En Diskursteoretisk Analyse Av Russiske Og Latvisk-Russiske Avisers Framstilling Av Russisk-Baltiske Konflikter Om Den Nære Felles Fortid

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En Diskursteoretisk Analyse Av Russiske Og Latvisk-Russiske Avisers Framstilling Av Russisk-Baltiske Konflikter Om Den Nære Felles Fortid OFRE, BØDLER OG OKKUPANTER: EN DISKURSTEORETISK ANALYSE AV RUSSISKE OG LATVISK-RUSSISKE AVISERS FRAMSTILLING AV RUSSISK-BALTISKE KONFLIKTER OM DEN NÆRE FELLES FORTID Sigbjørn Litland VeilEDEr Pål Kolstø MastEroppgavE RUS4590 vED ILOS, HF UnivErsitEtet i Oslo Vår 2011 ii OFRE, BØDLER OG OKKUPANTER: EN DISKURSTEORETISK ANALYSE AV RUSSISKE OG LATVISK-RUSSISKE AVISERS FRAMSTILLING AV RUSSISK-BALTISKE KONFLIKTER OM DEN NÆRE FELLES FORTID Sigbjørn Litland ILOS, HF, UnivErsitetet i Oslo Vår 2011 iii iv Sammendrag Den 9. mai markerer Russland Seiersdagen, da Sovjetunionen vant over Hitler-Tyskland, og reddet Europa fra fascismen. Dagen markeres også andre steder i det post-sovjetiske territoriet, deriblant i Latvia og Estland. Men i disse landene, hvor ”russerne” utgjør store minoriteter, er majoriteten av befolkningen av den oppfatning at den tyske okkupasjonen ble erstattet av en (andre) sovjetisk okkupasjon. Estland og Latvias krigshistorie er vanskelig, fordi både frivillige og soldater utskrevet med tvang deltok på begge sider av krigen, og ofte kjempet mot hverandre. Krigsfortellingene har også vært formørket av Nazi-Tysklands og Sovjetunionens propagandakampanjer, som fra hver sin kant delte verden opp i to enkle leire av fiender og allierte, henholdsvis jøde-bolsjeviker og fascister. I denne oppgaven ser jeg på hvordan minnet om den andre verdenskrig har blitt ivaretatt blant den russiske minoriteten i Latvia, sammenlignet med hvordan det har blitt ivaretatt i Russland. Dette har jeg gjort ved å lese tre latvisk-russiske aviser opp mot tre russiske aviser, i deres dekning av to begivenheter hvor en russisk-patriotisk versjon av historien er kommet i konflikt med en baltisk-patriotisk versjon: Bronsenatten, store opptøyer i forbindelse med flyttingen av et sovjetisk krigsminnemerke i Tallinn, og Legionærdagen, en årlig markering til minne om soldatene fra Den latviske legion, en avdeling av Waffen SS. Siden den sovjetiske okkupasjonen av Latvia og Estland er sett som illegitim, ble de fortrinnsvis russiskspråklige sovjetiske migrantene forstått som okkupanter, og fikk ikke automatisk rett på statsborgerskap i de nye republikkene. Til tross for en del hindre, har det store flertallet likevel valgt å bli i landene. Siden krigen har vært et stadig tilbakevendende tema de baltisk-russiske relasjonene, og siden russiske myndigheter synes å ha lagt mer vekt på både Den store fedrelandskrigen og forestillingen om en russisk diaspora, siden Vladimir Putin først kom til makten, er det av interesse å se om, og eventuelt hvordan, minnet om krigen har forandret seg blant minoriteten i disse landene, hvor det til stadighet har blitt konfrontert. I oppgaven argumenterer jeg for at den latvisk-russiske dekningen så absolutt har forandret seg, og har blitt om ikke latvisk, så mer fremmed for Russlands synspunkter. Dette har kommet til uttrykk ved en mer differensierende dekning, hvor det enkle formularet latvier/ester = nazist har blitt oppløst, uten at de passivt har gjengitt skillet mellom de russiske avisene. Også de russiske avisene har gitt uttrykk for at de baltiske russerne er annerledes enn russerne i Russland. v vi Forord I denne oppgaven har jeg valgt å forholde meg til Harvard-stilen1 i referanser og litteraturliste. I referansene til alle avisartiklene har jeg også tatt med dato i tillegg til årstall. Transkriberingen i denne oppgaven følger Språkrådets anbefalinger (Språkrådet 1995), men jeg har valgt å gjengi alle direkte sitater på russisk. I litteraturlisten er det empiriske materialet oppført for seg, sortert etter hendelse, avis, forfatter og dato, i den rekkefølgen. Jeg vil rette en stor takk til min veileder Pål Kolstø for klare og konstruktive tilbakemeldinger og innspill. Jeg ønsker også å takke Peder Erik Fischer-Griffiths for teknisk hjelp, og min far, Audun Litland, for god språkvask. Alle eventuelle feil står for undertegnedes egen regning. Sist, men ikke minst vil jeg takke Hilde for hennes tålmodighet med meg mens jeg har jobbet med denne oppgaven. Sigbjørn Litland, Oslo, 9. mai 2011 1 Tilgjengelig fra: <http://www.hf.uio.no/tjenester/bibliotek/sitat/kompendium.pdf>[01.05.2011] vii viii Innholdsfortegelse Kapittel 1: Innledning ..............................................................................................................................1 Sovjetunionens sammenbrudd............................................................................................................1 Historie og minner...............................................................................................................................6 Den store fedrelandskrigen.................................................................................................................7 Det latviske motminnet.......................................................................................................................9 Kapittel 2: Historien ..............................................................................................................................12 Russere i Latvia før andre verdenskrig..............................................................................................12 Den første sovjetiske okkupasjonen..................................................................................................13 Den tyske okkupasjonen ...................................................................................................................13 Holocaust på latvisk jord.........................................................................................................................13 Den latviske legionen ..............................................................................................................................15 Rettsoppgjøret etter krigen...............................................................................................................15 Den sovjetiske fortolkningen ..................................................................................................................16 Den latviske fortolkningen ......................................................................................................................16 Den andre sovjetiske okkupasjonen 1944-1991................................................................................18 Sovjetrussisk immigrasjon.......................................................................................................................18 Selvstendigheten...............................................................................................................................19 Russisk representasjon i latvisk politikk..................................................................................................20 Kapittel 3: Diskursanalyse .....................................................................................................................21 Laclau og Mouffe ..........................................................................................................................21 Forholdet mellom språk og virkelighet.........................................................................................21 Diskurs og hegemoni ....................................................................................................................23 Artikulasjon, forankringspunkter og flytende betegnere .............................................................24 Kapittel 4: Bronsenatten .......................................................................................................................29 Bakgrunn...........................................................................................................................................29 Analysen............................................................................................................................................32 Dekningen i Russland ........................................................................................................................32 Rossijskaja.....................................................................................................................................32 Komsomolskaja.............................................................................................................................36 Novaja...........................................................................................................................................39 Pressedekningen i Latvia...................................................................................................................42 Vesti..............................................................................................................................................42 Telegraf.........................................................................................................................................45 Tsjas..............................................................................................................................................48 Kapittel 5: Legionærdagen ....................................................................................................................52 Bakgrunn...........................................................................................................................................52 Dekningen i Russland ........................................................................................................................54 Rossijskaja.....................................................................................................................................54
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