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Pouvoir Allélopathique D'huile Essentielle De La Plante Médicinale

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Pouvoir Allélopathique D'huile Essentielle De La Plante Médicinale REPUBLIQUE ALGERIENNE DEMOCRATIQUE ET POPULAIRE REPUBLIQUE ALGERIENNE DEMOCRATIQUE ET POPULAIRE UNIVERSITE MOHAMED BOUDIAF - M’SILA FACULTE DES SCIENCES DOMAINE : SCIENCES DE LA DEPARTEMENT DES SCIENCES NATURE ET DE LA VIE DE LA NATURE ET DE LA VIE FILIERE : BIOTECHNOLOGIE N° :………………, Série : BV/2020 OPTION : BIOTECHNOLOGIE VEGETALE VEGETALE Mémoire présenté pour l’obtention Du diplôme de Master Académique Par : HADJI MAROUA Intitulé Pouvoir allélopathique d'huile essentielle de la plante médicinale Zingiber officinale sur quelques plantes. Soutenu devant le jury composé de: Dr. Hadji Abbas MCB Université M.B de M’Sila Président. Dr. Smaili Tahar MCB Université M.B de M’Sila Rapporteur. Dr. Belkassam Abdelwahab MCB Université M.B de M’Sila Examinateur. Année universitaire : 201 /2020 كلمة شكر ِ ِ الشكر اﻷّوؿُ للقائِل يف كتابو: )لئن شكرُُت ﻷ زيَد نَّ ُكم(، فاغبمد هلل الذي أؽبمين القوة وال ّصرب، وأحاطِين برعايتو وأعانين ووفقين ﻹسباـ ىذا العمل وبل َّغين ىذا اليوـ وأنا يف خًن حاؿ. ِ أتقدـ جبزيل الشكر إىل الدكتور ظباعيلي الطّاىر على قبولو اﻹشراؼ عل َّي يف ىذا العمل وعلى آُّهودات اليت قّدمها لنا ِ طيلة سنوات التّخ ّصص الثّبلثة، وأستغ ُّل الُفرصة ﻷشهد لوُ بطيبتو وسبيُّزه معنا، فبفضِل اهلل أ َّوﻻً وأخ ًًنا رافقتنا العديُد من النّعم ِ اﻹؽبيَّة طيلة مشوارنا الّْدراس ّي وقد كاف الدكتور ظباعيلي الطّاىر أحد ىذه النّْعم اليت تستح ُّق منّا ُك َّل ال ُّشكر والثّناء والتّقدير. ٍ ِ ِ ِ ُك ُّل الشكر ؼبن كاف لنا دوًما منارة علم هنتدي ّٔا ونقتب ُس من نُورىا ال دكتور بلقساـ عبد الوىاب، خالص امتناين لو ِ ِ على تشجيعات و ودعمو وحرصو ال ّشديد دائًما على أف نعمل وندُرس يف أحسن الظ ّروؼ. ُشكًرا لو ولؤلستاذ حا ّجي عباس على ِ ِ قبوؽبما اؼبشاركة يف تقييم ىذه اﻷطروحة يف ظ ّل ىذا الظّرؼ اﻻستثنائ ّي. ٍ أشكر أفراد أسريت الذين كانُوا جبانيب يف ك ّْل ُخطوة خطوُُتا كبو اﻷماـ: ِ ِ ِ أيب، وأّمي الغالية اليت كانت خلفي دائًما لتُضيئَِين بدعواُت ا ُكلَّما انطفت ُت وق َّل توُّىجي. ِ ِ أخيت تقى اليت رافقتين طيلة فرتة إقباز اﻷطروحة وأشرفت عل َّي دبساعدُتا وتوجيهاُتا وصربت على استفسارايت وأسئليت ح ى هناية العمل.. عبارا ُت ال ُّشكِر واﻻمتناف لن توفيها حَّقها. أخيت إخبلص اليت كانت حريصةً على تصويب أخطائي وتق ِدِمي النّصائِح لًنقى ؿبتوى ىذا العمل إىل ماىو عليو اﻵف. ِ ِ العزيزتاف سندس وغاية اللّتاف لّونتا أيّامي بال ّضحك وامت ّصتا قلقي وتعيب بتشجيعهما يل ومساندُتما. خالص ُشكري وامتناِين لل ّصديقات: آماؿ عليلي الِيت قا َظبتِين ى َّم ىذا العمل وبرتت خويف يف اللّحظات اﻷخًنة حٌن آَم نت بتنِّين ست ُكوُف اﻷفضل. ِ ِ ٍ ِ سيليا سليمة أولبصًن اليت كانت حاضرةً دوًما بعطائها ومل تبخل عل َّي بشيء خبلؿ العاَم ٌْن اؼباض يػَ ٌْن . ِ ِ ابتساـ رضبوف اليت كانت تشحن طاقِيت دائًما وتُذّْكُرين أ َّف ما نطم ُح إليو غًدا يستح ُّق التَّعب اليوـ. ِ ِ ُشكًرا عميًقا لك ّْل اﻷصدقاء الذين كانُوا جبانيب دائًما بسؤاؽبم ودعمهم وُحبّْهم: خليصة سعيدي، ُسَهيَّة شارؼ، رضبة زروايت، رانيا قندوزي، حناف حامد، جهاد ح َّجاب، اؼبعتز باهلل عبد اغبق، تق ّي الّد ين صغاري، أصيل شويديرة، عبد الفتاح بوشندوقة. إهداء ِ إىل أّْمي اغببيبة وأخواِيت العزيزات: إخبلص، تقى، سندس، غاية.. مصدُر قػَُّوِيت وعزائي الوحي ُد يف ىذه اغبياة. ِ ِ ِ ٍ ِ ِ ِ إىل ال ّصديقة الِيت وقف ُت أماَمها بكامل عجِزي ويتسي ذات يوـ بائس، فذَّكرتِين أ َّف اؼبنَح الّربانيَّة تُولَُد من ِ ِ َرحم اؼب َحن.. جهاد ح َّجاب. إلي ُك َّن أى ِدي شبرة ىذا العمِل اؼبتوا ِضع. فهرس المحتويات فهرس المحتويات قائمة اﻷشكال قائمة الجداول قائمة الصور قائمة اﻻختصارات مقدمة الدراسة المرجعية الفصل I: الوصف النّباتي . العائلة الّزقببيليّة ....................................................................................... 