Snow Slide Victims Location Identification and Rescue System

Research Article Volume 6 Issue No. 5

Snow Slide Victims Location Identification And Rescue System Jeevitha.S1, Harish.I2 M.E-EST1, Assistant Professor2 Department of ECE Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract: Natural disasters including floods, snowstorms, blizzards, hurricanes, tornados, and extreme weather conditions such as heavy snow and ice can create emergencysituations.Due to snow slide many people are getting in trouble without any prior knowledge.At present there is no system to identify and rescue people who are under trouble. This project introduces the system to help people who are undertrouble in case of snow slide.Our system includes global positioning system(GPS) to track the location of the person which is interfaced with arduino controller. In addition to it temperature sensor and heartbeat sensor is used. They are used to sense the temperature of the locationand sense the heartbeat rate of the person respectively. To view these details we are using android app which shows the location of the person in trouble, temperature of the location and heartbeat rate. The details is viewed via LCD display and to identify the distance from us to troubled person we are using beacon device.

Keywords- Component; ARDUINO, ZIGBEE, GPS, Temperature measurement, Heart Beat measurement, LCD Display,Beacon Module

I. INTRODUCTION Gyllerup et al. (8) found significant associations between cardiovascular mortality and temperature exposure among On January 6-8-1996, severe winter storms struckthe both sexes and all age groups. The strongest association eastern United States. From Arkansas east through the was observed for men 40-64 years of age. Cold Carolinas and north to Maine, the death troll attributed to temperatures explained coronary mortality better than the the blizzard of 1996 arose to 154 people. More than half of four strongest socioeconomic factors combined and for these deaths occurred in the state of Pennsylvania alone, men aged 40-64 years, temperature exposure was more where daily snowfalls at times exceeded 30 inches (76.2 strongly associated with coronary mortality than was a cm). Some weather stations reported more than 50 inches combination of tobacco use, serum cholesterol and the use (127 cm) of snow on the ground in the days after the of antihypertensive drugs (9, 10)Microcontroller Based blizzard (1, 2). Januarytemperature readings in Wireless Temperature and Heart Beat Read Out are Pennsylvania fluctuated from a high of 67°F (19.4°C) to a suitable for operation in a snow slide. This system is easy low of -27°F (-32.8'C).Previous studies have suggested that to operate with Visual LCD. weather events can affect mortality. In Massachusetts and Rhode Island, Glass and Zack (3) observed that deaths II. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY fromischemic heart diseasearose significantly (8 percent) during and in the week immediately following blizzards. The proposed hardware of this system includes Arduino, Beacon module, Temperature and Heat Beat sensors, Number of deaths from ischemic heart disease accounted ZIGBEE, GPS and LCD. The system is low cost & low for 90 percent of these excess deaths. Faich and Rose (4) power consuming so that anybody can afford it. This also reported that mortality increased from 27 deaths per system is to help the people who are in trouble due to the day (the average number of deaths from the same time cause of snow slide. Our system includes global positioning period of the previous 5 years) to 48 deaths on the day of system (GPS) to track the location of the person which is the storm. Larsen (5, 6) found that unusually cold weather interfaced with arduino controller. In addition to that from September to June was associated with a proportional temperature sensor and heartbeat sensor is used. increase in the crude death rate in the United States and that Temperature sensor is used to sense the temperature of the cold temperatures were followed by higher mortality for all location and heartbeat sensor is used to sense the heartbeat cause of death categories except malignant neoplasms. A rate of the person. To view these details we are using similar study in Britain (7) determined that deaths from android app which shows the location of the troubled circulatory and respiratory diseases rose markedly during person, temperature of the location and heartbeat rate. The the winter months. details areviewed via LCD display.

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Figure 2: Temperature Sensor

B. Pulse rate Sensor Heart rate data can be really useful whether you’re designing an exercise routine, studying your activity or anxiety levels or just want your shirt to blink with your heart beat. The problem is that heart rate can be difficult to measure. Luckily, the Pulse Sensor Amped can solve that problem.

