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La Familia Bromeliaceae En México

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La Familia Bromeliaceae En México Taxonomía y Florística La familia Bromeliaceae en México ADOLFO ESPEJO-SERNA Y ANA ROSA LÓPEZ-FERRARI Botanical Sciences 96 (3): 533-554, 2018 Resumen Antecedentes: Las Bromeliaceae mexicanas han despertado el interés de los botánicos desde 1789; su DOI: 10.17129/botsci.1918 estudio sistemático inició a partir de la década de los setenta del siglo pasado, contando actualmente con Recibido: avances significativos en su conocimiento taxonómico-florístico. 21 de noviembre de 2017 Pregunta: ¿Cuántas y cuáles especies de Bromeliaceae se presentan en México? ¿Cómo están distribuidas y cuántas son endémicas? Aceptado: México, 1887-2017. 9 de mayo de 2018 Sitio de estudio: Métodos: Con base en el estudio de las Bromeliaceae de México, incluyendo recolecciones botánicas, Editor asociado: revisión de literatura y consulta, cotejo y determinación de ejemplares en 50 herbarios nacionales y extran- Guillermo Ibarra Manriquez jeros, se obtuvieron datos sobre riqueza, endemismo y distribución de sus representantes en el país. Resultados: En México están representadas cuatro de las ocho subfamilias de Bromeliaceae, 19 géneros, 422 especies y 8 taxones infraespecíficos. Los géneros más ricos en especies son Tillandsia (230/54.5 %), Hechtia (71/16.8 %) y Pitcairnia (50/11.8 %). Trescientas dieciocho especies, así como los géneros Ur- sulaea y Viridantha, son endémicos de México; 172 especies son microendémicas. La entidad con más taxones es Oaxaca, seguida por Chiapas, Veracruz y Guerrero y las que cuentan con menor representación son Tlaxcala y Baja California Sur. Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Ciudad de México, San Luis Potosí, Sonora, Tabasco y Tlaxcala no tienen taxones endémicos estrictos. Conclusión: Aunque el avance del conocimiento de las Bromeliaceae mexicanas ha sido constante, to- davía se requiere de trabajo de exploración y recolección en algunas regiones del país, antes de concluir la flora Bromeliológica Mexicana. También es necesario abordar aspectos de conservación y aprovecha- miento sustentable. Palabras clave: conservación, distribución, endemismo, florística, riqueza de especies. Abstract: Background: Bromeliaceae family in Mexico has been the object of interest by botanists since 1789; their systematic study was approached from the 1970s onwards, and now there are significant advances in its taxonomic-floristic knowledge. Question: How many and which species of Bromeliaceae occur in Mexico? How they are distributed, and Herbario Metropolitano, how many are endemic? Universidad Autónoma Study site: México, 1887-2017. Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Methods: Based on the study of the Mexican Bromeliaceae, including botanical collection, literature re- División de Ciencias view, and revision, analysis and determination of specimens in 50 herbaria, data about species richness, Biológicas y de la Salud, Mexican endemics, and distribution of their taxa in the country, were obtained. Departamento de Biología, Results: In Mexico are represented four of the eight subfamilies of Bromeliaceae, 19 genera, 422 species, Apdo. postal 55-535, 09340, and 8 infraespecific taxa. The genera with the highest number of species in the country are Tillandsia Ciudad de México, México. (230/54.5 %), Hechtia (71/16.8 %) and Pitcairnia (50/11.8 %). 318 of the Bromeliaceae species are en- demics to Mexico, as well as Ursulaea and Viridantha genera; 172 species are microendemic. The entity Autor para la with the highest number of taxa is Oaxaca, followed by Chiapas, Veracruz and Guerrero. Tlaxcala and correspondencia: aes@xanum. Baja California Sur have the lowest species number. Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Ciu- uam.mx dad de México, San Luis Potosí, Sonora, Tabasco y Tlaxcala have not strict endemic taxa. Conclusion: Although progress in the knowledge of Mexican Bromeliaceae has been constant, exploration This is an open access article distrib- and recollection work is still required before concluding the Mexican bromeliad flora. It is also necessary uted under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC to promote studies considering aspects of conservation and sustainable use. BY-NC (4.0) international. Key words: conservation, distribution, endemism. floristics, species richness. 