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Complete Dissertation VU Research Portal Theory and Practice of Police Corruption in Pakistan Khalid, S.U. 2016 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Khalid, S. U. (2016). Theory and Practice of Police Corruption in Pakistan: Case Studies of Three Police Departments. Vrije Universiteit. 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Oct. 2021 13813_Khalid_Cover.indd 1 17-05-16 20:40 THEORY AND PRACTICE OF POLICE CORRUPTION IN PAKISTAN Case Studies of Three Police Departments Saif Ullah Khalid Reading committee: prof. dr. Frank Anechiarico (Hamilton College, New York) prof. dr. Wim Huisman (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) prof. dr. Emile Kolthoff (Open Universiteit, Heerlen) mr. dr. André van Montfort (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) dr. Husnul Amin (International Islamic University, Islamabad) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, by print, or otherwise, without prior permission from the rightful owner. Printed by: Ridderprint BV, the Netherlands ISBN: 978-94-6299-361-7 Cover design: Black & White Studio, Peshawar, Pakistan The PhD project was funded by the Higher Education Commission, Islamabad, Pakistan and monitored by EP-Nuffic. VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT THEORY AND PRACTICE OF POLICE CORRUPTION IN PAKISTAN Case Studies of Three Police Departments ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad Doctor aan de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, op gezag van de rector magnificus prof.dr.V.Subramaniam, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van de promotiecommissie van de Faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen op maandag 4 juli 2016 om 9.45 uur in de aula van de universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105 door Saif Ullah Khalid geboren te Nowshera, Pakistan promotor: prof. dr. L.W.J.C. Huberts copromotor: dr. K.M. Lasthuizen CONTENTS Acknowledgements Part I Introduction 1. Introduction: Corruption and Pakistan Police 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Problem definition 2 1.3 Corruption and integrity violations 4 1.4 Corruption: Contributing factors 5 1.5 Research population: The Traffic police force in Pakistan 8 1.6 Structure and outline of the book 9 Part II Theory and Methodology 2. Theory on Police Corruption 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Corruption and police corruption: The concept 11 2.3 Typologies of police corruption 22 2.3.1 From corruption to integrity violations 22 2.3.2 Towards a typology of police integrity violations 24 2.4 Causes and conditions leading to corruption: Introduction 27 2.4.1 Causes and conditions of corruption 28 2.4.2 Studies on the causes of corruption 29 2.4.3 Theories on causes of police corruption 33 2.5 Diversity, building bridges and multi-approach 35 2.5.1 Conceptual framework 38 3. Pakistan 41 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Pakistan: Country, population and history 41 3.3 Political and administrative structure/system of Pakistan 44 3.4 Law enforcement agencies in Pakistan 52 3.4.1 Police structure and organization in Pakistan 54 3.4.2 Recruitment of Pakistan police 55 3.5 Contours of corruption in Pakistan 57 3.5.1 Police image and corruption in Pakistan 60 3.5.2 Causes of corruption and police corruption in Pakistan 61 3.5.3 Causes of police corruption in Pakistan 63 3.6 Anti-corruption initiatives in Pakistan and police reforms 65 4. Research Outline 69 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Research outline 69 4.3 Research population: The police force in Pakistan 73 4.4 Procedure and response 74 4.5 In-depth interviews and document analysis 77 4.6 Validity and reliability of the research 78 4.7 Development and structure of the questionnaire 80 4.8 Item generation, data reduction, and scale construction 81 4.9 Operationalized model 92 Part III Findings 5. Case study 1: Islamabad Traffic Police 95 5.1 Introduction 95 5.2 Case selection 95 5.3 Islamabad city and traffic police profile 96 5.3.1 Islamabad city 96 5.3.2 Islamabad Traffic Police (ITP): A brief history 97 5.3.3 ITP mission and vision statements, core values 98 5.3.4 Organisational structure 98 5.4 Characteristics of the respondents of ITP 100 5.5 Frequency and acceptability of Integrity violations 101 5.6 Perception on integrity violations and corruption 107 5.6.1 Difference between corruption and police corruption 115 5.7 Influential factors: Curbing