The Pulse Sensor Amped is a plug-and-play heart-rate sensor for Arduino. It can be used by students, artists, Figure 1: Overall controlling structure athletes, makers, and game & mobile developers who want A. Temperature sensor to easily incorporate live heart-rate data into their projects.It essentially combines a simple optical heart rate The LM35 series are precision integrated circuit sensor with amplification and noise cancellation circuitry temperature sensors were output voltage is linearly making it fast and easy to get reliable pulse readings. Also, proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The it sips power with just 4mA current draw at 5V so it’s great LM35 has an advantage over linear temperature sensors for mobile applications. calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from its output to obtain Simply clip the Pulse Sensor to your earlobe or finger tip convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does not require and plug it into your 3 or 5 Volt Arduino and you’re ready any external calibration or trimming to provide typical to read heart rate! The 24" cable on the Pulse Sensor is accuracies of ±1⁄4°C at room temperature and ±3⁄4°C over terminated with standard male headers so there’s no a full −55 to +150°C temperature vary. Low cost is assured soldering required. Of course Arduino example code is by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The LM35’s available as well as a Processing sketch for visualizing low output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent heart rate data. calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. It may be used with single phase supplies A heart rate monitor is a personal monitoring device that or with plus and minus supplies. As it draws only 60 μAit allows one to measure one's heart rate in real time or record has very low self-heating, less than 0.1°C in still air. The the heart rate for later study. It is largely used by LM35 is rated to control over a −55° to +150°C performers of various types of physical exercise.Modern temperature range, while the LM35C is rated for a −40° to heart rate monitors usually comprise two elements: a chest +110°C range (−10° with improved accuracy). The LM35 strap transmitter and a wrist receiver (which usually series is offered packaged in hermetic TO-46 doubles as a watch) or mobile phone. In early plastic straps, semiconductor packages, while the LM35C, LM35CA, and water or liquid was required to get good performance. Later LM35D are also available in the plastic TO-92 units have used conductive smart fabric with built-in semiconductor package. The LM35D is also available in an microprocessors that analyze the EKG signal to determine 8-lead surface mount small outline package and a plastic heart rate.Strapless heart rate monitors (often referred to as TO-220 package. "wearables") now allow the user to just touch two sensors on a wristwatch display for a few seconds to view heart rate data. These are popular for comfort and ease of use, though

International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, May 2016 4516 http://ijesc.org/ they don't give as much detail as monitors that use a chest computer code are similar in nature, but not over-the-air strap.More advanced models offer measurements of heart compatible. Devices running ZNet 2.5 computer code rate variability, activity, and breathing rate to assess cannot talk to devices running the ZB computer code. parameters relating to a subject's fitness. Sensor fusion algorithms allow these monitors to detect core temperature and dehydration.Another style of heart rate monitor replaces the plastic around-the-chest strap with fabric sensors the most common of these is a sports bra for women that includes sensors in the fabric.In old versions, when a heart beat is detected a radio signal is transmitted, which the receiver uses to determine the current heart rate. This signal can be a simple radio pulse or a unique coded signal from the chest strap (such asBluetooth, ANT, or other low-power radio link); the latter prevents one user's receiver from using signals from other nearby transmitters

(known as cross-talk interference).Newer versions include a microprocessor, which is continuously monitoring the Fig 3: Zigbee Communication EKG and calculating the heart rate, and other parameters. These may include accelerometers that can detect speed D. ARDUINO and distance, eliminating the need for foot worn Arduino is an open-source computer hardware and software devices.There is a wide number of receiver designs, with company project and user community that designs and various features. These include average heart rate over manufactures microcontrollerbased kits for building digital exercise period, time in a specific heart rate zone, calories devices and interactive objects that can sense and control burned, breathing rate, built-in speed and distance, and objects in the physical world. The project is based on detailed logging that can be downloaded to a computer. The microcontroller board designs, manufactured by several receiver can be built into a smartwatch or smartphone. vendors, using various microcontrollers. These systems Wrist bands with integrated sensor work optically, and provide sets of digital and analog I/O pins that can be have poor accuracy. interfaced to various expansion boards ("shields") and other circuits. The boards feature serial communications

