Janis Joplin, Verhalen En Interpretaties

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Janis Joplin, Verhalen En Interpretaties Dounia Bouzoubaa Janis Joplin, verhalen en interpretaties Taal- en Cultuurstudies Universiteit Utrecht 2007 Dounia Bouzoubaa Janis Joplin, verhalen en interpretaties Doctoraalscriptie Taal- en Cultuurstudies Faculteit der Letteren, Universiteit Utrecht Februari 2007 Onder begeleiding van Kwee Him Yong Vestestraat 55 G 2312 SW Leiden Tel. 071 513 28 43 / 06 4399 74 24 [email protected] Studentnummer 9504230 Inhoud Inleiding................................................................................................................................................................ 4 Hoofdstuk 1 De Theorie..................................................................................................................................... 12 Inleiding.......................................................................................................................................................... 12 De Verhalen.................................................................................................................................................... 14 Betekenisgeving van muziek.......................................................................................................................... 21 Betekenisgeving van popmuziek ................................................................................................................... 26 Interpretatiekaders .......................................................................................................................................... 33 Conclusie ........................................................................................................................................................ 42 Hoofdstuk 2 De Verhalen ................................................................................................................................ 44 Inleiding.......................................................................................................................................................... 44 Biografische schets Janis Joplin..................................................................................................................... 46 De biografieën ................................................................................................................................................ 49 Het verhaal Janis............................................................................................................................................. 64 De tragische dood van een rockster ............................................................................................................... 69 Mythe & Werkelijkheid.................................................................................................................................. 71 Conclusie ........................................................................................................................................................ 75 Hoofdstuk 3 De Muziek................................................................................................................................... 77 Inleiding.......................................................................................................................................................... 77 Muzikale ontwikkeling Janis Joplin............................................................................................................... 78 Janis en de Blues............................................................................................................................................. 91 Performance.................................................................................................................................................... 98 Muziek & Emotie ......................................................................................................................................... 107 Conclusie .......................................................................................................................................................... 109 Janis Joplin Chronologie.................................................................................................................................. 117 Literatuur .......................................................................................................................................................... 