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WDR2004-Pages 1 to 9 16.8.2004 10:43 Page 1 WDR2004-Pages 1 to 9 16.8.2004 10:43 Page 2 The World Disasters Report provides humanitarian “ decision-makers with a unique combination of compelling analysis and original insights from the field. Its intellectual power has enriched UN debates. Jan Egeland, United Nations’ Under-Secretary-General” for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator World Disasters Report 2004 World World Disasters Report 2004 focuses on community resilience In the hours after sudden disaster strikes, most lives are saved by the courage and resourcefulness of friends and neighbours. During slow-onset crises such as drought, some rural societies have developed extraordinary capacities to cope and bounce back. How can aid organisations strengthen rather than undermine this local resilience? Perceptions of disaster differ between those at risk and those trying to help. Evidence suggests that everyday threats to livelihoods are a greater concern to most poor communities than ‘one-off’ disasters. Meanwhile, local consensus and cooperation are as important in protecting communities as concrete walls. The report argues that a more developmental approach to creating disaster resilience is needed, which puts communities in charge of defining their needs and crafting the right solutions. The World Disasters Report 2004 features: ■ From risk to resilience – helping communities cope with crisis The International Federation of ■ Heatwaves: the developed world’s hidden disaster Red Cross and Red Crescent ■ Harnessing local capacities in rural India Societies promotes the humanitarian activities of ■ Bam sends warning to reduce future earthquake risks National Societies among ■ Building community resilience to disaster in the Philippines vulnerable people. ■ AIDS: Africa’s axis of evil By coordinating international ■ disaster relief and encouraging Surviving in the slums development support it seeks ■ Disaster data: key trends and statistics to prevent and alleviate human suffering. Plus: photos, tables, maps, graphics, Red Cross Red Crescent The International Federation, contacts and index. the National Societies and the International Committee Published annually since 1993, the of the Red Cross together World Disasters Report brings together constitute the International Red Cross and Red Crescent the latest trends, facts and analysis of Movement. contemporary crises – whether ‘natural’ or human-made, quick-onset or chronic. WDR2004-pages 1 to 9 16.8.2004 10:43 Page 1 WDR2004-pages 1 to 9 16.8.2004 10:43 Page 2 Copyright © 2004 by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. ISBN 92-9139-108-5 All rights reserved. Except for quotation in a review of the work, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. This publication is copyright, but may be reproduced without fee for teaching purposes but not for resale. Formal permission is required for all such uses. For copying in any other circumstances, or for re-use in other publications, or for translation or adaptation, prior written permission must be obtained from the publisher. The opinions expressed in this publication do not necessarily represent the official policy of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies or of individual national Red Cross or Red Crescent societies. The designations used do not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of the International Federation or National Societies concerning the legal status of a territory or of its authorities. Editor: Jonathan Walter Managing Editor: Eva von Oelreich Design and Production Team: Jean-Charles Chamois, Aradhna Duggal-Chadha and Serge Marin-Pache External Reviewers: Yasemin Aysan, Tony Beck, Ailsa Holloway and Mark Pelling We would also like to thank all those who assisted contributors during travel and research for this issue. Baseline maps by Geoatlas® – ©GRAPHI-OGRE, Hendaye, France Typesetting by Strategic Communications SA, Geneva, Switzerland Printed by ATAR Roto Presse, Satigny/Vernier, Switzerland Contact details: International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies 17, chemin des Crêts, P.O. Box 372 CH-1211 Geneva 19, Switzerland Tel.: + 41 (0)22 730 4222. Fax: + 41 (0)22 733 0395 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Web: http://www.ifrc.org To order the World Disasters Report, contact: Kumarian Press Inc Eurospan 1294 Blue Hills Ave 3 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden Bloomfield CT 06002, USA London WC2E 8LU, UK Tel.: +1 860 243 2098 Tel.: +44 (0)20 7240 0856 Fax: +1 860 243 2867 Fax: +44 (0)20 7379 0609 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.kpbooks.com Web: http://www.eurospanonline.com 2 