Ocean Drilling Program Scientific Results Volume
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Minerals & Rocks: Mineral Formation
Minerals & Rocks: Mineral Formation Lesson Title: Explain & Explore - Mineral Formation Subject/Grade: Earth Science 30 Stage 1: Identify Desired Results Outcome(s)/Indicator(s) Earth Science 30 ES30-LS1 Examine the processes that lead to the formation of sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks and minerals. [SI] Indicator(s): (a) Pose scientific questions about the characteristics and formation of rocks and minerals. (c) Compare the three primary methods of mineral formation (i.e., precipitation of mineral matter, crystallization of molten rock and solid-state transformation related to changing temperature and pressure during metamorphism). Key Understandings: (‘I Can’ statements) Essential Questions: I can ... compare the different ways minerals are ● How do minerals form? formed. ● How is a mineral formed by precipitation and what are some examples? I can ... explain the different way that minerals ● How is a mineral formed by crystallization of a form and provide examples. magma and what are some examples? ● What is biomineralization and what are some I can ... collaborate and communicate with others examples? to explain what mineral formation process I am dealing with based on my observations. ● How is a mineral formed by solid-state chemical reactions and what are some examples? Teacher Background This lesson covers mineral formation by explaining to students the various ways mineral form, through a PowerPoint and then having students either explore a guided mineral formation lab or students can form groups and have a mineral growing competition. The lab/competition will take a couple of weeks for the minerals to grow, so at the beginning or end of each class, students can check in with their minerals and record observations during the growing process. -
Geological Survey Research 1961 Synopsis of Geologic and Hydrologic Results
Geological Survey Research 1961 Synopsis of Geologic and Hydrologic Results GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 424-A Geological Survey Research 1961 THOMAS B. NOLAN, Director GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 424 A synopsis ofgeologic and hydrologic results, accompanied by short papers in the geologic and hydrologic sciences. Published separately as chapters A, B, C, and D UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1961 FOEEWOED The Geological Survey is engaged in many different kinds of investigations in the fields of geology and hydrology. These investigations may be grouped into several broad, inter related categories as follows: (a) Economic geology, including engineering geology (b) Eegional geologic mapping, including detailed mapping and stratigraphic studies (c) Eesource and topical studies (d) Ground-water studies (e) Surface-water studies (f) Quality-of-water studies (g) Field and laboratory research on geologic and hydrologic processes and principles. The Geological Survey also carries on investigations in its fields of competence for other Fed eral agencies that do not have the required specialized staffs or scientific facilities. Nearly all the Geological Survey's activities yield new data and principles of value in the development or application of the geologic and hydrologic sciences. The purpose of this report, which consists of 4 chapters, is to present as promptly as possible findings that have come to the fore during the fiscal year 1961 the 12 months ending June 30, 1961. The present volume, chapter A, is a synopsis of the highlights of recent findings of scientific and economic interest. Some of these findings have been published or placed on open file during the year; some are presented in chapters B, C, and D ; still others have not been pub lished previously. -
Petrology of Volcanic Rocks from Kaula Island, Hawaii Implications for the Origin of Hawaiian Phonolites