533 Botanical Sciences 96 (3): 533-554, 2018 Espejo-Serna y López-Ferrari as Bromeliaceae restringen su distribución al continente americano, con excepción de Pitcairnia feliciana (A. Chev.) Harms & Mildbr., que habita en África. En México, la familia tiene un buen número de representantes epífitos que constituyen elementos característicos de diversos tipos de L vegetación, principalmente de los bosques mesófilos de montaña y de los bosques de Quercus. De las especies con hábito terrestre, los representantes de Hechtia habitan preferentemente en matorrales xerófilos y bosques tropicales caducifolios, los de Greigia en bosques mesófilos de montaña, Fosterella micrantha (Lindl.) L.B. Sm. crece en bosques tropicales perennifolios y subcaducifolios y Pitcairnia punicea Scheidw. es una especie estrictamente acuática. Desde el punto de vista económico, algunas especies como la piña (Ananas sativus Schult. & Schult. f.), el timbiriche o piñuela (Bromelia spp.), la pita (Aechmea magdalenae (André) André ex Baker) y el heno (Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L.), son importantes ya que generan recursos económicos a nivel local y representan una fuente alternativa de ingresos para muchas comunidades rurales, o incluso algunas de ellas son parte fundamental de la economía estatal (Espejo-Serna & López- Ferrari 2011). Los primeros especímenes de la familia Bromeliaceae recolectados en México fueron obte- nidos entre 1789 y 1803, por los naturalistas de la Real Expedición Botánica a la Nueva España (Blanco-Fernández-de-Caleya 1987). Desafortunadamente, los resultados de esa magna empre- sa fueron tardíamente publicados, casi 100 años después (Sessé & Mociño 1893, 1894), razón por la cual los nombres propuestos por Sessé y Mociño para las especies por ellos recolectadas, son ahora inválidos o sinónimos taxonómicos de especies descritas por otros botánicos como Augustin Pyramus de Candolle o David y George Don. Si bien los nombres que se incluyen en la Flora Mexicana de Sessé & Mociño (1887) corresponden a 17 especies y dos géneros y los publicados en Plantae Novae Hispaniae (Sessé & Mociño1893), corresponden a nueve especies y dos géneros, en la revisión reciente del herbario de Sessé y Mociño, conservado en el her- bario del Real Jardín Botánico, en Madrid, España (Blanco-Fernández-de-Caleya et al. 2010), encontramos ejemplares de Bromeliaceae, recolectados por los expedicionarios, pertenecientes Contribución de los autores: en total a ocho géneros y 36 especies. Adolfo Espejo-Serna concibió la idea original y desarrolló el En 1889, Baker, en su Handbook of Bromeliaceae, registró para México 84 especies reparti- proyecto; planeó y condujo das en ocho géneros. Mez, en la obra de Casimir de Candolle, Monographiae Phanerogamarum la recolección de material (1897), registró 101 especies en seis géneros. El mismo Mez, en Das Pflanzenreich (Engler botánico de Bromeliaceae 1934-1935), reconoció 143 especies en diez géneros. Smith & Downs (1974, 1977, 1979), en su en varias regiones del país; importante contribución sobre las Bromeliaceae para la Flora Neotropica, citaron para México recolectó e identificó material 253 especies ubicadas en trece géneros. Esta obra fue, durante los siguientes veinte años, la botánico; revisó, identificó y única y más importante referencia para entender las Bromeliaceae mexicanas. anotó material herborizado de Como parte de su Sinopsis Florística de las Monocotiledóneas Mexicanas, publicada entre Bromeliaceae en colecciones 1994 y 1998, Espejo-Serna & López-Ferrari (1994), registraron para la República Mexicana institucionales mexicanas 347 especies y 22 géneros. Espejo-Serna et al. (2004) pusieron al día estos datos, registrando y extranjeras; capturó la entonces 342 especies y 18 géneros para México. En 2012, el autor principal, en su aportación información en la base de datos; llevó a cabo el análisis sobre el endemismo en las monocotiledóneas mexicanas, daba cuenta de la existencia de 19 de los datos y escribió el géneros y 400 especies para el país (Figura 1). Por otra parte, como resultado de la aplicación manuscrito. de técnicas de biología molecular (Givnish et al. 1992, 2007, 2011, Barfuss et al. 2005, 2016), Ana Rosa López-Ferrari se ha modificado la circunscripción infrafamiliar de las Bromeliaceae, pasando de tres a ocho colaboró en el desarrollo subfamilias, de las cuales tenemos en México representantes de cuatro: Bromelioideae (Ae- del proyecto; recolectó e chmea, Androlepis, Billbergia, Bromelia, Greigia, Hohenbergiopsis, Ursulaea y Wittmackia), identificó material botánico Pitcairnioideae (Fosterella y Pitcairnia), Hechtioideae (Hechtia) y Tillandsioideae (Catopsis, de la familia procedente de Guzmania, Pseudalcantarea, Racinaea, Tillandsia, Viridantha, Vriesea y Werauhia). varios estados del país; revisó, En los últimos 17 años se han logrado avances significativos en el conocimiento taxonómi- identificó y anotó material co-florístico de la familia, describiéndose para el país, entre 2000 y 2017, 78 especies (18.4 % herborizado de Bromeliaceae del total conocido), es decir un promedio de 5 por año (Ehlers 2001, 2002a, b, c, 2003a, b, c, en colecciones institucionales mexicanas y extranjeras; 2005a, b, c, 2006a, b, c, 2009, 2011, Espejo-Serna 2002, Ramírez-Morillo & Carnevali 2003, capturó la información
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