C. Zigbee module interfaces, including USB on some models, for loading programs from personal computers. For programming the The XBee/XBee-PRO RF Modules are designed to operate microcontrollers, the Arduino project provides within the ZigBee protocol and support the unique needs of an integrated development environment (IDE) based on less cost, less power wireless sensor networks. The the Processing project, which includes support for modules require minimal power and supply reliable theC and C++ programming languages.An Arduino board delivery of data between the remote devices. The modules historically consists of an Atmel 8-, 16- or 32-bit operate among the ISM 2.4 GHz frequency band and are AVR microcontroller (although since 2015 other makers' compatible with the following: microcontrollers have been used) with complementary components that facilitate programming and incorporation  XBee RS-232 Adapter into other circuits. An important aspect of the Arduino is its  XBee RS-232 PH (Power Harvester) Adapter standard connectors, which lets users connect the CPU  XBee RS-485 Adapter board to a variety of interchangeable add-on modules  XBee Analog I/O Adapter known as shields. Some shields communicate with the  XBee Digital I/O Adapter Arduino board directly over various pins, but many shields  XBee Sensor Adapter are individually addressable via an I²C serial bus—so many  XBee USB Adapter shields can be stacked and used in parallel. Prior to 2015  XStick Official Arduinos had used the Atmel megaAVR series of  Connect Port X Gateways chips, specifically the ATmega8,The Arduino board  XBee Wall Router. exposes most of the microcontroller's I/O pins for use by other circuits. The Diecimila, Duemilanove, and current Uno provide 14 digital I/O pins, six of which can The XBee/XBee-PRO ZB firmware release can be installed produce pulse-width modulated signals, and six analog on XBee modules. This computer code is compatible with inputs, which can also be used as six digital I/O pins. These the ZigBee 2007 specification, while the ZNet 2.5 pins are on the top of the board, via female 0.10-inch computer code is based on Ember's proprietary "designed (2.5 mm) headers. Several plug-in application shields are for ZigBee" mesh stack (EmberZNet 2.5). ZB and ZNet 2.5 also commercially available. The Arduino Nano, and