Contributions to Contrib Mineral Petrol (1986) 94:461-471 Mineralogy and Petrology Springer-Verlag 1986 Petrology of volcanic rocks from Kaula Island, Hawaii Implications for the origin of Hawaiian phonolites Michael O. Garcia 1, Frederick A. Frey 2, and David G. Grooms 1 * 1 Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA 2 Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Abstract. A compositionally diverse suite of volcanic rocks, visited the island by helicopter courtesy of the U.S. Navy. including tholeiites, phonolites, basanites and nephelinites, Abundant unexploded ordnance, bird nests (total bird pop- occurs as accidental blocks in the palagonitic tuff of Kaula ulation >45,000) and steep cliffs surrounding the island Island. The Kaula phonolites are the only documented made sample collection hazardous. phonolites from the Hawaiian Ridge. Among the accidental Kaula Island consists of approximately 160 m of well- blocks, only the phonolites and a plagioclase basanite were bedded, palagonitic tuff (Fig. 2). The tuff contains acciden- amenable to K-Ar age dating. They yielded ages of tal fragments of light gray (phonolite) and dark gray (ba- 4.0-4.2 Ma and 1.8 ___0.2 Ma, respectively. Crystal fraction- salt) volcanic rocks, coralline material, coarse-grained ultra- ation modeling of major and trace element data indicates mafic and marie xenoliths (including spinel pyroxenites, that the phonolites could be derived from a plagioclase garnet pyroxenites, spinel peridotites and dunites) and me- basanite by subtraction of 27% clinopyroxene, 21% plagio- gacrysts (augite, anorthoclase, olivine, Al-spinel and titano- clase, 16% anorthoclase, 14% olivine, 4% titanomagnetite magnetite). -
Petrology on Mars†K
American Mineralogist, Volume 100, pages 2380–2395, 2015 INVITED CENTENNIAL ARTICLE REVIEW Petrology on Mars†k HARRY Y. MCSWEEN JR.1,* 1Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Planetary Geoscience Institute, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1410, U.S.A. ABSTRACT Petrologic investigations of martian rocks have been accomplished by mineralogical, geochemical, and textural analyses from Mars rov- ers (with geologic context provided by orbiters), and by laboratory analyses of martian meteorites. Igneous rocks are primarily lavas and volcaniclastic rocks of basaltic composition, and ultramafic cumulates; alkaline rocks are common in ancient terranes and tholeiitic rocks occur in younger terranes, suggesting global magmatic evolution. Relatively uncommon feldspathic rocks represent the ultimate fractionation prod- ucts, and granitic rocks are unknown. Sedimentary rocks are of both clastic (mudstone, sandstone, conglomerate, all containing significant igneous detritus) and chemical (evaporitic sulfate and less common carbonate) origin. High-silica sediments formed by hydrothermal activity. Sediments on Mars formed from different protoliths and were weathered under different environmental conditions from terrestrial sediments. Metamorphic rocks have only been inferred from orbital remote-sensing measurements. Metabasalt and serpentinite have mineral assemblages consistent with those predicted from low-pressure phase equilibria and likely formed in geothermal systems. Shock effects are com- mon in martian meteorites, and impact breccias are probably widespread in the planet’s crustal rocks. The martian rock cycle during early periods was similar in many respects to that of Earth. However, without plate tectonics Mars did not experience the thermal metamorphism and flux melting associated with subduction, nor deposition in subsided basins and rapid erosion resulting from tectonic uplift. -
Magmatic Differentiation in the Cale-Alkaline Khalkhab-Neshveh Pluton. Central Iran Mehdi Rezaei-Kahkhaei A,*, Carmen Galindo B
Magmatic differentiation in the cale-alkaline Khalkhab-Neshveh pluton. Central Iran a * b Mehdi Rezaei-Kahkhaei , , Carmen Galindo , Robert J. Pankhurst C, Dariush Esmaeilya 'School o/Geology, College o/Science, University of Tehran, PO 14155-6455, Iran bDepartmento de Petrologiay Geoquimica, Universidad Complutense-IGEO (UCM-CSIC), Cl Jose Antonio Navais n° 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain CVisiting Research Associate, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, United Kingdom ABSTRACT Geochemical and isotopic data (Sr, Nd) are presented for the Khalkhab-Neshveh pluton, an E-W elon gated body of quartz monzogabbro, quartz monzodiorite, granodiorite and granite in the Urumieh Dokhtar magmatic arc of Central Iran. The plutonic rocks are medium- to high-K, metaluminous, and I-type, with 52-71 wt.% Si02_ The geochemistry shows smooth differentiation trends in which most major elements (except AlZ03, KzO and NazO) are negatively correlated with SiOz; I<zO, Ba, Rb, Ce, Nb, and Zr are positively correlated. NazO, Sr, Eu and Y follow curves that are not considered to represent Keywords: simple mixing between mafic and felsic magmas, but reflect crystal fractionation of clinopyroxene, CIYstal fractionation plagioc1ase and hornblende. Initial 87Sr/8SSr ratios ( �O.7047) and ENdt values (�+3.o) are essentially Isotope geochemistIY Quartz monzogabbro constant, and the large volume of quartz monzogabbros compared to granites, as well as the lack of mafic Granite enclaves in more evolved rocks, are also indicative of crystal fractionation rather than mixing of magmas Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc from different sources. Clinopyroxene fractionation was the main control in the evolution of the magmas up to 55% SiOz; hornblende took over from 55 wt.%, resulting in decreasing Dy/Yb with increasing silica content in the most siliceous rocks. -