121 Inleiding “Never compromise yourself, it’s all you got.” – Janis Joplin Janis Joplin (1943 - 1970) was de eerste vrouwelijke rockster. Met haar rauwe stem en eigen performancestijl maakte ze eind jaren zestig indruk als zangeres bij Big Brother & The Holding Company en werd ze in korte tijd een van de grootste sterren in de rockwereld. Joplin werd gezien als de eerste witte blueszangeres; ze gebruikte in haar muziek ‘zwarte’ stijlen en invloeden van haar grote voorbeeld Bessie Smith. Joplin maakte met Big Brother & The Holding Company deel uit van de scene van San Francisco, de plaats waar een nieuwe cultuur opbloeide en waar de rockmuziek ontsprong. Janis Joplin werd een icoon van de jaren zestig en is in het nu nog steeds bekend door haar songs “Bobby McGee” en “Mercedes Benz”, die klassiekers zijn geworden. Janis Joplin’s carrière duurde slechts vier jaar, vanaf het moment dat ze een ster werd totdat ze op zevenentwintigjarige leeftijd overlijdt aan een overdosis heroine in oktober 1970. Janis Joplin roept het beeld op van de koningin van de tegencultuur van de jaren zestig, vrij en wild, ongeremd. Zij bewoog zich als ‘one of the boys’ in de mannelijke wereld van de rock, eigende zich de levensstijl, manier van zingen en podiumpresentatie toe en werd een “hippie”-sekssymbool. Janis Joplin zocht haar eigen weg, haar vrijheid, en streefde er naar los te komen van de vaststaande patronen en verwachtingen die in die tijd, plaats en context van haar verwacht werden, en waarmee zij was opgevoed in het conservatieve Port Arthur, Texas. Tegelijkertijd was het verlangen geaccepteerd, en vooral geliefd, te worden altijd aanwezig. Zoals de meeste zangeressen in die tijd, schreef Joplin zelf niet veel eigen songs, maar interpreteerde voor het grootste deel die van anderen. Zij maakte deze songs echter van haarzelf op een manier waarop weinig anderen dat doen. Ze zong ze niet zonder meer, het was alsof ze een gevecht met ze aanging. Critici verweten haar dat “she strangled them to death”, maar tegelijkertijd kun je zeggen dat ze ze ook een nieuw leven gaf. Een vergelijkbare relatie had ze met de muzikale vorm die haar het meest inspireerde, de blues. De muziek laat horen hoe Janis Joplin in staat was elke song haar eigen interpretatie te geven, elke cover wordt haar eigen song (met Ball and Chain als artistiek hoogtepunt, daarnaast classics als Summertime). Daarnaast schreef ze ook zelf songs, zoals Kozmic Blues (dat gezien kan worden als een reflectie van Joplins eigen existentiële levensfilosofie, of haar weltschmertz) en Move Over (waarin de relatie tussen mannen en vrouwen centraal staat). Janis Joplin zingt vanuit de ervaring van een vrouw (het thema van veel van de songs was de pijn van relaties vanuit vrouwelijk – en persoonlijk perspectief), maar ze zingt niet alleen over de dingen, haar muziek lijkt een directe expressie te zijn van die ervaring, het gevoel. Het is letterlijk haar stem, die je - ook zonder woorden - rechtstreeks in de ziel kan raken. 4 Inleiding “Status quaestionis” Over Janis Joplin verschenen veel biografische teksten; zij is voor zover mij bekend echter nog geen onderwerp van wetenschappelijke studie als zodanig geweest. Wel wordt ze in historische popmuziekwetenschappelijke overzichtswerken genoemd – en erkend - als deeluitmakend van de San Francisco psychedelische rockscene en de hippiecultuur, als vertegenwoordiging van een generatie. Het leven van Janis Joplin wordt vaak beschreven als een aaneenschakeling van seks, drugs en rock & roll, verbonden met de hippie-ideologie van de jaren zestig. Dit is de mythe van de rock & roll hippie- chick, waarbij de nadruk gelegd wordt op het tragische lot van de te vroeg gestorven superster en zij neergezet wordt als slachtoffer van de harde wereld van de roem, gekweld door zelfdestructieve neigingen. Joplin is voornamelijk bekend van “het rijtje beroemde doden van de jaren zestig” – met Jimi Hendrix, Jim Morrison en Brian Jones, allen deeluitmakend van de rockscene en gestorven op jonge leeftijd aan de gevolgen van drugs. Er bestaan verschillende beelden van Janis Joplin in de verhalen die er over haar werden verteld. Er wordt vooral nadruk gelegd op het leven van de zangeres in plaats van haar professionele en artistieke carrière. Vaak wordt de muziek ‘vergeten’. Hoewel de muziek van tijdgenoten als Jimi Hendrix en The Doors nog steeds geroemd wordt, en gedraaid op classic rock radiozenders, lijkt het alsof de muziek van Janis Joplin is ondergesneeuwd door de verhalen, of niet serieus genomen wordt. In deze scriptie wil ik laten zien dat haar muziek een herwaardering waard is. Janis Joplin was niet (alleen) de schreeuwende furie zoals ze vaak wordt gezien. Ze was zich wel degelijk bewust van haar stem en manier van zingen. Ook besteedde ze veel aandacht aan de ontwikkeling van haar eigen carrière en haar eigen imago. Doelstellingen en onderzoeksvragen Mijn eerste doelstelling bij het schrijven van deze scriptie was het zoeken naar de mogelijke manieren van het - zinvol - wetenschappelijk beschrijven van een (pop-) muzikaal fenomeen. De hoofdvraag of probleemstelling van mijn scriptie wil ik als volgt samenvatten:
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