DOCSLIB.ORG

“Live Gut Bacteria” in Blood of Japanese Patients with Type 2

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
“Live Gut Bacteria” in Blood of Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Care Volume 37, August 2014 2343 Gut Dysbiosis and Detection of Junko Sato,1 Akio Kanazawa,1,2 Fuki Ikeda,1 Tomoaki Yoshihara,1 “Live Gut Bacteria” in Blood of Hiromasa Goto,1 Hiroko Abe,1 Koji Komiya,1 Minako Kawaguchi,1 Japanese Patients With Type 2 Tomoaki Shimizu,1 Takeshi Ogihara,1 Yoshifumi Tamura,1,3 Yuko Sakurai,1 Diabetes Risako Yamamoto,1 Tomoya Mita,1 Yoshio Fujitani,1,4 Hiroshi Fukuda,5 6 6 Diabetes Care 2014;37:2343–2350 | DOI: 10.2337/dc13-2817 Koji Nomoto, Takuya Takahashi, Takashi Asahara,6 Takahisa Hirose,7 Satoru Nagata,8,9 Yuichiro Yamashiro,8 and Hirotaka Watada1–4,10 OBJECTIVE Mounting evidence indicates that the gut microbiota are an important modifier of obesity and diabetes. However, so far there is no information on gut microbiota and “live gut bacteria” in the systemic circulation of Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS 1Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Using a sensitive reverse transcription–quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) method, we Juntendo University Graduate School of Medi- cine, Tokyo, Japan determined the composition of fecal gut microbiota in 50 Japanese patients with 2Center for Therapeutic Innovations in Diabetes, type 2 diabetes and 50 control subjects, and its association with various clinical Juntendo University Graduate School of Medi- parameters, including inflammatory markers. We also analyzed the presence of cine, Tokyo, Japan PATHOPHYSIOLOGY/COMPLICATIONS 3 gut bacteria in blood samples. Sportology Center, Juntendo University Gradu- ate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan 4 RESULTS Center for Beta Cell Biology and Regeneration, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medi- The counts of the Clostridium coccoides group, Atopobium cluster, and Prevotella cine, Tokyo, Japan (obligate anaerobes) were significantly lower (P < 0.05), while the counts of total 5Department of General Medicine, Juntendo Lactobacillus (facultative anaerobes) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in fecal University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan samples of diabetic patients than in those of control subjects. Especially, the counts 6Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological of Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus plantarum subgroups were significantly Research, Tokyo, Japan higher (P < 0.05). Gut bacteria were detected in blood at a significantly higher rate 7Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, in diabetic patients than in control subjects (28% vs. 4%, P < 0.01), and most of these Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan 8Probiotics Research Laboratory, Juntendo Uni- bacteria were Gram-positive. versity Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan CONCLUSIONS 9Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women’s This is the first report of gut dysbiosis in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes as Medical University, Tokyo, Japan 10 assessed by RT-qPCR. The high rate of gut bacteria in the circulation suggests Center for Molecular Diabetology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, translocation of bacteria from the gut to the bloodstream. Japan Corresponding author: Akio Kanazawa, akana@ The gut microbiota are essential for the host immune system (1), digestion, includ- juntendo.ac.jp. ing the breakdown of complex carbohydrates such as dietary fibers, and the pro- Received 2 December 2013 and accepted 28 duction of organic acids to maintain an appropriate pH environment in the gut (2). March 2014. The study of gut microbiota is rapidly progressing, and it is no exaggeration to say This article contains Supplementary Data online that the introduction of culture-independent approaches based on 16S rRNA anal- at http://care.diabetesjournals.org/lookup/ suppl/doi:10.2337/dc13-2817/-/DC1. ysis has led to a paradigm shift in this field (2,3). In addition to its physiological © 2014 by the American Diabetes Association. importance, gut dysbiosis is associated with obesity through the increased avail- Readers may use this article as long as the work ability of energy-rich foods such as Western diet (4–6). Together with previous data, is properly cited, the use is educational and not new information on the pathophysiological roles of the gut and blood microbiota in for profit, and the work is not altered. 