviation Initiatives in Rural India in Retrospect 3-5 Chapter – 3 Programmes for Self-Employment 6-10 Chapter – 4 Programmes for Wage-Employment 11-26 Chapter – 5 Other Programmes of Rural Development 27-41 Chapter – 6 Review of Programmes by the Sub-Groups 42-60 Chapter – 7 Poverty Alleviation Programmes – Strategy for the Tenth Five 61-67 Year Plan Chapter – 8 Recommendations of the Working Group 68-78 Annexure - I Composition of the Working Group Annexure – II Composition of the Sub-Group-I Annexure - III Composition of the Sub-Group-II Annexure-IV Composition of the Sub-Group-III Annexure- V Financial and Physical Progress Under IRDP since inception (1980-81-1998-99 Annexure- VI TRYSEM since inception Annexure- VII Financial and Physical Progress Under DWCRA since inception Annexure- VIII Financial and Physical Progress Under SITRA Annexure- IX Financial and Physical Progress Under GKY Annexure- X Financial and Physical Progress Under JRY/JGSY since inception Annexure- XI Plan wise/year-wise resources allocated/utilised, wells constructed under MWS Annexure- XII Financial and Physical Progress Under EAS/SGRY since inception Annexure- XIII Plan-wise/Year-wise financial and Physical Progress Under IAY since inception 1 Chapter-1 Background 1.1 The Planning Commission, vide their letter No. M-12018/1/2000-RD dated December 15,2000 constituted a Working Group under the Chairmanship of Secretary, Rural Development, Government of India on Poverty Alleviation Programmes for the formulation of the 10th Five Year Plan for the Country.
  • Jordan and Kuwait

    Jordan and Kuwait

    G©¥ERM MEMT-PRE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SYRIA, JORDAN AND KUWAIT Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Leicester by Sulaim an Gaza Al-Shamari M,A. (USA) Centre for Mass Communications Research University of Leicester May 1989 UMI Number: U016989 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Disscrrlation Publishing UMI U016989 Published by ProQuest LLC 2015. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 3s 3S" IT® isMÈ ëipminr ©if ms* ACEMOWLEDGEMEMTS I would like to express my sincere thanks for the encouragement and guidance of Peter Golding, without whom this study would have become completely deceased in its first stage. Special thanks are also due to all the staff of the Centre for Mass Communication at Leicester University. \ 1 would also like to thank King Sand Universitywho sponsored me and provided me with a full scholarship. The same gratitude goes to the Deputy Ministers of Information in Syria and Jordan and the editors-in-chief of Al-Sivassah and Al-Watan newspapers in Kuwait for giving me permission to analyse their newspapers and for distributing my survey among their journalists.
  • The Archaeology of Kuwait

    The Archaeology of Kuwait

    School of History and Archaeology The Archaeology of Kuwait By Majed Almutairi A thesis submitted in fulfilment of requirements for a Ph.D. in Archaeology Supervisor: Professor Denys Pringle i Summary This thesis addresses the archaeology of Kuwait from 13000BC to the 18th century AD, to further understand its significances within the Arabian Gulf and wider world. Kuwait has witness many diverse cultures By comparing for the first time the archaeology, geography, and historical sources, I illustrate that this region has been continual inhabited and used as an important hub of social networks since its beginnings. By introducing the Ubaid civilization and their relations with other regions, we witness the first exchange and trade strategies in Kuwait. By looking at the burial mound phenomenon in Kuwait we witness a hiatus of permanent settlements and a time when people were more nomadic. The impact of these mounds resonated into later periods. Petroleum based substances play a key role in modern Kuwait; the Ubaid and the Dilmun first developed the usage of bitumen, and here we see how that created links with others in the world. Ideas move as well as people, and I demonstrate the proto-Hellenistic and Hellenistic periods in Kuwait to illustrate influences from the Mediterranean. Modern Kuwait is Islamic, and here we will investigate how and why and the speeds at which Christianity gave way to Islam, and the impacts of a different religion on the region. In highlighting Kuwait’s past, I show how the state became one of the most democratic and diverse places in the Arabian Gulf.
  • Chronic Poverty in India: Overview Study

    Chronic Poverty in India: Overview Study

    Chronic Poverty in India: Overview Study Aasha Kapur Mehta Professor of Economics Indian Institute of Public Administration New Delhi and Amita Shah Associate Professor Gujarat Institute of Development Research Ahmedabad CPRC Working Paper 7 Chronic Poverty Research Centre ISBN Number: 1-904049-06-0 * Acknowledgements This paper has benefited immensely from the detailed comments and inputs provided by Andrew Shepherd on various drafts. Discussions with David Hulme especially at the initial stages of planning the research and also at the Capetown workshop were extremely useful as were comments provided by Kate Bird and Arun Mehta. Nikhila Menon was the research officer for this project and her cheerful research assistance has been a major contribution. Two young researchers, Trishna Satpathy and Karen Moore have provided extremely valuable comments, ideas and information and their insights and pointers in the direction of research material are very gratefully acknowledged. The paper has also benefited from interaction with participants at a research design workshop in Capetown in July, 2001. Sections 1, 2, 3 and 5 are based on a paper on "Chronic Poverty in India: An Overview" by Aasha Kapur Mehta. Section 4 is based on a paper on "Poverty in the Lagging Regions in India" by Amita Shah. IIPA and GIDR provided crucial support and resources. 1 Abstract This paper tries to summarise the current state of knowledge about chronic poverty in India and identify the agenda for further research. An overview of the trends in incidence of income poverty in India is provided so as to place chronic poverty in context. It views chronic poverty in terms of severity, extended duration and multidimensional deprivation.