DOCSLIB.ORG

77865632009 2.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
77865632009 2.Pdf Papeles del Psicólogo ISSN: 0214-7823 ISSN: 1886-1415 [email protected] Consejo General de Colegios Oficiales de Psicólogos España Cervera Pérez, Isabel María; López-Soler, Concepción; Alcántara-López, Mavi; Castro Sáez, Maravillas; Fernández-Fernández, Visitación; Martínez Pérez, Antonia CONSEQUENCES OF CHRONIC INTRA-FAMILY ABUSE IN CHILDHOOD: DEVELOPMENTAL TRAUMA Papeles del Psicólogo, vol. 41, no. 3, 2020, September-, pp. 219-227 Consejo General de Colegios Oficiales de Psicólogos España DOI: https://doi.org/10.23923/pap.psicol2020.2934 Available in: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=77865632009 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System Redalyc More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America and the Caribbean, Spain and Journal's webpage in redalyc.org Portugal Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative Papeles del Psicólogo / Psychologist Papers, 2020 Vol. 41(3), pp. 219-227 Articles https://doi.org/10.23923/pap.psicol2020.2934 http://www.papelesdelpsicologo.es http://www.psychologistpapers.com CONSEQUENCES OF CHRONIC INTRA-FAMILY ABUSE IN CHILDHOOD: DEVELOPMENTAL TRAUMA Isabel María Cervera Pérez1, Concepción López-Soler2, Mavi Alcántara-López2, Maravillas Castro Sáez2, Visitación Fernández-Fernández2 and Antonia Martínez Pérez2 1Unidad de Salud Mental Comunitaria Huércal-Overa. 2Universidad de Murcia Los traumas tempranos y repetidos en el contexto de las relaciones de apego impactan de una manera dramática en el desarrollo de los niños/as, generando una diversidad de manifestaciones psicopatológicas complejas, que se incluyen en la última versión de la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades (CIE-11) como un diagnóstico nuevo denominado Trastorno por Estrés Postraumático Complejo (TEPT-C). Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron, por un lado, ofrecer una revisión de la sintomatología postraumática que se desarrolla por la exposición a estos eventos traumáticos, y, por otro, recapitular la evidencia empírica existente del TEPT-C o Trastorno Traumático del Desarrollo (TTD). Los resultados de los estudios revisados confirman la presencia de síntomas extensos y heterogéneos, así como graves alteraciones en la autorregulación (afectiva, cognitiva y conductual), que se ajustan a un TEPT Complejo o TTD, por lo que los datos existentes apoyarían la validez de dichos diagnósticos. Palabras clave: Trauma complejo, Trastorno Traumático del Desarrollo, Maltrato. Repeated and early attachment trauma has a huge impact on children’s development, producing a wide range of psychopathology, which is included as a new diagnosis called complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) in the 11th revision to the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). The aim of this study is to provide a review of the posttraumatic symptomatology caused by exposure to complex traumatic events and to synthesize the existing empirical evidence on CPTSD and developmental trauma disorder (DTD). The results of the reviewed studies confirm the presence of extensive and heterogeneous symptoms, as well as serious affective, cognitive, and behavioral self- regulation alterations, which correspond to complex PTSD or DTD. Therefore, the current data support the validity of these diagnostic proposals. Key words: Complex trauma, Developmental trauma disorder, Abuse. he concept of trauma refers to the consequences of during childhood act as habitual stressors, and generate exposure to personal experiences that pose a threat to lasting dysfunctions in the main neuroregulatory systems, such T our survival or well-being. Reactions to adverse life as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and significant situations are very diverse and varied. Allen, Fonagy, and physiopathological consequences (Boeckel, Viola, Daruy- Bateman (2008), proposed a particularly relevant Filho, Martínez, & Grassi-Oliveira, 2017), as well as classification for organizing potentially traumatic events alterations in the development of fundamental brain structures according to the nature and interpersonal involvement of the (Rooij et al., 2020; Teicher & Samson, 2016). This is related stressor. They differentiate between impersonal stressors (e.g., to the presence of deficits in cognitive functioning and natural disasters); interpersonal stressors, when the stressor difficulties in affective and behavioral self-regulation, which comes from the deliberately intentional or reckless behavior of implies a greater risk for developing academic problems and another human being (e.g., accidents, community violence, or multiple psychopathologies (Karam et al., 2014; Perkins & war); and stressors that appear in the context of attachment Graham-Bermann, 2012). relationships (attachment trauma). That is, all situations of In this regard, Cook et al. (2005) noted that such traumas violence and neglect to which a child is exposed in the context are characterized by being chronic, interpersonal, early- of his or her basic primary care (e.g., physical and emotional onset, and affect all areas of functioning. For decades, there abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, abandonment, or direct has been evidence of the inadequacy