International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, May 2016 4517 http://ijesc.org/ Arduino-compatible Bare Bones Board[9] and  Hardware power saving control pin allowing Boarduino[10] boards may provide male header pins on the power on/off GPS via GPIO underside of the board that can plug into solderless  Windows location sensor support breadboards.Arduino programs may be written in  A-GPS support any programming language with a compiler that produces binary machine code. Atmel provides a development Each GPS satellite continually broadcasts a signal (carrier environment for their microcontrollers, AVR Studio and wave with modulation) that includes:A pseudorandom code the newer Atmel Studio. The Arduino project provides the (sequence of ones and zeros) that is known to the receiver. Arduino integrated development environment (IDE), which By time-aligning a receiver-generated version and the is a cross-platformapplication written in Java. It originated receiver-measured version of the code, the time of arrival from the IDE for the Processing programming (TOA) of a defined point in the code sequence, called an language project and the Wiringproject. It is designed to epoch, can be found in the receiver clock time scale.A introduce programming to artists and other newcomers message that includes the time of transmission (TOT) of unfamiliar with software development. It includes a code the code epoch (in GPS system time scale) and the satellite editor with features such as syntax highlighting, brace position at that time. matching, and automatic indentation, and provides simple Conceptually, the receiver measures the TOAs (according one-click mechanism for compiling and loading programs to its own clock) of four satellite signals. From the TOAs to an Arduino board. A program written with the IDE for and the TOTs, the receiver forms four time of flight (TOF) Arduino is called a "sketch".Arduino is an open-source values, which are (given the speed of light) approximately hardware: the Arduino hardware reference designs are equivalent to receiver-satellite range differences. The distributed under a Creative CommonsAttribution Share- receiver then computes its three-dimensional position and Alike 2.5 license and are available on the Arduino Website. clock deviation from the four TOFs.In practice the receiver Layout and production files for some versions of the position (in three dimensional Cartesian coordinates with Arduino hardware are also available. The source code for origin at the Earth's center) and the offset of the receiver the IDE is available and released under the GNU General clock relative to the GPS time are computed Public License, version 2. simultaneously, using the navigation equations to process the TOFs.The receiver's Earth-centered solution location is E. GPS ADHGP-635Tis aslim, ultra-high performance, easy to use usually converted to latitude, longitude and height relative GPS smart antenna moduledesigned withu-blox’s latest to an ellipsoidal Earth model. The height may then be 6thgeneration single chip. This feature isrich GPS module further converted to height relative the geoid (e.g., EGM96) not only shortensthe designeffortsbut also provides (essentially, mean sea level). These coordinates may be powerful functions. The compact design allows fast displayed, e.g. on a moving map displayand/or recorded adoption and high yield production. The power control and/or used by some other system (e.g., a vehicle guidance feature is veryconvenient to turn on/off power just via system).Although usually not formed explicitly in the GPIO control pin. It’s especially useful to turn off power as receiver processing, the conceptual time differences of the GPSfunctionis not neededin the host applications. arrival (TDOAs) define the measurement geometry. Each TDOA corresponds to a hyperboloid of revolution Main Features: (see Multilateration). The line connecting the two satellites involved (and its extensions) forms the axis of the Not only handheld but also any other GPS applications can hyperboloid. The receiver is located at the point where share the following major features of GP-635T. three hyperboloids intersect. It is sometimes incorrectly said that the user location is at the intersection of three spheres. While simpler to visualize, this is only the case if  Easy adoption with best performance the receiver has a clock synchronized with the satellite  Built-in narrow patch antenna for dimension clocks (i.e., the receiver measures true ranges to the demanding application satellites rather than range differences). There are  Models of I-PEX RF connector option available significant performance benefits to the user carrying a for using external antenna clock synchronized with the satellites. Foremost is that only  Built-in backup power pin for faster position fix three satellites are needed to compute a position solution. If  USB/UART-TTL interface support this were part of the GPS system concept so that all users  Minimum RF and EMI efforts needed to carry a synchronized clock, then a smaller  Fully implementation of ultra-high performance u- number of satellites could be deployed. However, the cost blox6 single chip architecture and complexity of the user equipment would increase  High tracking sensitivity of -161 dBm! significantly.  Low power consumption of 56mA for average tracking International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, May 2016 4518 http://ijesc.org/ The description above is representative of a receiver start- vehicle headlamps,xenon flashtubes,or LEDs. Incandescent up situation. Most receivers have a track algorithm, and xenon light sources require the vehicle’s engine to sometimes called a tracker, that combines sets of satellite continue running to ensure that the battery is not depleted measurements collected at different times—in effect, taking when the lights are used for a prolonged period. The low advantage of the fact that successive receiver positions are power consumption of LEDs allows the vehicle's engine to usually close to each other. After a set of measurements are remain turned off while the lights operate nodes.Beacons processed, the tracker predicts the receiver location and bonfires are also used to mark occasions and celebrate corresponding to the next set of satellite measurements. events. When the new measurements are collected, the receiver uses a weighting scheme to combine the new measurements Beacons have also allegedly been abused by shipwreckers. with the trackerprediction. In general, a tracker can (a) An illicit fire at a wrong position would be used to direct a improve receiver position and time accuracy, (b) reject bad ship against shoals or beaches, so that its cargo could be measurements, and (c) estimate receiver speed and looted after the ship sank or ran aground. There are, direction. however, no historically substantiated occurrences of such intentional shipwrecking.In wireless networks, a beacon is The disadvantage of a tracker is that changes in speed or a type of frame which is sent by the access point (or wifi direction can only be computed with a delay, and that router), to indicate that it is on.Bluetooth based beacons derived direction becomes inaccurate when the distance periodically send out a data packet and this could be used travelled between two position measurements drops below by software to identify the beacon location. This is or near the random error of position measurement. GPS typically used by indoor navigation and positioning units can use measurements of theDoppler shift of the applications.Beaconing is the process that allows a network signals received to compute velocity accurately. More to self-repair network problems. The stations on the advanced navigation systems use additional sensors like network notify the other stations on the ring when they are a compass or an inertial navigation system to complement not receiving the transmissions. Beaconing is used in GPS. Token ring and FDDI networks.