2344 Gut Dysbiosis in Japanese Patients With Diabetes Diabetes Care Volume 37, August 2014 the development of atherosclerosis patients with type 2 diabetes and 50 con- 5 days of submitting fecal samples. One have been reported (7–9). The impor- trol subjects by detecting 16S rRNA. We milliliter of blood was added to 2 mL of tant concept of the role of gut micro- also investigated the relation among var- RNAprotect bacterial reagent (Qiagen, biota in insulin resistance was first ious clinical parameters, food intake, and Hilden, Germany) immediately after col- described by Cani and colleagues gut microbiota to determine the clinical lection. The samples were stored at (4,10–13). In a series of studies, these significance of gut microbiota in Japanese 2808C. Both the fecal and blood samples investigators demonstrated that intesti- patients with type 2 diabetes. were transported at 2208C to the Yakult nal Gram-negative bacteria produced Central Institute for Microbiological lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is a RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Research. well-known proinflammatory molecule, Study Subjects To quantify the bacteria present in can translocate to the bloodstream We recruited Japanese type 2 diabetic thesamples,weextractedtotalRNA from a leaky gut, and causes metabolic patients who regularly visited the Outpa- fractions from feces and blood by the endotoxemia, which is associated with tient Clinic of Juntendo University Hospi- method previously described (18–21), obesity (4). More specifically, a high-fat tal between 2011 and 2012, and 50 and examined the gut microbiota com- diet enhances the disruption of the tight patients agreed to participate in the position and plasma levels of the gut junction proteins in the intestine, such study. We also recruited control subjects bacteria by using the 16S rRNA-targeted as zonula occludens-1 and occludin, who regularly visited the Outpatient RT–quantitative PCR (qPCR) using the that are involved in the gut barrier func- Clinic of Juntendo University Hospital Yakult Intestinal Flora-SCAN. Three tion in mouse models (13). This effect is for the management of hypertension, serial dilutions of the extracted RNA directly dependent on the gut micro- dyslipidemia, or thyroid disease, whose sample were used for bacterial rRNA- biota because antibiotic treatment abol- conditions were under good control or targeted RT-qPCR (18–21), and the ished diet-induced gut permeability (4). who visited Juntendo University Hospital threshold cycle values in the linear The above studies suggest that gut for routine medical checkups between range of the assay were applied to the dysbiosis and the related increased per- 2011 and 2012. Fifty control subjects standard curve to obtain the corre- , meability of the gut could serve as envi- with HbA1c levels 6.0% (42 mmol/mol) sponding bacterial cell count in each nu- ronmental factors for the development agreed to participate. Patients with the cleic acid sample. Those data were then of obesity before the development of following conditions were excluded used to determine the number of bacte- diabetes. While data from mice are con- from the study: 1) proliferative retinopa- ria per sample. The specificity of the RT- vincing, the functional links between hu- thy; 2)age$80 years; 3) serious liver qPCR assay using the group-, genus-, or man gut microbiota and disease are less disease (aspartate aminotransferase species-specificprimerswasdeter- well-understood because of various and/or alanine aminotransferase level mined as described previously (18–21). confounding factors, including age, sex, .100 IU/L) or serious kidney disease (se- The sequences of the primers are listed diet, genetics, and race (14,15). rum creatinine level .2.0 mg/dL; 4) acute in Supplementary Table 1. In Japan, the estimated number of pa- heart failure; 5) malignancy; 6)inflamma- tients with type 2 diabetes has increased tory bowel disease; and 7) a history of Measurement of Organic Acids to 10.7 million, the sixth largest such pop- treatment with antibiotics within 3 and pH ulation in the world (16). However, there months of study participation. The study The concentrations of organic acids in fe- were no human studies on gut microbiota protocol was approved by the Human ces and serum were determined using composition in Japanese patients with Ethics Committee of Juntendo University, methods described previously (21) with type 2 diabetes. The Japanese diet is and written informed consent was ob- slight