of the PTSD diagnosis witnessing of violence between parents). to explain the wide range of symptoms resulting from these It has been confirmed that repeated experiences of abuse traumas (Herman, 1992). The percentage of children who develop PTSD, according to official criteria, after exposure to Received: 31 January 2020 - Accepted: 20 April 2020 complex traumas is low and most meet the criteria for many Correspondence: Concepción López-Soler. Universidad de Mur- other diagnoses such as separation anxiety disorder, cia. Facultad de Psicología. Departamento de Personalidad, oppositional defiant disorder, ADHD, or depression Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológicos. Campus de Espinardo. (Humpherys et al, 2020; Klasen, Gehrke, Metzner, 30100 Murcia. España. E-mail: [email protected] Blotevogel, & Okello, 2013; Scheeringa & Zeanah, 2008), 219 Articles CHRONIC INTRA-FAMILY ABUSE various subclinical symptoms or emotional and behavioral PTSD, in addition to serious and persistent problems in the disturbances, which are very frequent in minors in care with regulation of affect; self-beliefs of disability and worthlessness, mental health problems (González-García et al., 2017; feelings of shame, guilt or failure related to the traumatic Martín, González-García, Fernández del Valle, & Bravo, event; as well as difficulties in maintaining relationships and 2020 . feeling close to others. The concept of complex post-traumatic stress disorder Since the mid-90s, studies on the consequences of abuse in (CPTSD), was originally proposed by Herman (1992), with the the family environment have multiplied in the child and aim of providing an alternative diagnosis for survivors of adolescent population, with the diagnosis of CPTSD being repeated and prolonged traumatic exposure, whose most considered as a diagnostic option almost a decade later. severe symptoms were different from those listed in the Abuse is associated with symptoms of re-experiencing, diagnoses for PTSD in the DSM. CPTSD describes, more avoidance, and hyperactivation (PTSD) in minors, however, it completely and appropriately, the psychopathology resulting does not seem that the diagnostic criteria are appropriate for from exposure to complex trauma in adults, and includes a set children either, as few meet all the criteria, and the prevalence of symptoms that reflect serious disturbances in affective, increases when alternative criteria are used (Fernandez, cognitive, and behavioral self-regulation in minors (Courtois, 2014; Martinez, 2015; Scheeringa et al., 2003). 2004). These are expressed in alterations in six domains of Van der Kolk et al. (2005, 2009) postulated developmental functioning: impulse and affect regulation, attention and trauma disorder (DTD), for complex trauma in childhood. DTD awareness, self-perception, relationships with others, includes multiple symptoms in different areas (attachment, somatization, and systems of meaning (Van der Kolk, 2005; biology, affect regulation and self-regulation, awareness, Van der Kolk, Roth, Pelcovitz, Sunday, & Spinazzola, 2005), behavior control, cognition, and self-concept), which often This new construct was not recognized in the DSM-IV (APA, result from repeated exposure to interpersonal trauma in 1994), nor in its Revised Text (APA, 2000), as a disorder childhood (Cook et al., 2005), (Table 1). (Insert Table 1) other than PTSD, but as “disorder of extreme stress not A central element in the impact of abuse in the first years of life otherwise specified” (DESNOS). Although it gained empirical is based on the alterations in the attachment system between support (Cloitre, Garvert, Brewin, Bryant, & Maercker, 2013; caregiver and child. As indicated by Galán (2020), protection Van der Kolk et al., 2005, Karatzias et al, 2018), it was not and care against external and internal dangers, and for included in the latest version of the DSM (APA, 2013). communication and interpersonal relationships, is decisive. Recently, the ICD-11 (WHO, 2018) has confirmed it as a Studies on CPTSD in minors in care indicate mental health diagnosis, specifying that it must meet the requirements for problems in all the evaluated domains and symptoms of post- TABLE 1 DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA DEVELOPMENTAL TRAUMATIC DISORDER A. Exposure. Has experienced or witnessed multiple or prolonged adverse events
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Uncovering the Mask of Borderline Personality Disorder
    CE ARTICLE Uncovering the mask of borderline personality disorder: Knowledge to empower primary care providers Hiba Wehbe-Alamah, PhD, RN, FNP-BC, CTN-A (Associate Professor) & Susan Wolgamott, DNP, RN, CEN, CTN-B (Lecturer) Department of Nursing, School of Health Professions and Studies, University of Michigan–Flint, Flint, Michigan Keywords Abstract Content analysis; mental health; borderline personality; internet blogs; research; Purpose: This manuscript will provide a review of the literature and a re- disparities. port on the findings of a qualitative study that explored the lived experiences of people with borderline personality disorder (BPD). It also offers resources Correspondence designed to empower healthcare professionals to provide timely and accurate Hiba Wehbe-Alamah, PhD, RN, FNP-BC, CTN-A, referrals, diagnosis, or collaborative