F. BEACON MODULE G. PELTIER GENERATOR

A beacon is an intentionally conspicuous device designed A thermoelectric module is a circuit containing to attract attention to a location. Beacons can also be thermoelectric materials that generate electricity from heat combined with semaphoric or other indicators to provide directly. A thermoelectric module consists of two dissimilar important information, such as the status of an airport, by thermoelectric materials joining in their ends: an n-type the colour and rotational pattern of its airport beacon, or of (negatively charged); and a p-type (positively charged) pending weather as indicated on a weather beacon mounted semiconductors. A direct electric current will flow in the at the top of a tall building or similar site. When used in circuit when there is a temperature difference between the such fashion, beacons can be considered a form of optical two materials. Generally, the current magnitude has a telegraphy. proportional relationship with the temperature difference. Beacons help guide navigators to their destinations. Types (i.e., the more the temperature difference, the higher the of navigational beacons include radar reflectors, radio current.) beacons, sonic and visual signals. Visual beacons range In application, thermoelectric modules in power generation from small, single-pile structures to large lighthouses or work in very tough mechanical and thermal conditions. light stations and can be located on land or on water. Because they operate in very high temperature gradient, the Lighted beacons are called lights; unlighted beacons are modules are subject to large thermally induced stresses and called daybeacons.Vehicular beacons are rotating or strains for long periods of time. They also are subject to flashing lights affixed to the top of a vehicle to attract the mechanical fatigue caused by large number of thermal attention of surrounding vehicles and cycles. pedestrians. Emergency vehicles such as fire engines, Thus, the junctions and materials must be selected so that ambulances, police cars, tow trucks, construction vehicles, they survive these tough mechanical and thermal and snow-removal vehicles carry beacon lights. The color conditions. Also, the module must be designed such that of the lamps varies by jurisdiction; typical colors are blue the two thermoelectric materials are thermally in parallel, and/or red for police, fire, and medical-emergency vehicles; but electrically in series. The efficiency of thermoelectric amber for hazards (slow-moving vehicles, wide loads, tow modules are greatly affected by its geometrical design. trucks, security personnel, construction vehicles, etc.); green for volunteer firefighters or for medical personnel, III. CONCLUSION and violet for funerary vehicles. Beacons may be This project reports the design and development of a smart constructed withhalogen bulbs similar to those used in wireless sensor network (WSN) for rescuing the people

International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, May 2016 4519 http://ijesc.org/ affected in snow slide areas.The Military service people are majorly benefitted by this system proposed.This system becomes a life saver for the one who are habitat of snow scape areas.This system also give high accuracy and speed hence the signals are given to the receiver accurately.This uses the GPS tracker were the location is also found significantly and pulse range of human is also determined. The power to document and detail changes in parameters of interest has become progressively valuable. Investigations were performed for a remote monitoring system using Zigbee. These nodes send knowledge wirelessly to a central server, that collects the data, stores it and allows it to be analyzed and displayed as needed.Thus this makes more significant and efficient.

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