3 1.1 الوصف النّبايت ........................................................................................ 3 2.1 اؼبوِطن اﻷصلي ....................................................................................... 4 التوُّزع اعبغراِيف ........................................................................................ 4 2. نبات الّزقببيل ....................................................................................... 5 1.2 الّزقببيل عرب التّاريخ.................................................................................... 5 2.2 اﻷصل النّبايت ......................................................................................... 5 التّسمية .............................................................................................. 5 4.2 اﻻسم العاّمي ......................................................................................... 5 5.2 الوصف اؼبورفولوجي للّزقببيل .......................................................................... 6 6.2 الّدراسة اغبيويّة لنبات الّزقببيل »Zingiber officinale« ........................................... 7 1.6.2 اعبهاز اػبضري Vegetative parts .............................................................. 7 1.1.6.2 اعبهاز اعبذري ........................................................................................ 7 2.1.6.2 اعبهاز اؽبوائي ......................................................................................... 7 2.6.2 اعبهاز التّكاثري: Reproductive parts ......................................................... 8 7.2 التّصنيف النّبايت للّزقببيل ............................................................................... 9 8.2 اؼبرّكبات الكيميائيّة الفعّالة يف الّزقببيل: ................................................................ 10 فهرس المحتويات 9.2 القيمة الغذائيّة والطّاقوية لنبات الّزقببيل Zingiber officinal ..................................... 11 10.2 إنتاج الّزقببيل ....................................................................................... 12 ؾ 11.2باﻻت استعماؿ نبات الّزقببيل: ..................................................................... 13 1.11.2 الغذاء .............................................................................................. 13 2.11.2 اﻻستعماﻻت الطّبيّة ................................................................................. 13 3.11.2 التتثًن اؼبضاد لؤلكسدة .............................................................................. 13 4.11.2 تتثًن مضاّد لبللتِهابات .............................................................................. 14 5.11.2 تتثًن مضاّد للبكتًنيا والفًنوسات ..................................................................... 14 6.11.2 الّزقببيل والتّجميل ................................................................................... 14 الفصل II: الزيوت اﻷساسية الزيوت اﻷساسية Essential oils ................................................................. 15 1.1 نواتِج اﻷيض الثّانوي للنّبات Secondary Metabolism and Metabolites ............... 