management of BPD in primary care. Department of Nursing, School of Health Data sources: Review of the literature examining background, epidemiol- Professions and Studies, University of Michigan–Flint, 303 East Kearsley Street, 2162 ogy, pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and available resources regarding BPD. WSW, Flint, MI 48502–1950. Content analysis conducted on data obtained from 1109 postings on three dif- Tel: 810-766-6760; ferent public online forums/blogs specifically for BPD. Fax: 810-766-6851; Conclusions: BPD is characterized by unstable moods, behaviors, and rela- E-mail: hiba@umflint.edu tionships. While navigating a healthcare system fraught with health disparities, Received: July 2013; BPD sufferers may have their feelings of abandonment and hopelessness rein- accepted: March 2014 forced. Four core themes emerged (a) a reliance on online blogging to cope; (b) a quality of life that is impacted by debilitating effects of condition; (c) coping doi: 10.1002/2327-6924.12131 mechanisms that encompass healthy and destructive measures; and (d) social To obtain CE credit for this activity, go to injustices that include stigmatization, prejudice, delayed diagnosis, misdiagno- www.aanp.org and click on the CE Center.
    [Show full text]
  • AVAILABLE from ABSTRACT DOCUMENT RESUME Mental
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 431 981 CG 029 333 TITLE Mental Health in Schools: New Roles for School Nurses. Addressing Barriers to Student Learning. INSTITUTION California Univ., Los Angeles. Center for Mental Health in Schools. SPONS AGENCY Health Resources and Services Administration (DHHS/PHS), Washington, DC. Maternal and Child Health Bureau. PUB DATE 1997-04-00 NOTE 298p. AVAILABLE FROM School Mental Health Project, Center for Mental Health in Schools, Dept. of Psychology, UCLA, 405 Hilgard Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563; Tel: 310-825-3634; Fax: 310-206-8716; e-mail: [email protected]; Web site: http://smhp.psych.ucla.edu (minimal fee to cover copying, postage and handling). PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Learner (051) Guides Classroom Teacher (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC12 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Confidentiality; Due Process; Elementary Secondary Education; *Mental Health; Prevention; *Professional Development; *School Nurses; *Staff Role; Student Development IDENTIFIERS Consent; Screening Programs ABSTRACT This set of three continuing education units is designed to be used as a professional development tool for school nurses. Each unit consists of several sections designed to stand alone. Thus, the total set can be used and taught in a straightforward sequence, or one or more units and sections can be combined into a personalized course. Each section begins with specific objectives and focusing questions to guide reading and review. Interspersed throughout each section is boxed information designed to help the learner think in greater depth about the material. Test questions are provided at the end of each section as an additional study aid. Unit 1, "Placing Mental Health into the Context of Schools and the 21st Century," provides an overview and discusses enhancing health development; addressing barriers to learning; moving toward a comprehensive approach; and responding to students' problems.
    [Show full text]
  • Recovery from Psychological Trauma
    Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences (1998) 52 (Suppl,), S145 S150 Session 8 Recovery from psychological trauma JUDITH L, HERMAN, MD Department of Psychiatry. Harvard Medical School. Boston, and Victims of Violence Program. The Cambridge Hospital. Cambridge. Massachusetts. USA Abstract Trauma destroys the social systems of care, protection, and meaning that support human life. The recovery process requires the reconstruction of these systems. The essential features of psycho- logical trauma are disempowerment and disconnection from others. The recovery process therefore is based upon empowerment of the survivor and restoration of relationships. The recovery process may be conceptualized in three stages: establishing safety, retelling the story of the traumatic event, and reconnecting with others. Treatment of posttraumatic disorders must be appropriate to the survivor's stage of recovery, Caregivers require a strong professional support system to manage the psychological consequences of working with survivors. Key words posttraumatic stress disorder, principles of treatment, recovery stages, survivor mission, trauma psychology. The core experiences of psychological trautna are dis- With trauma survivors, the therapeutic alliance can- empowerment and disconnection from others.' Re- not be taken for granted but must be painstakingly covery therefore is based upon etnpowennent of the built,"* Psychotherapy requires a collaborative working survivor and the creation of new connections. Recovery relationship m which both partners act on the basis of ean take place only within the context of relationships; their implicit confidence in the value and efficacy o[' it cannot occur in isolation. In renewed connections persuasion rather than coercion, ideas rather force, with other people, the survivor recreates the psycho- mutual cooperatioti rather than authoritarian control.