Package 'NORRRM'
Package ‘NORRRM’ March 11, 2015 Type Package Title Geochemical Toolkit for R Version 1.0.0 Date 2015-01-29 Author Renee Gonzalez Guzman Maintainer Renee Gonzalez Guzman <[email protected]> Imports ggplot2,SDMTools Description CIPW Norm (acronym from the surnames of the authors: Cross, Iddings, Pirrson and Washington) is the most commonly used calculation algorithm to estimate the standard mineral assemblages for igneous rocks from its geochemical composition. NORRRM (acronym from noRm, R lan- guage and Renee) is the highly consistent program to calculate the CIPW Norm. Depends R (>= 3.1.1) License GPL (>= 3) NeedsCompilation no Repository CRAN Date/Publication 2015-03-11 21:49:49 R topics documented: NORRRM-package . .2 AdjRock . .3 Andes . .4 AtomWeight . .5 CIPW............................................6 CIPW.trace . .7 MinWeight . .9 OxiWeight . 10 TASplot . 11 TestTAS . 12 Index 13 1 2 NORRRM-package NORRRM-package Geochemical Toolkit for R Description According to the IUGS (International Union of Geological Science), Subcommission on the Sys- tematics of Igneous Rocks, the primary classification of igneous rocks must be based according to their modal mineral composition, expressed in volume percent. Nevertheless, where these data are not available or can not be determined owing to fine-grained mineral assemblage, glassy content or changes in the original mineralogy, then other criteria based on chemical bulk composition may be used. Computed from the chemical composition, the normative mineralogy is an alternative approach for mineralogical classification and useful for set up the naming of igneous rocks (as parts of the TAS classification, TASplot). The CIPW Norm is the most commonly used calculation algorithm to estimate the standard mineral assemblages for igneous rocks CIPW, generated over more than a hundred years ago and thereafter modified by some authors to the passage of the years (e.g., Verma et al., 2002). -
A-Type Granites: Characteristics, Petrogenesis and Their Contribution to the Growth of the Continental Crust
A-type granites: characteristics, petrogenesis and their contribution to the growth of the continental crust Nelson Eby University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA [email protected] The A-type Granitoids Defined by Loiselle and Wones (1979) A stands for Anorogenic or Anhydrous or the first letter of the alphabet. The last choice removes the necessity of debating the meaning of A. Magmas are emplaced in post-collisional or within plate settings, i.e., an extensional environment. Characteristics of A-type Granitoids 1. Non-orogenic setting 2. Subaluminous to peralkaline, sometimes peraluminous 3. For rocks of intermediate silica content, A-type granitoids generally have higher total alkalis and lower CaO than other granitoids. 4. High FeOT/MgO 5. A characteristic mineralogy consisting of iron-rich mafic silicates (annite, ferrohendenbergite, ferrohastingsite, fayalite), and in peralkaline suites alkali-rich mafic silicates (aegirine, arfvedsonite, reibeckite) and perthitic feldspars The Alphabet Soup – is A-type granitoid a useful classification? • Classifications are useful to the extent that they help us organize our observations/ideas. • Classifications are a short-hand that can be used to convey a general description of geologic observations. • One can define a group of granitoids, in terms of geologic setting and chemistry, that are distinct from other granitoids. In this instance the A-type classification is useful. • However, a classification should not lead to rigid thinking. • As geologists we still need to maintain our world view of multiple working hypotheses/processes. • A-type granitoids, while similar in many respects, can apparently arise via different petrogenetic pathways. The challenge is to elucidate these pathways. -
Sorting out Compositional Trends in Sedimentary Rocks of the Bradbury