integrity violations and corruption 118 5.8 Perceptions on anti-corruption mechanisms 132 5.9 Conclusion 136 6. Case study 2: Rawalpindi City Traffic Police 139 6.1 Introduction 139 6.2 Case selection 139 6.3 Rawalpindi city and traffic police profile 141 6.3.1 Rawalpindi City 141 6.3.2 Rawalpindi City Traffic Police (CTP): A brief history 142 6.3.3 CTP mission and vision statements, core values 143 6.3.4 Organizational structure 144 6.3.5 Total strength of Rawalpindi city traffic police 145 6.4 Characteristics of the respondents of CTP 146 6.5 Frequency and acceptability of integrity violations and Corruption 147 6.6 Perception on integrity violations and corruption 153 6.6.1 Survey results 153 6.6.2 Perception on integrity and corruption: Interview analysis 159 6.6.3 Difference between corruption and police corruption 160 6.7 Influential factors: Curbing integrity violations and corruption 162 6.8 Perceptions on anti-corruption mechanisms 176 6.9 Conclusion 180 7. Case study 3: Attock Traffic Police 185 7.1 Introduction 185 7.2 Case selection 185 7.3 Attock city and traffic police profile 186 7.3.1 Attock City 186 7.3.2 Attock City Traffic Police: A brief history 187 7.3.3 Attock traffic police mission and vision statements, core values 188 7.3.4 Organizational structure of Punjab Traffic police (including Attock) 189 7.4 Characteristics of the respondents of Attock traffic police 190 7.5 Frequency and acceptability of integrity violations 191 7.6 Perceptions on integrity violations and corruption 197 7.6.1 Difference between corruption and police corruption 203 7.7 Influential factors: Curbing integrity violations and corruption 205 7.8 Perception on anti-corruption mechanisms 214 7.9 Conclusion 220 Part IV Cross-Case Comparison and Conclusion 8. Results and Analyses of the Case Studies and the Surveys 223 8.1 Introduction 223 8.2 Case studies: Integrity violations 224 8.2.1 What is seen as an integrity violation 224 8.2.2 Acceptability of integrity violations 225 8.2.3 Occurrence of integrity violations 226 8.3 Case studies: Influential factors 227 8.4 Survey analysis: Integrity violations and important factors 239 8.4.1 Correlations: Integrity violations and important factors 239 8.4.2 Regression analysis relationship between integrity violations and influential factors 243 8.5 Conclusion 247 9. Conclusions and Discussion 249 9.1 Introduction 249 9.2 Research question, concepts, model and methods 249 9.3 Summary of results: Views on corruption and integrity violations 254 9.4 Summary of results: Factors and conditions that influenc integrity violations 256 9.5 What might help in curbing integrity violations in Pakistan 258 9.6 Contribution to theory and methodology 261 9.7 Future research directions 263 References 265 Appendix A1 Survey 283 Appendix A2 Authorization letter 289 Appendix B1 Regressions results 291 Appendix C1 Correlations among independent influential factors 292 Appendix D1 Islamabad Traffic Police fine list 293 Appendix D2 Rawalpindi Traffic Police fine list 294 Appendix E Interview protocol 297 Summary 299 Acknowledgements My journey and endeavor towards successful completion of my PhD have many twists and that’s why it has special place and position in my life. When I started this project, I didn’t realize how hard it would be or at what cost I would achieve this. But at the same time its different phases and challenges have its own tastes and flavors, and that is realized only when it is over. The errand of PhD accomplishment shouldn’t be credited to just the candidates, but there are also a bunch of people who are regularly involved in steering and pushing the project towards its successful completion. Some are mentors without whom this would be like ‘mission impossible’, others are supporting with their prayers and encouragements, and some are sharing the tears and offer their shoulders for catharsis. Herein, I wish to convey my most sincere thanks to those who have helped me in various ways throughout the years and my apologies in advance if I miss anybody. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincerest appreciation to my promoter, Prof. dr. L.W.J.C. Huberts. I am enormously grateful to you for your invaluable suggestions, untiring guidance, inspiration and continuous encouragement throughout the course of my PhD project. Thank you for always keeping your door open and helping me with problems and, when necessary, assisting me to overcome seemingly unsolvable problems.
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