modifications. Briefly, the frozen very different from the Western diet, tained from each patient before enroll- sample was homogenized in four volumes and gut microbiota are known to be influ- ment in the study. of 0.15 mol/L perchloric acid and allowed enced by food type (6), suggesting that to stand at 48C for 12 h. The suspension gut microbiota in Japanese patients with Determination of the Bacterial was centrifuged at 20,400 3 g at 48Cfor type 2 diabetes might be different from Count by 16S rRNA-Targeted Reverse 10 min. Then, the resulting supernatant those of Western individuals. Therefore, Transcription–Quantitative PCR was passed through a filter with a pore it is important to investigate gut micro- After study enrollment, the participants size of 0.45 mm (Millipore Japan, Tokyo, biota composition in Japanese patients were asked to submit fresh fecal samples. Japan). The sample was analyzed for with type 2 diabetes. The fecal samples were placed directly organic acids using a high-performance Intriguingly, Amar et al. (17) reported into two tubes (;1.0 g/tube) by the par- liquid chromatography system (432 Con- that a high-fat diet induces bacterial ticipants or hospital staff members; one ductivity Detector; Waters Co., Milford, translocation from the gut to the blood- tube contained 2 mL of RNAlater (an RNA MA), and pH in feces was analyzed using stream in humans by detecting bacterial stabilization solution; Ambion, Austin, the IQ 150 pH/Thermometer (IQ Scientific genomic DNA encoding 16S rRNA.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Association of Fungi and Archaea of the Gut Microbiota with Crohn's
    pathogens Article Association of Fungi and Archaea of the Gut Microbiota with Crohn’s Disease in Pediatric Patients—Pilot Study Agnieszka Krawczyk 1, Dominika Salamon 1,* , Kinga Kowalska-Duplaga 2 , Tomasz Bogiel 3,4 and Tomasz Gosiewski 1,* 1 Department of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Krakow, Poland; [email protected] 2 Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland; [email protected] 3 Microbiology Department, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; [email protected] 4 Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, University Hospital No. 1 in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland * Correspondence: [email protected] (D.S.); [email protected] (T.G.); Tel.: +48-(12)-633-25-67 (D.S.); +48-(12)-633-25-67 (T.G.) Abstract: The composition of bacteria is often altered in Crohn’s disease (CD), but its connection to the disease is not fully understood. Gut archaea and fungi have recently been suggested to play a role as well. In our study, the presence and number of selected species of fungi and archaea in pediatric patients with CD and healthy controls were evaluated. Stool samples were collected from children with active CD (n = 54), non-active CD (n = 37) and control subjects (n = 33). The prevalence and the number of selected microorganisms were assessed by real-time PCR. The prevalence of Candida Citation: Krawczyk, A.; Salamon, D.; tropicalis was significantly increased in active CD compared to non-active CD and the control group Kowalska-Duplaga, K.; Bogiel, T.; (p = 0.011 and p = 0.036, respectively).
    [Show full text]
  • Porphyromonas Gingivalis Infection on Gut Dysbiosis and Arthritis Exacerbation in 1 Mouse Model
    Preprint: Please note that this article has not completed peer review. Effect of Porphyromonas gingivalis infection on gut dysbiosis and arthritis exacerbation in 1 mouse model CURRENT STATUS: UNDER REVISION Yuta Hamamoto Hiroshima University Kazuhisa Ouhara Hiroshima University [email protected] Author ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6796-884X Syuichi Munenaga HIroshima University Mikio Shoji Nagasaki University Tatsuhiko Ozawa University of Toyama Jyunzo Hisatsune National Institute of Infectious Diseases Isamu Kado Hiroshima University Mikihito Kajiya Hiroshima University Shinji Matsuda Hiroshima University Toshihisa Kawai Nova Southeastern University Noriyoshi Mizuno Hiroshima University 1 Tsuyoshi Fujita Hiroshima University Shintaro Hirata Hiroshima University Kotaro Tanimoto Hiroshima University Koji Nakayama Nagasaki University Hiroyuki Kishi University of Toyama Eiji Sugiyama Hiroshima University Hidemi Kurihara Hiroshima University DOI: 10.21203/rs.2.20521/v1 SUBJECT AREAS Rheumatology KEYWORDS Porphyromonas gingivalis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Periodontitis, Citrullinated protein, Dysbiosis 2 Abstract Background : Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) infection