    [Show full text]
  • What Counselors Should Know When Working with Trauma Survivors
    Preventing Vicarious Trauma:What Counselors Should Know When Working With Trauma Survivors Robyn L. Trippany, Victoria E. White Kress, and S.Allen Wilcoxon Counselors in all settings work with clients who are survivors of trauma. Vicarious trauma, or counselors developing trauma reactions secondary to exposure to clients’ traumatic experiences, is not uncommon. The purpose of this article is to describe vicarious trauma and summarize the recent research literature related to this construct. The Constructivist Self-Development Theory (CSDT) is applied to vicarious trauma, and the implications CSDT has for counselors in preventing and managing vicarious trauma are explored. ounselors in virtually all settings work with 1995b, p. 152). These changes involve disruptions in the clients who are survivors of trauma. Trauma cognitive schemas of counselors’ identity, memory system, can generally be defined as an exposure to a and belief system.VT has been conceptualized as being ex­ situation in which a person is confronted with acerbated by, and perhaps even rooted in, the open engage­ an event that involves actual or threatened ment of empathy, or the connection, with the client that is Cdeath or serious injury, or a threat to self or others’ physical inherent in counseling relationships (Pearlman & Saakvitne, well-being (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Client 1995b).VT reflects exposure of counselors to clients’ trau­ traumas frequently encountered in clinical practice include matic material and encompasses the subsequent cognitive childhood sexual abuse; physical or sexual assault; natural disruptions experienced by counselors (Figley, 1995; McCann disasters, such as earthquakes or tornadoes; domestic violence; & Pearlman, 1990).These repeated exposures to clients’ trau­ and school and work-related violence (James & Gilliland, matic experiences could cause a shift in the way that trauma 2001).
    [Show full text]
  • Rejection Sensitivity, Attachment Styles, Autobiographical Memory, and Why Some Feel the Sting More Than Others Aili Weeks
    Connecticut College Digital Commons @ Connecticut College Psychology Honors Papers Psychology Department 2011 The aH rsh Sting of Rejection: Rejection Sensitivity, Attachment Styles, Autobiographical Memory, and Why Some Feel the Sting More Than Others Aili Weeks Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.conncoll.edu/psychhp Recommended Citation Weeks, Aili, "The aH rsh Sting of Rejection: Rejection Sensitivity, Attachment Styles, Autobiographical Memory, and Why Some Feel the Sting More Than Others" (2011). Psychology Honors Papers. 14. http://digitalcommons.conncoll.edu/psychhp/14 This Honors Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Psychology Department at Digital Commons @ Connecticut College. It has been accepted for inclusion in Psychology Honors Papers by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Connecticut College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The views expressed in this paper are solely those of the author. Running head: AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY AND REJECTION SENSITIVITY The Harsh Sting of Rejection: Rejection Sensitivity, Attachment Styles, Autobiographical Memory, and Why Some Feel the Sting More Than Others A thesis presented by Aili A. Weeks To the Department of Psychology In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts Connecticut College New London, Connecticut April, 2011 i Acknowledgements I would first and foremost like to thank my advisor, Professor Jefferson Singer. As my major advisor as well as my thesis advisor, he has always presented me with support and enthusiasm for my decisions and ideas. His intelligence and knowledge on these topics are invaluable and helped me challenge myself and learn and grow through this experience.