WDR2004-pages 1 to 9 16.8.2004 10:43 Page 3 The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies would like to express its gratitude to the following for committing to and supporting this publication: AUSAID British Red Cross CIDA DHL Governement of Ireland through Development Cooperation Ireland Japanese Red Cross Netherlands Red Cross Norwegian Red Cross SIDA/Swedish Red Cross Spanish Red Cross World Disasters Report 2004 3 WDR2004-pages 1 to 9 16.8.2004 10:43 Page 4 Contents International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies inside front cover Acknowledgements 2 Introduction 8 Section One Focus on community resilience Chapter 1 From risk to resilience – helping communities cope with crisis 10 Box 1.1 Definitions of resilience 12 Box 1.2 Part 1: Afghan farmers recover more quickly than expected 14 Box 1.2 Part 2: Afghan children dispel myths of war trauma 15 Box 1.3 Gujarat’s poor invest to recover 21 Box 1.4 Tuti islanders fight floods together 24 Box 1.5 Argentine floods: state aid saps resilience 28 Chapter 2 Heatwaves: the developed world’s hidden disaster 36 Box 2.1 Heatwaves: facts at a glance 38 Box 2.2 Who is most at risk? 45 Box 2.3 Cold waves in the UK: the other extreme 47 Box 2.4 Heatwave exposes public health failures 48 Box 2.5 Prevention tips in a heatwave 51 Chapter 3 Harnessing local capacities in rural India 56 Box 3.1 Scaling up disaster resilience beyond the community 64 Box 3.2 Mobile Biodiversity Festival 68 MapIndia 58 4 WDR2004-pages 1 to 9 16.8.2004 10:43 Page 5 Chapter 4 Bam sends warning to reduce future earthquake risks 78 Box 4.1 Iranian sniffer dogs save more lives 86 Box 4.2 Hope amid the dust and destruction 88 Box 4.3 Iranian Red Crescent helps prepare public for disasters 93 Box 4.4 Tehran time bomb 95 Box 4.5 Sticks and carrots: developmental solutions to disaster 97 Figure 4.1 Iran: shaken by a century of quakes 82 Map Iran 81 Chapter 5 Building community resilience to disaster in the Philippines 100 Box 5.1 Six steps towards increasing community resilience 105 Box 5.2 Motivating local people to participate 109 Box 5.3 Integrating disaster resilience and development 116 Map The Philippines 100 Chapter 6 AIDS: Communities pulling out of downward spiral 120 Box 6.1 Orphans suffer neglect and abuse 124 Box 6.2 Selling cows, selling sex 127 Box 6.3 Alarm bells ring in China 130 Box 6.4 Ruth Musiego – a positive life 135 Box 6.5 How can Swaziland cope with HIV/AIDS? 139 Chapter 7 Surviving in the slums 142 Box 7.1 Rational long-term resilience in Mumbai 149 Box 7.2 Building resilience around a shared livelihood 153 Box 7.3 Slum communities and municipality collaborate in Santo Domingo 155 World Disasters Report 2004 – Contents 5 WDR2004-pages 1 to 9 16.8.2004 10:43 Page 6 Section Two Tracking the system Chapter 8 Disaster data: key trends and statistics 160 Box 8.1 EM–DAT: a specialized disaster database 169 Box 8.2 US Committee for Refugees 170 Figure 8.1 Number of reported ‘natural’ and technological disasters (1994-2003) 161 Figure 8.2 Deadliest disasters of the decade (1994-2003) 162 Figure 8.3 Average number of deaths per reported disaster (1994-2003) 164 Figure 8.4 Average economic damage per reported disaster (1994-2003) 164 Figure 8.5 ODA net disbursement in (US $ million) 1993-2002 165 Figure 8.6 ODA net disbursement in (US $ million) 2002 166 Figure 8.7 ODA – The five biggest DAC donors’ 166 Figure 8.8 ODA as percentage of DAC donors’ GNI in 2002 167 Figure 8.9 Emergency/distress relief by DAC donors’ in 2002 168 Table 1 Total number of reported disasters by continent and by year (1994 to 2003) 173 Table 2 Total number of people reported killed, by continent and by year (1994 to 2003) 174 Table 3 Total number of people reported affected by continent and by year (1994 to 2003) in thousands 175 Table 4 Total amount of disaster estimated damage, by continent and by year (1994 to 2003) in millions of US dollars 176 Table 5 Total number of reported disasters, by type of phenomenon and by year (1994 to 2003) 177 Table 6 Total number of people reported killed, by type of phenomenon and by year (1994 to 2003) 178 Table 7 Total number of people reported affected, by type of phenomenon and by year (1994 to 2003) in thousands 179 6 WDR2004-pages 1 to 9 16.8.2004 10:43 Page 7 Table 8 Total amount of disaster estimated damage, by continent and by year (1994 to 2003) in millions of US dollars 180 Table 9 Total number of reported disasters, by continent and by type of phenomenon (1994 to 2003) 181 Table 10 Total number of people reported killed, by continent and by type of phenomenon (1994 to 2003) 182 Table 11 Total number of people reported affected, by continent and by type of phenomenon
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