causes periodontal disease and is one of the causative bacteria of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) exacerbation. Gut microbiota dysbiosis has shown strong associations with systemic diseases, including RA, diabetes mellitus, and inflammatory bowel disease, and inoculation of periodontopathogenic bacteria (i.e. Pg) can alter gut microbiota composition. Therefore, this study investigated dysbiosis-mediated arthritis exacerbation by Pg oral inoculation in an experimental arthritis model mouse. Methods : Pg inoculation in the oral cavity twice a week for 6 weeks was performed to induce periodontitis in SKG mice. Concomitantly, a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of laminarin (LA) was administered to induce experimental arthritis (Pg-LA mouse). Citrullinated protein (CP) and IL-6 levels in periodontal, intestinal, and joint tissues, and serum were measured by ELISA.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of Microbiome Dysbiosis and Bacterial Biofilms On
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review The Influence of Microbiome Dysbiosis and Bacterial Biofilms on Epidermal Barrier Function in Atopic Dermatitis—An Update Leszek Blicharz 1,*, Lidia Rudnicka 1, Joanna Czuwara 1, Anna Wa´skiel-Burnat 1, Mohamad Goldust 2 , Małgorzata Olszewska 1 and Zbigniew Samochocki 1 1 Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected] (L.R.); [email protected] (J.C.); [email protected] (A.W.-B.); [email protected] (M.O.); [email protected] (Z.S.) 2 Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory dermatosis affecting up to 30% of children and 10% of adults worldwide. AD is primarily driven by an epidermal barrier defect which triggers immune dysregulation within the skin. According to recent research such phenomena are closely related to the microbial dysbiosis of the skin. There is growing evidence that cutaneous microbiota and bacterial biofilms negatively affect skin barrier function, contributing to the onset and exacerbation of AD. This review summarizes the latest data on the mechanisms leading to microbiome dysbiosis and biofilm formation in AD, and the influence of these phenomena on skin barrier function. Citation: Blicharz, L.; Rudnicka, L.; Keywords: atopic dermatitis; biofilms; microbiome; staphylococci; skin barrier Czuwara, J.; Wa´skiel-Burnat,A.; Goldust, M.; Olszewska, M.; Samochocki, Z. The Influence of Microbiome Dysbiosis and Bacterial Biofilms on Epidermal Barrier 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Human Gut Microbiota: a Dynamic Interplay with the Host from Birth to Senescence Settled During Childhood
    Review nature publishing group The human gut microbiota: a dynamic interplay with the host from birth to senescence settled during childhood Lorenza Putignani1, Federica Del Chierico2, Andrea Petrucca2,3, Pamela Vernocchi2,4 and Bruno Dallapiccola5 The microbiota “organ” is the central bioreactor of the gastroin- producing immunological memory (2). Indeed, the intestinal testinal tract, populated by a total of 1014 bacteria and charac- epithelium at the interface between microbiota and lymphoid terized by a genomic content (microbiome), which represents tissue plays a crucial role in the mucosa immune response more than 100 times the human genome. The microbiota (2). The IS ability to coevolve with the microbiota during the plays an important role in child health by acting as a barrier perinatal life allows the host and the microbiota to coexist in a against pathogens and their invasion with a highly dynamic relationship of mutual benefit, which consists in dispensing, in modality, exerting metabolic multistep functions and stimu- a highly coordinated way, specific immune responses toward lating the development of the host immune system, through the biomass of foreign antigens, and in discriminating false well-­organized programming, which influences all of the alarms triggered by benign antigens (2). The failure to obtain growth and aging processes. The advent of “omics” technolo- or maintain this complex homeostasis has a negative impact gies (genomics, proteomics, metabolomics), characterized by on the intestinal and systemic health (2). Once the balance complex technological platforms and advanced analytical and fails, the “disturbance” causes the disease, triggering an abnor- computational procedures, has opened new avenues to the mal inflammatory response as it happens, for example, for the knowledge of the gut microbiota ecosystem, clarifying some inflammatory bowel diseases in newborns (2).