    [Show full text]
  • Borderline Personality Disorder: an Information Guide for Families Isbn: 978-0-88868-819-4 (Print) Isbn: 978-0-88868-817-0 (Pdf) Isbn: 978-0-88868-818-7 (Html) Pm083
    For more information on addiction and mental health issues, or a copy of this booklet, please contact the CAMH McLaughlin Information Centre: Ontario toll-free: 1 800 463-6273 Borderline Toronto: 416 595-6111 This publication may be available in other formats. For informatinoaboutalternate formats, to order multliecopies of thsibooklet, or to order othreCAMH publiactions, pleasecontact personality Sales and Distribution: Toll-free: 1 800vvqmqqqq Toronto: 416 595-6059 E-mail: [email protected] disorder Online store: http://store.camh.net To make a donation, please contact the CAMH Foundation: Tel.: 416ywymvypy E-mail: [email protected] An If you have questions, concerns or compliments about services at CAMH, please contact the Client Relations Service: Tel.: 416usumxupq ext. 2028 or 2078 Website: ww.wcamh.net information guide for families ISBN 978-0-88868-819-4 3 - 2 0 0 9 M p x s A Pan American Health Organization / World Health Organization Collaborating Centre Borderline personality disorder An information guide for families Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Borderline personality disorder: an information guide for families isbn: 978-0-88868-819-4 (print) isbn: 978-0-88868-817-0 (pdf) isbn: 978-0-88868-818-7 (html) pm083 Printed in Canada Copyright © 2009 Centre for Addiction and Mental Health No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the publisher—except for a brief quotation (not to exceed 200 words) in a review or professional work.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding the Impact of Trauma and Urban Poverty on Family Systems: Risks, Resilience and Interventions
    Understanding the impact of trauma and urban poverty on family systems: Risks, resilience and interventions Thiss pprojectroj was funded by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The views, policies, and opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of SAMHSA or HHS. Executive Summary: Understanding the Impact of Trauma and Urban Poverty on Family Systems: Risks, Resilience, and Interventions Purpose: This white paper reviews the clinical and research literatures on the impact of trauma in the context of urban poverty on the family system including the individual child or adult, adult intimate partnership, parent-child, siblings and intergenerational relationships, as well as the family as a whole. The purpose is to widen the trauma-informed care lens by focusing on familial responses to trauma and by building the foundational knowledge needed to design family centered, trauma-specific interventions that strengthen the family’s ability to adapt, cope and heal. Findings: Families living in urban poverty often encounter multiple traumas over many years. Further, they are less likely than families living in more affluent communities to have access to the resources that may facilitate the successful negotiation of their traumatic experiences. Thus, many families have difficulty adapting. Repeated exposures can lead to severe and chronic reactions in multiple family members with effects that ripple throughout the family system and, ultimately, society. Research demonstrates that all levels of the family system are impacted: x Individual distress can range from transient symptoms to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) to more complex trauma-related disorders, with the potential to disrupt functioning across multiple domains.
    [Show full text]
  • Loss, Grief and Bereavement Overview
    Carebridge Resource Loss, Grief and Bereavement Overview Introduction People cope with the loss of a loved one in many ways. For some, the experience may lead to personal growth, even though it is a difficult and trying time. There is no right way of coping with death. The way a person grieves depends on the personality of that person and the relationship with the person who has died. How a person copes with grief is affected by the experience with cancer, the way the disease progressed, the person's cultural and religious background, coping skills, mental history, support systems, and the person's social and financial status. The terms grief, bereavement, and mourning are often used in place of each other, but they have different meanings. Grief is the normal process of reacting to the loss. Grief reactions may be felt in response to physical losses (for example, a death) or in response to symbolic or social losses (for example, divorce or loss of a job). Each type of loss means the person has had something taken away. As a family goes through a cancer illness, many losses are experienced, and each triggers its own grief reaction. Grief may be experienced as a mental, physical, social, or emotional reaction. Mental reactions can include anger, guilt, anxiety, sadness, and despair. Physical reactions can include sleeping problems, changes in appetite, physical problems, or illness. Social reactions can include feelings about taking care of others in the family, seeing family or friends, or returning to work. As with bereavement, grief processes depend on the relationship with the person who died, the situation surrounding the death, and the person's attachment to the person who died.
