49063-001: Enabling Economic Corridors Through Sustainable
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Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report Project Number: 49063-001 June 2019 Islamic Republic of Pakistan: Enabling Economic Corridors through Sustainable Transport Sector Development Prepared by NTU International Aalborg, Denmark For Ministry of Communications This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. The preparation of these Guidelines was assisted by a technical assistance grant financed by the UK Department for International Development and administered by the Asian Development Bank. Published by: Ministry of Communications, Islamabad June 2019 Photo credits: Asian Development Bank, Pakistan www.communication.gov.pk Guidelines for Road Safety Engineering|Part I ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials AADT Average Annual Daily Traffic ADB Asian Development Bank AfDB African Development Bank AJK Azad Jammu and Kashmir CAREC Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation CDA Capital Development Authority CMF Crash Modification Factor EC European Commission ECSP Engineering Consultancy Services Punjab EN European Norm EU European Union ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific FYRR First Year Rate of Return GB Gilgit-Baltistan GDP Gross Domestic Product GoP Government of Pakistan GPS Global Positioning System iRAP International Road Assessment Programme ITP Islamabad Traffic Police KP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa MASH Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware MoC Ministry of Communications NHA National Highway Authority NH&MP National Highway and Motorway Police NPV Net Present Value NTRC National Transport Research Centre NUST National University of Sciences and Technology OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PAK Pakistan PKHA Pakhtunkhwa Highways Authority PIARC World Road Association RSA Road Safety Audit RSI Road Safety Inspection i Guidelines for Road Safety Engineering|Part I RSIA Road Safety Impact Assessment TA Technical Assistance UN United Nations US United States WHO World Health Organisation ii Guidelines for Road Safety Engineering|Part I TABLE OF CONTENTS Preamble .................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 3 1 Reference road safety framework ................................................................... 6 1.1 Pakistani road network ............................................................................... 6 1.2 The current road safety situation ............................................................... 7 2 Review of existing standards and guidelines ................................................ 16 2.1 Road design standards currently used ................................................... 16 2.2 New geometric design standards ........................................................... 16 2.3 Asian Highway design standards ............................................................ 17 2.4 CAREC Road Safety Engineering Manuals ............................................ 18 2.5 NHA Road Safety Audit guidelines .......................................................... 19 3 Sustainable safety principles for road design ............................................... 22 3.1 Safe System principles .............................................................................. 22 3.2 Sustainable Safety principles ................................................................... 23 3.3 Categorization of roads and network design ........................................ 35 3.4 Speed management ................................................................................ 40 4 Road infrastructure safety management ...................................................... 52 4.1 Road safety strategies .............................................................................. 53 4.2 Road safety impact assessment ............................................................. 54 4.3 Road safety audits .................................................................................... 57 4.4 Road safety inspections ........................................................................... 60 4.5 Treatment of crash locations ................................................................... 65 References ............................................................................................................... 79 Annex – Road design standards’ benchmark ..................................................... 81 iii Guidelines for Road I Safety Engineering|Part I Preamble The objective of the TA-8990 PAK: Enabling Economic Corridors through Sustainable Transport Sector - Road Safety Component is to assist the Government of Pakistan (GoP) to establish sustainable national road safety institutions and to build the structures, processes and capacity required at all levels to achieve long term reductions in road traffic deaths. The project structure is aligned with the UN Road Safety Pillars and underpinned by the Safe System Approach. Globally, Pillar 2 ‘Safe Roads’ is a key focus area. Currently road safety, particularly the safety of vulnerable road users, such as motorcycle riders, pedestrians, bicyclists and occupants of 3-wheeled vehicles is not sufficiently prioritised in road design, construction, improvement and maintenance. These Road Safety Engineering Guidelines aim to provide a suitable document for practitioners both being engineers in agencies with a responsibility for road construction and network management and private consultants. The objective is therefore to provide a practical tool that will be used by managers and engineers responsible for designing, improving, and maintaining all classes of road at all government levels in Pakistan. The development of Guidelines content and format is being coordinated with two concurrent NHA projects: development of Pakistan Road Design Guidelines and the introduction of Pakistan International Road Assessment Program to ensure that the three initiatives are integrated. The overall objective is to support Federal, Provincial and Territory road agencies to deliver safer roads throughout Pakistan. The Guidelines consist of two parts as follows: Part I - General recommendations for safer roads Methodological document in which, after a brief overview of the main road safety issues affecting Pakistan, a systemic route is defined for solving problems in a cost-effective perspective. Reference is made to international best practices such as, for example, the European Directive 2008/96/EC, or road safety engineering manuals published in the countries historically most reputable in the field of road safety (e.g. UK, Netherland, Ireland, Australia, etc.). Part II - Catalogue of countermeasures for typical road safety issues Practical design guide consisting of a sample of forms describing typical cases of infrastructural deficiencies and possible countermeasures. The catalogue gives brief information, including pictorial representations, of well-known design errors in a readily understood way, will suggest a range of methods to overcome these and will give 1 Guidelines for Road Safety Engineering|Part I an indication of the countermeasure costs and benefits to facilitate prioritisation of the work. The catalogue can be used both as a proactive safety tool to ensure the design faults do not arise in the first place, or a reactive safety tool to assist in designing cost-effective countermeasures where problems already exist on the road network. 2 Guidelines for Road I Safety Engineering|Part I Introduction In Pakistan, WHO statistics (WHO, 2018) indicate that more than 27,000 people were killed in road collisions in 20161. According to the international statistics2, we can estimate that the death of about one third of them is – at least partially – related to the road environment. In fact, although reliable crash data are still not available in Pakistan, there is information about many collisions where the road alignment, equipment or traffic management were one of the main factors Consequently, it is proven that a good and ‘safety-oriented’ design may reduce the probability and severity of crashes, and measurable safety gains have been achieved in all countries where this approach has been implemented. On the other hand, if this new approach to design is not part of a management system that allows the entire cycle from planning to the construction and maintenance of the infrastructure to be effectively controlled, there is a risk of providing a sterile tool that is not supported by the institutional and programming framework. Currently, Pakistan does not have a shared system for managing road infrastructure safety. Each activity related to road infrastructure security is mainly due to occasional initiatives of a few individual organisations (e.g. NHA, Punjab Road Safety Authority, etc.), without them being part of a broader national design. This is also in addition to a situation where the limited adherence to a specific set of road design guidelines is still an issue. This document, underpinned by the principles of the Safe System approach, is intended to respond to these needs. After a general description of the problem, it describes some key processes, already widely tested in other countries, which, if implemented, can constitute the architecture