    [Show full text]
  • Alm-Dysbiosis-Preprint.Pdf
    Dysbiosis is not an answer The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Olesen, Scott W., and Eric J. Alm. “Dysbiosis Is Not an Answer.” Nature Microbiology, vol. 1, no. 12, Dec. 2016. As Published https://doi.org/10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.228 Publisher Nature Publishing Group Version Author's final manuscript Citable link http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118383 Terms of Use Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike Detailed Terms http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Dysbiosis is not an answer Scott W. Olesen and Eric J. Alm Dysbiosis, an imbalance in the microbiota, has been a major organizing concept in microbiome science and medicine. Here, we discuss how the balance concept, a holdover from prescientific thought, is irrelevant to—and may even distract from— useful research about the microbiome. Throughout most of Western medical history, it was believed that the digestion of foods produced humors: mostly invisible liquids that were transformed into the materials that make up the body. Humoral theory dictated that diseases were caused by imbalances in these humors. A doctor's role was to help the body correct this imbalance, either by altering a patient's diet—thus changing the intake of humors—or by expelling excess humors, for example, by bloodletting1. Now, with modern DNA sequencing technology, we know our digestive systems are actually filled with mostly invisible microorganisms that respond to our diet. We have found that altering diet, ingesting probiotics, and wholesale replacement of the microbial community can improve our health.
    [Show full text]
  • Gut Dysbiosis, Inflammation and Type 2 Diabetes in Mice Using
    ISSN 1519-6984 (Print) ISSN 1678-4375 (Online) THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON NEOTROPICAL BIOLOGY THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENT Original Article Gut dysbiosis, inflammation and type 2 diabetes in mice using synthetic gut microbiota from diabetic humans Disbiose intestinal, inflamação e diabetes tipo 2 em camundongos usando microbiota intestinal sintética de humanos diabéticos I. Liaqata* , N. M. Alia , N. Arshadb , S. Sajjadc , F. Rashidc , U. Hanifd , C. Arae , M. Ulfatf , S. Andleebg , U. F. Awand , A. Bibih , M. Mubini , S. Alia , H. M. Tahira and I. ul-Haqj aGC University Lahore, Department of Zoology, Microbiology Laboratory, Lahore, Pakistan bThe University of Lahore, Department of Zoology, Lahore, Pakistan cLahore College for Women University, Department of Zoology, Lahore, Pakistan dGC University, Department of Botany, Lahore, Pakistan eUniversity of the Punjab, Department of Zoology, Lahore, Pakistan fLahore College for Women University, Department of Botany, Lahore, Pakistan gUniversity of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Department of Zoology, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan hThe Women University, Department of Zoology, Multan, Pakistan iUniversity of Agriculture, Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faisalabad, Pakistan jGC University, Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Lahore, Pakistan Abstract The study was aimed to assess impact of high fat diet (HFD) and synthetic human gut microbiota (GM) combined with HFD and chow diet (CD) in inducing type-2 diabetes (T2D) using mice model. To our knowledge, this is the first study using selected human GM transplantation via culture based method coupled dietary modulation in mice for in vivo establishment of inflammation leading to T2D and gut dysbiosis. Twenty bacteria (T2D1-T2D20) from stool samples of confirmed T2D subjects were found to be morphologically different and subjected to purification on different media both aerobically and anerobically, which revealed seven bacteria more common among 20 isolates on the basis of biochemical characterization.
    [Show full text]
  • Is Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis a Predictor of Increased Susceptibility to Poor Outcome of COVID-19 Patients? an Update
    microorganisms Review Is Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis a Predictor of Increased Susceptibility to Poor Outcome of COVID-19 Patients? An Update Carolina Ferreira 1,2,3 , Sofia D. Viana 1,2,3,4 and Flávio Reis 1,2,3,* 1 Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, & Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; [email protected] (C.F.); sofi[email protected] (S.D.V.) 2 Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal 3 Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal 4 Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, Pharmacy, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +351-239-480-053 Abstract: The scientific knowledge already attained regarding the way severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infects human cells and the clinical manifestations and conse- quences for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, especially the most severe cases, brought gut microbiota into the discussion. It has been suggested that intestinal microflora composition plays a role in this disease because of the following: (i) its relevance to an efficient immune system response; (ii) the fact that 5–10% of the patients present gastrointestinal symptoms; and (iii) because it is modulated by intestinal angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) (which is the virus receptor). In addition, it is known that the most severely affected patients (those who stay longer in hospital, who require intensive care, and who eventually die) are older people with pre-existing cardiovascular, metabolic, renal, and pulmonary diseases, the same people in which the prevalence of gut microflora dysbiosis is higher.