PUBLICATIONS Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets RESEARCH ARTICLE Sorting out compositional trends in sedimentary 10.1002/2016JE005195 rocks of the Bradbury group (Aeolis Palus), Key Points: Gale crater, Mars • Curiosity obtained bulk chemistry for sedimentary rocks in the Bradbury K. L. Siebach1,2 , M. B. Baker1, J. P. Grotzinger1, S. M. McLennan2 , R. Gellert3 , group 4 2 • Coarse-grained rocks are enriched in L. M. Thompson , and J. A. Hurowitz plagioclase 1 2 • Geochemical trends are consistent Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA, Department with mineral sorting during transport of Geosciences, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, USA, 3Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, 4Planetary and Space Science Centre, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada Supporting Information: • Supporting Information S1 • Table S1 Abstract Sedimentary rocks are composed of detrital grains derived from source rocks, which are altered Correspondence to: by chemical weathering, sorted during transport, and cemented during diagenesis. Fluvio-lacustrine K. L. Siebach, sedimentary rocks of the Bradbury group, observed on the floor of Gale crater by the Curiosity rover during its [email protected] first 860 Martian solar days, show trends in bulk chemistry that are consistent with sorting of mineral grains during transport. The Bradbury group rocks are uniquely suited for sedimentary provenance analysis because Citation: they appear to have experienced negligible cation loss (i.e., open-system chemical weathering) at the scale of Siebach, K. L., M. B. Baker, J. P. the Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer bulk chemistry analyses based on low Chemical Index of Alteration Grotzinger, S. -
Topic Xi Formation of Rocks
UNIT H MINERALS AND ROCKS ROCKS ARE MADE UP OF MINERALS MINERAL - NATURALLY OCCURRING, INORGANIC, CRYSTALLINE SUBSTANCE WITH CHARACTERISTIC PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES. ROCK FORMING MINERALS FELDSPAR, QUARTZ, MICA, CALCITE, HORNBLENDE, AUGITE, GARNET, MAGNETITE, OLIVINE, PYRITE AND TALC. THESE MINERALS MAKE UP MORE THAN 90% OF THE ROCKS IN THE LITHOSPHERE IDENTIFYING MINERALS physical properties are determined by the internal arrangement of atoms MINERALS ARE CLASSIFIED BY THE FOLLOWING PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: COLOR STREAK LUSTER HARDNESS SPECIFIC GRAVITY FRACTURE/CLEAVAGE Luster Metallic- looks like shiny metal Non-metallic- all the other ways that a mineral can shine Glassy/vitreous- shines like a piece of broken glass (most common non-metallic) Dull/earthy- no shine at all Resinous/waxy- looks like a piece of plastic or dried glue Pearly- looks oily it may have a slight rainbow like an oil slick on water. Hardness Fingernail 2.5 Penny 3.5 Iron Nail 4.5 Glass Plate 5.5 Steel File 6.5 MOH’S SCALE OF HARDNESS 1-TALC FINGERNAIL SCRATCHES EASILY 2-GYPSUM FINGERNAIL SCRATCHES 3-CALCITE COPPER PENNY SCRATCHES 4-FLUORITE STEEL FILE SCRATCHES EASILY 5-APATITE STEEL FILE SCRATCHES 6-FELDSPAR SCRATCHES WINDOW GLASS 7-QUARTZ HARDEST COMMON MINERAL; SCRATCHES GLASS EASILY 8-TOPAZ HARDER THAN ANY COMMON MINERAL 9-CORUNDUM SCRATCHES TOPAZ 10- DIAMOND HARDEST OF ALL MINERALS MINERAL FAMILIES SILICATES - MADE OF SILICON AND OXYGEN ABOUT 60% OF ALL MINERALS ARE SILICATES THE SILICON - OXYGEN TETRAHEDRON - ONE SILICON ATOM AND 4 OXYGEN ATOMS. A VERY STRONG STRUCTURE SILICATE FAMILY OLIVINE ISOLATED TETRAHEDRA GREENISH COLOR, NO CLEAVAGE PLANES ASBESTOS CHAIN TETRAHEDRA FIBERLIKE MICA SHEET TETRAHEDRA QUARTZ NETWORK TETRAHEDRA ALL SILICON-OXYGEN TETRAHEDRA CARBONATE MINERALS CARBON ATOM IN COMBINATION WITH 3 OXYGEN ATOMS CALCITE IRON OXIDES AND SULFIDES AN OXIDE IS A MINERAL CONSISTING OF A METAL ELEMENT COMBINED WITH OXYGEN. -
Igneous Rock Associations 4. Oceanic Island Volcanism I Mineralogy and Petrology John D