    [Show full text]
  • Five Cycles of Emotional Abuse: Codification and Treatment of An
    YOU ARE HOLDING 1.5 CEs IN YOUR HAND! How it works: Read this CE program and complete the post-test on page 19 and mail it to the Chapter office with your check. Score 80% or better and NASW will mail you a certificate for 1.5 CEs. It’s that easy! Five Cycles of Emotional Abuse: Codification and Treatment of an Invisible Malignancy By Sarakay Smullens, MSW, LICSW, BCD Dear Colleagues, nal exploring the preponderance of emotional abuse in my own life and in the life of my clients. These recordings led to an identifi ca- I presented my codifi cation of fi ve cycles of emotional abuse, the tion and documentation of fi ve cycles of parental and caretaker be- history of how this codifi cation developed, and various successful haviors that constitute emotional abuse. treatment options at the April 2006 NASW-MA Symposium. The fi ve cycles codifi ed—enmeshment, extreme overprotection In that workshop, I suggested that, in order to avoid burnout so and overindulgence, complete neglect, rage, and rejection/abandon- common in the helping professions, attendees embrace their most ment—were fi rst published in Annals, the journal of the American unsettling and painful life experiences and will themselves to learn Psychotherapy Association, in the Fall of 2002. In differing ways, from them. I strongly believe that this determination and focus both each cycle entraps its victim in replicative or reactionary relation- promotes and enhances the energy to cope in diffi cult and traumat- ships with family members, friends, teachers, employers, profes- ic times and, at the same time, enriches personal and profession- sional colleagues, and partners.
    [Show full text]
  • Developmental Trauma Disorder a New, Rational Diagnosis for Children with Complex Trauma Histories
    CM E Developmental Trauma Disorder A new, rational diagnosis for children with complex trauma histories. Bessel A. van der Kolk, MD hildhood trauma, including obtaining information about childhood EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES abuse and neglect, is probably trauma, abuse, neglect, and other expo- 1. Identify emotional triggers Cthe single most important pub- sures to violence. Research has shown and patterns of re-enactment lic health challenge in the United States, that traumatic childhood experiences in traumatized children. a challenge that has the potential to be not only are extremely common but also largely resolved by appropriate preven- have a profound impact on many differ- 2. Discuss the spectrum of de- tion and intervention. Each year, more ent areas of functioning. For example, velopmental derailments sec- than 3 million children are reported to children exposed to alcoholic parents ondary to complex trauma authorities for abuse or neglect in the or domestic violence rarely have secure exposure. US; about 1 million of those cases are childhoods; their symptomatology tends 3. Describe patterns of accom- substantiated.1 Many thousands more to be pervasive and multifaceted and modation in traumatized undergo traumatic medical and surgical is likely to include depression, various children. procedures and are victims of accidents medical illnesses, and a variety of im- and of community violence (see Spin- pulsive and self-destructive behaviors. maintenance organization (HMO) mem- azzola et al., page xxx). However, most Approaching each of these problems bers responded to a questionnaire about trauma begins at home; the vast majority piecemeal, rather than as expressions of adverse childhood experiences, includ- of people (about 80%) responsible for a vast system of internal disorganization, ing childhood abuse, neglect, and fam- child maltreatment are children’s own runs the risk of losing sight of the forest ily dysfunction.
    [Show full text]
  • A Phenomenological Research Study on the Effects of Paternal
    Nova Southeastern University Masthead Logo NSUWorks Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses CAHSS Theses and Dissertations and Dissertations 1-1-2019 A Phenomenological Research Study on the Effects of Paternal Abandonment on Hispanic Women in South Florida and their Conflict Management Skills Diana Herrera Nova Southeastern University, [email protected] This document is a product of extensive research conducted at the Nova Southeastern University College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences. For more information on research and degree programs at the NSU College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences, please click here. Follow this and additional works at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dcar_etd Part of the Peace and Conflict Studies Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Share Feedback About This Item NSUWorks Citation Diana Herrera. 2019. A Phenomenological Research Study on the Effects of Paternal Abandonment on Hispanic Women in South Florida and their Conflict Management Skills. Doctoral dissertation. Nova Southeastern University. Retrieved from NSUWorks, College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences – Department of Conflict Resolution Studies. (123) https://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dcar_etd/123. This Dissertation is brought to you by the CAHSS Theses and Dissertations at NSUWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of NSUWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Phenomenological
    [Show full text]
  • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
    © Mind 2021 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Explains what post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is, including possible causes and how you can access treatment and support. Includes tips for helping yourself, and guidance for friends and family. If you require this information in Word document format for compatibility with screen readers, please email: [email protected]. Contents What is PTSD? ..................................................................................................................................... 2 What are the symptoms? ................................................................................................................... 3 What causes PTSD? ............................................................................................................................. 7 What is complex PTSD? ....................................................................................................................... 9 How can I help myself? ..................................................................................................................... 12 What treatments are available? ....................................................................................................... 15 How can friends and family help? ..................................................................................................... 18 Useful contacts.................................................................................................................................. 21 1 © Mind 2021 What
    [Show full text]