    [Show full text]
  • Enteric Fungal Microbiota Dysbiosis and Ecological Alterations In
    Gut microbiota ORIGINAL ARTICLE Gut: first published as 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-317178 on 24 November 2018. Downloaded from Enteric fungal microbiota dysbiosis and ecological alterations in colorectal cancer Olabisi Oluwabukola Coker,1 Geicho Nakatsu,1 Rudin Zhenwei Dai,1 William Ka Kei Wu,1,2 Sunny Hei Wong,1 Siew Chien Ng,1 Francis Ka Leung Chan,1 Joseph Jao Yiu Sung,1 Jun Yu1 ► Additional material is ABSTRact published online only. To view Objectives Bacteriome and virome alterations are Significance of this study please visit the journal online associated with colorectal cancer (CRC). Nevertheless, (http:// dx. doi. org/ 10. 1136/ What is already known on this subject? gutjnl- 2018- 317178). the gut fungal microbiota in CRC remains largely unexplored. We aimed to characterise enteric mycobiome ► Donor gut microbiota from patients with 1State Key Laboratory of in CRC. colorectal cancer (CRC) has been shown to Digestive Disease, Department induce tumourigenesis in germ-deficient mice of Medicine and Therapeutics, Design Faecal shotgun metagenomic sequences of Li Ka Shing Institute of Health 184 patients with CRC, 197 patients with adenoma and models. Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen 204 control subjects from Hong Kong were analysed ► Bacteriome and virome alterations are Research Institute, The Chinese (discovery cohort: 73 patients with CRC and 92 control associated with CRC. University of Hong Kong, Hong ► The involvement of gut fungal microbiota in Kong subjects; validation cohort: 111 patients with CRC, 197 2Department of Anaesthesia patients
    [Show full text]
  • Dysbiosis in Pediatrics Is Associated with Respiratory Infections: Is There a Place for Bacterial-Derived Products?
    microorganisms Review Dysbiosis in Pediatrics Is Associated with Respiratory Infections: Is There a Place for Bacterial-Derived Products? Stefania Ballarini 1,*, Giovanni A. Rossi 2, Nicola Principi 3 and Susanna Esposito 4 1 Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Didactic Pole “Sant’Andrea delle Fratte”, 06132 Perugia, Italy 2 Unit of Pediatric Pulmonary, G. Gaslini University Hospital, 16147 Genoa, Italy; [email protected] 3 Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; [email protected] 4 Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pediatric Clinic, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are common in childhood because of the physiologic immaturity of the immune system, a microbial community under development in addition to other genetic, physiological, environmental and social factors. RTIs tend to recur and severe lower viral RTIs in early childhood are not uncommon and are associated with increased risk of respiratory disorders later in life, including recurrent wheezing and asthma. Therefore, a better understanding of the main players and mechanisms involved in respiratory morbidity is necessary for a prompt and improved care as well as for primary prevention. The inter-talks between human immune components and microbiota as well as their main functions have been recently unraveled; nevertheless, more is still to be discovered or understood in the above medical conditions. The aim of this review paper is to provide the most up-to-date overview on dysbiosis in pre-school children and its association with Citation: Ballarini, S.; Rossi, G.A.; RTIs and their complications.