Document generated on 10/02/2021 12:12 a.m. Geoscience Canada Igneous Rock Associations 4. Oceanic Island Volcanism I Mineralogy and Petrology John D. Greenough, Jaroslav Dostal and Leanne M. Mallory-Greenough Volume 32, Number 1, March 2005 Article abstract Oceanic islands tend to occur at the young ends of hotspot trails because they URI: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/geocan32_1ser01 record the passage of oceanic plates over rising convection cells (plumes) in the mantle, or the propagation of cracks in the lithosphere. Basaltic volcanism on See table of contents oceanic islands is generally unexplosive and, although potentially destructive, poses less threat to human life than volcanism in other tectonic environments. However, the possibility of giant tsunamis from the catastrophic gravitational Publisher(s) collapse of islands is of real concern for major cities surrounding the ocean basins. The Geological Association of Canada Two series of magmas are recognized in oceanic islands. Tholeiites form at lower pressures than alkali basalts, from higher percentages of decompression ISSN melting. The former contain a low-Ca pyroxene and the latter can crystallize 0315-0941 (print) nepheline. Furthermore, minerals common to both series (chromite, olivine, 1911-4850 (digital) augite, plagioclase, magnetite and ilmenite) are compositionally distinct reflecting fundamental chemical differences between the two magma series. Explore this journal Mineral compositions vary as magmas evolve in sub-volcanic, lithospheric magma chambers by assimilation and differentiation. Magmas assimilate wall rocks in these chambers. Time-scales for differentiation (mostly crystal fractionation) are generally less than a few thousand years. Early olivine, Cite this article pyroxene, chromite and immiscible sulfide formation cause compatible Greenough, J. -
RAY LITHOCHEMISTRY (PIXL) in the MARS 2020 MISSION. Yang Liu1,*, Abigail Allwood1, Joel A
50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2019 (LPI Contrib. No. 2132) 1768.pdf STRATEGY OF INVESTIGATING IGNEOUS ROCKS WITH THE PLANETARY INSTRUMENT FOR X- RAY LITHOCHEMISTRY (PIXL) IN THE MARS 2020 MISSION. Yang Liu1,*, Abigail Allwood1, Joel A. Hurowitz2, Christopher M. Heirwegh1, William T. Elam3. 1Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Tech- nology (Caltech), Pasadena, CA 91109, USA; 2Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. Stony Brook University, Department of Geosciences, Stony Brook, NY, 11794. 3 Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195. *[email protected]. Introduction: The Mars 2020 mission contributes PIXL in X-Y-Z dimensions, scanning the X-ray beam to the NASA’s Mars Exploration Program science across the surface of rocks at adjustable step sizes of strategy of seeking signs of life by exploring an ancient >30 µm. lake delta in Jezero crater that likely has been habita- ble. The Mars 2020 rover will also select and cache a set of compiling rock and soil samples to be returned by future missions. Investigation of igneous rocks is important to the science goals and objectives of the Mars 2020 mission. The lake delta in Jezero crater provides an excellent repository of diverse igneous rocks that have been de- livered from the surrounding, ancient Martian crust. Some, if not all, of these igneous rocks are likely not present in our current meteorite collections (e.g., [1]). Therefore, in situ investigation of igneous rocks with the Mars 2020 science instruments will provide chemi- cal and mineralogical information that enables selec- tion of key samples to be cached and returned. -
Petrology, Mineralogy, and Geochemistry of the Goldlund Gold Deposit, Northwestern Ontario Steven D
University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects 1986 Petrology, mineralogy, and geochemistry of the Goldlund Gold Deposit, Northwestern Ontario Steven D. Giddings University of North Dakota Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/theses Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Giddings, Steven D., "Petrology, mineralogy, and geochemistry of the Goldlund Gold Deposit, Northwestern Ontario" (1986). Theses and Dissertations. 107. https://commons.und.edu/theses/107 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PETROLOGY, MINERALOGY, AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE GOLDLUND GOLD DEPOSIT, NORTHWESTERN ONTARIO by Steven D. Giddings Bachelor of Arts, St. Cloud State University, 1982 I I I !i f A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty '\ of the § University of North Dakota in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Grand· Forks, North Dakota December 1986 This thesis submitted by Steven D. Giddings in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science from the University of North Dakota has been read by the Faculty Advisory Committee under whom the work has been done, and is hereby approved. This thesis meets the standards for appearance and conforms to the style and format requirements of the Graduate School of the University of North Dakota, and is hereby approved.