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N O T I C E This Document Has Been Reproduced From N O T I C E THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED FROM MICROFICHE. ALTHOUGH IT IS RECOGNIZED THAT CERTAIN PORTIONS ARE ILLEGIBLE, IT IS BEING RELEASED IN THE INTEREST OF MAKING AVAILABLE AS MUCH INFORMATION AS POSSIBLE t NASA Technical Memorandum 82019 A Physical Basis for Remote Rock Mapping of Igneous Rocks Using Spectral Variations in Thermal Infrared Em ittance Louis S. Walter and Mark L. Labovitz (NASA-TB-82019) A PHYSICAL BASIS FOR REMOTE H81-12526 ROCK MAPPING OF IGNEOUS ROCKS USING SPECTRAL VARIATIONS IN THERMAL INF2ARED EMITTANCE (NASA) 30 p HC A03/dF A01 CSCL 08G Unclas 63/43 39806 OCTOBER 1980 Na*x* I eranauft and Space Admir"batbo► Qoddand Spas 14W C&AW Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 TM 82019 A PHYSICAL BASIS FOR REMOTE ROCK MAPPING OF IGNEOUS ROCKS USING SPECTRAL VARIATIONS IN THERMAL INFRARED EMITTANCE By Louis S. Walter and Mark L. Labovitz Applications Directorate October 1980 GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 A PHYSICAL BASIS FOR REMOTE ROCK MAPPING OF IGNEOUS ROCKS USING SPECTRAL VARIATIONS IN THERMAL INFRARED EMITTANCE Louis S. Walter and Mark L. Labovitz Applications Directorate Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 ABSTRACT The thermal infrared spectra of rocks are potentially of considerable importance for remote sensing. This paper presents results of a theoretical investigation of the relation between spectral features in the 8-12 microm- eter region and rock type. Data on compositions of a suite of rocks and measurements of their spectral intensities in 8.2-10.9 and 9.4-12.1 micrometer bands published by Vincent (1973) were subjected to various quantitative procedures. It was found that there was no consistent direct relationship between rock group names and between the Thornton-Tuttle (1960) Differentiation Index an.i the relative spectral intensities. This relationship is explicable on the basis of the change in average Si-0 bond length which is a function of the degree of polymerization of the SiO4 tetrahedra of the silicate minerals in the igneous rocks. v A PHYSICAL BASIS FOR REMOTE ROCK MAPPING OF IGNEOUS ROCKS USING SPECTRAL VARIATIONS IN THERMAL INFRARED EMITTANCE INTRODUCTION The use of infrared spectroscopy for the remote characterization of planetary and terrestrial sur- faces has received some interest due to efforts in the investigation of these bodies from space. The interested reader is referred.to works such as those by Karr (1975) and Smith (1977) for some examples of these studies. Muzh of the emphasis in this work has been on the reflectance properties of rocks in the near infra- red (up to 2.5 µm) because the energy availably in this reflective region of the spectrum is much greater than that at longer wavelengths. However, a depression in the thermal infrared emittance spectra of rocks. (sometimes called restrahlen) is related to the sympathetic vibration of Si-O bonds. Shifts in the location of this feature have been ascribed to variations in rock-type. This concept has spurred researchers such as Logan, Hunt and Salisbury (1975) and Lyon and Green (1975) to inves- tigate the relationships of the position of the emittance depression with respect to rock composition. In order to explore the utility of using this spectral variation for remote discrimination of rock types, NASA launched the Surface Composition Mapping Radiometer (SCMR) aboard the Nimbus-5 spacecraft in 1972. This instrument had two spectral bands centered at 8.8 and 10.7 µm; variation in the relative intensities of these bands was to be correlated with variation in rock composition. Unfortunately, the instrument did not produce a great deal of data. However, there was some indi- cation that these data could be used for rock discrimination (Lyon and Green, 1975; Walter et al., 1976). Pre%-iuus stu.! iC 4'! r %:aeuonship between variations in spectral intensity in the thermal infrared and rock type have been largely empirical Vincent (1972) attempted to correlate the variation with silica content, but SiO 2 abundance itself is notoriously poor as an indicator of rock type. He later presented a broader, but still empirically-based analysis of the problem (Vincent, 1973). We attempt here to derive statistically acceptable correlations between spectral variations and the varia- tions in the chemistry (and normative mineralogy) of rocks and to develop a rudimentary pheno- menological model for the variation in terms of mineralogical variations in rocks. From this, it is possible to develop a crude relationship between spectral variations and rock-type which may be useful for rock-classification by remote sensing from space. The work presented here is based on laboratory measurements of igneous t,..ck spectra published by Vincent (1973) together with corresponding chemical analyses and calculations of normative miner- alogy. The twenty-five samples analyzed covered a flarly broad distribution of major igneous rock types, but unfortunately, for many of these types there were no replicate samples. The spectral variation was characterized as the ratio (R 1,2 ) of spectral intensities in a band from 8.2-10.9,um relative to a band from 9.4-12.1 µm. Sometime ago, Lyon (1964) showed that this ratio increases as the rocks become more basic (less silicic). Using these data, reproduced in Table 1, an attempt has be--n made to determine the major cause of this spectral change and relate this to some parameter which can be used to characterize igneous silicate rocks. Since the results of the analyses discussed below are used to make inferences to a larger population, it would be well for the reader to keep in mine that the 25 rock samples are igneous rocks. Further the proportions of the various rocks in the suite are not by implication considered to be representa- tive of any specific location on the earth's surface. Vincent (1973) originally read this suite because of the wide range of textures and compositions represented. Therefore, the relationships developed within this paper are not necessarily applicable to metamorphic or sedimentary rocks. 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