    [Show full text]
  • Methods in Microbiome Research Namrata Iyer
    TECHNOLOGY FEATURE Methods in microbiome research Namrata Iyer From the freezing lakes of Antarctica to satisfied most of these requirements. The metametabolomics are more technically the thermal vents deep within the oceans, most widely used method in microbiome challenging, given the sheer diversity of microbes have managed to survive and analysis is 16s rRNA sequencing2. The proteins and metabolites that each microbe thrive in the most inhospitable of con- 16s rRNA gene is highly conserved in all can produce. While these techniques are ditions. Unsurprisingly, the relatively bacteria and sequencing of its regions of still in their infancy, they promise to reveal luxurious abode of the human body is hyper- variability allows the identification unique insights into the communication chockablock with microbial life. We have of different bacterial species. But this tech- and cooperation between the different coevolved over centuries with these micro- nique suffers from inaccuracies at species members of the microbiota, and also host- organisms, collectively referred to as our level classification2. Furthermore, it limits microbiota interactions. microbiota, resulting in a relationship the analysis to only bacterial species while that is mutually beneficial. However, it has ignoring other members in the community. Microbiota structure only been in the past few decades that the Platforms are now being developed that can Community structure is a function of who importance of the microbiota to human couple this technique with other genetic is present in the microbiota community health has been uncovered. It is now well- markers, allowing detection of eukaryotic and how these members interact with each known that imbalance in the microbiota— members of the microbiota as well3.
    [Show full text]
  • FECAL MICROBIOTA TRANSPLANTATION: from Theory to Practice
    FECAL MICROBIOTA TRANSPLANTATION: From Theory to Practice Craig B. Webb, PhD, DVM, DACVIM Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO, USA INTRODUCTION If our patients were cows instead of cats and dogs the use of Fecal Transplantation would be a no- brainer. Known as Rumen Transfaunation in bovine, the cud from a healthy donor cow is used to treat a sick cow, based on the assumption that changes in the intestinal microbial population could be associated with GI disease (indigestion), abnormal rumen function post-surgery (left-displaced abomasum), and manifestations of toxin exposure. Rumen Transfaunation is considered an effective, practical, and easy method to treat simple indigestion of ruminants. In humans Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) is the transfer of stool from a healthy donor into the colon of a patient whose disease is, again, presumed to either cause or result as the consequence of an altered microbiome. FMT is best studied and most frequently and effectively used for humans with recurrent Clostricium difficile (CDI) infection. The potential therapeutic benefit of FMT may extend beyond CDI in people, particularly in conditions of GI dysbiosis and immune dysfunction. As of Feb, 2018, searching PubMed for “fecal microbiota transplantation” AND “cat”, “feline”, “dog”, or “canine” produced ONE publication on the Role of the GI Microbiota in Small Animal Health and Disease (Redfern et al. Vet Rec 2017). The Importance of an Altered Microbiota: Dysbiosis The fecal Microbiota (actual organisms) and Microbiome (genetic material) are essential to the normal development and function of most every system in the body, although most often highlighted with regards to the gastrointestinal tract [these terms are often used interchangeably].
    [Show full text]
  • The Gut Microbiota and Obesity
    CHAPTER 11. The gut microbiota and obesity Hervé M. Blottière CHAPTER 11 CHAPTER The human microbiota is com- portance outside the gut, especially a definition [3]. In a healthy symbi- posed of about as many microorgan- after the pioneering work of Gordon otic state, the colonic microbiota isms as there are cells in the human and collaborators [1]. is an important organ, interacting body. It is a very diverse ecosystem Recently, the development of with food (in particular dietary fibre, comprising more than 100 trillion mi- molecular tools and subsequently of enabling energy harvest from oth- crobes living in the intestines, the next-generation sequencing enabled erwise indigestible dietary com- mouth, the skin, the vagina, and the richness of the intestinal ecosys- pounds), interacting with cells (in- elsewhere in the body. Although it tem to be revealed [2]. Each individ- cluding immune cells, but also the was previously called the gastroin- ual harbours hundreds of different metabolic and nervous systems), testinal flora or microflora, the more species, most of which have not and protecting against pathogens pragmatic term “microbiota” is now yet been cultured. Studies have re- by acting as a barrier to infection preferred. vealed that 70–80% of the dominant (Fig. 11.1). The microbiome, the “other ge- species have no representative in nome” or “second genome” of the culture collections. Only a few doz- Gene catalogues of gut human body, is composed of about en species are conserved between microbiota 10 million genes, compared with about individuals, representing a core that 23 000 genes in the human genome, seems to be a stable community un- The first draft of the human genome and thus provides a very rich function- der healthy conditions.
    [Show full text]