15 ِ 2.1 الُّزيُوت اﻷساسيّة (EO) ........................................................................... 15 تعِريف الُّزيُّوت اﻷساسيَّة ............................................................................. 16 4.1 توزيُعها يف اؼبملكة النّباتيّة ............................................................................ 16 5.1 مكاف تواجدىا يف النّبات ............................................................................ 17 وظيفة الّزيوت اﻷساسيّة يف النّبات .................................................................... 18 7.1 اػبصائص الفيزيائيّة والكيميائّية للّزيوت اﻷساسيّة ...................................................... 19 8.1 حفظ الّزيوت اﻷساسيّة وزبزينها ...................................................................... 19 9.1 الّرتكيب الكيميائي للّزيوت اﻷساسيّة .................................................................. 19 10.1 اؼبرّكبات اﻷساسيّة للّزيوت اﻷساسيّة .................................................................. 20 1.10.1 اؼبركبات الرتبينية Terpenoids .................................................................. 20 2.10.1 الرتبينات اﻷحادية C10) Monoterpenoids) ............................................... 20 فهرس المحتويات 3.10.1 السسكويرتبينات (Sesquiterpenoids (C15 ................................................. 21 4.10.1 اؼبرّكبات العطرية Phenylpropanoid ......................................................... 22 11.1 طرؽ ربليل الّزيوت اﻷساسيّة ......................................................................... 22 1.11.1 الكروماتوغرافيا الغازيّة )GC( ..................................................................... 22 2.11.1 كروماتوغرافيا الطّبقة الّرقيقة )TLC( ................................................................ 22 3.11.1 الّدمج بٌن الكروماتوغرافيا الغازيّة واؼبطيافيّة الكتليّة: (GC-MS) .................................... 23 12.1 استعماﻻت الّزيوت اﻷساسيّة ........................................................................ 23 13.1 اػبصائص العبلجية للّزيوت اﻷساسيّة ................................................................. 23 1.13.1 النّشاطيّة ضّد البكتًنيّة Antibacterial ........................................................... 24 2.13.1 النّشاطيّة ضّد الفطريّة Antifungal ............................................................... 24 3.13.1 النّشاطيّة ضّد الفًنوسيّة Antiviral ................................................................ 25 4.13.1 النّشاطيّة ضّد اغبشريّة Insect/mosquito repellant action ................................ 25 5.13.1 النّشاطيّة ضّد التّتكسد Anti-oxidant .......................................................... 25 6.13.1 الّزيوت اﻷساسيّة والتّجميل Cosmitics ........................................................... 25 7.13.1 ال ّصناعة الغذائيّة .................................................................................... 26 14.1 طرؽ إستخبلص الّزيوت اﻷساسيّة .................................................................... 26 1.14.1 اﻻستخبلص بالتّقطًن ............................................................................... 26 2.14.1 التّقطًن اؼبائي ....................................................................................... 26 3.14.1 التّقطًن ببخار اؼباء .................................................................................
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